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Merrill NM, Vandecan NM, Day KC, Palmbos PL, Day ML, Udager AM, Merajver SD, Soellner MB. MEK is a promising target in the basal subtype of bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3921-3932. [PMID: 33216841 PMCID: PMC7646827 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While many resources exist for the drug screening of bladder cancer cell lines in 2D culture, it is widely recognized that screening in 3D culture is more representative of in vivo response. Importantly, signaling changes between 2D and 3D culture can result in changes to drug response. To address the need for 3D drug screening of bladder cancer cell lines, we screened 17 bladder cancer cell lines using a library of 652 investigational small-molecules and 3 clinically relevant drug combinations in 3D cell culture. Our goal was to identify compounds and classes of compounds with efficacy in bladder cancer. Utilizing established genomic and transcriptomic data for these bladder cancer cell lines, we correlated the genomic molecular parameters with drug response, to identify potentially novel groups of tumors that are vulnerable to specific drugs or classes of drugs. Importantly, we demonstrate that MEK inhibitors are a promising targeted therapy for the basal subtype of bladder cancer, and our data indicate that drug screening of 3D cultures provides an important resource for hypothesis generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Merrill
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nathalie M Vandecan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen C Day
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip L Palmbos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark L Day
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aaron M Udager
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sofia D Merajver
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew B Soellner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Watt J, Maguire DG, Reid CN, Lamont JV, Fitzgerald SP, Ruddock MW. Thrombomodulin Expression in Bladder Cancer Tissue and Its Association with Prognosis and Patient Survival. Res Rep Urol 2020; 12:157-165. [PMID: 32432058 PMCID: PMC7201128 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s249417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Decreased expression of thrombomodulin (TM) in bladder cancer tissue has been shown to be associated with cell proliferation, increased malignancy and a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunoexpression of TM in bladder tissue cores by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the relationship between TM score and patient survival for the following pathologies: transitional cell papillary carcinoma (TCPC), transitional cell carcinoma (non-papillary) (TCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma, and sarcoma. TM immunoexpression was also evaluated in normal adjacent bladder tissue cores. Methods TM immunoexpression was assessed in n=185 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) bladder tissue cores from n=98 patients by IHC. Tissue cores included TCPC (n=29), TCC (n=85), SCC (n=21), adenocarcinoma (n=12), sarcoma (n=4), and normal tissue cores (n=34). Results TM immunoexpression scores are stronger in TCPC, TCC and SCC bladder cancer tissue cores with respect to adenocarcinoma and sarcoma (mean TM immunoexpression scores: 3.04, 2.57, 2.55, 1.55 and 1.19, respectively) (Kruskal–Wallis p<0.001). TM immunoexpression scores significantly decreased in bladder cancer tissue cores across both stage (p<0.001) and grade (p<0.001) (Kruskal–Wallis). Survival data were available for n=45 bladder cancer patients (mean follow-up of 34 months). Applying a TM immunoexpression cut-off score of 3.0 demonstrated that patients with bladder cancer who had a TM immunoexpression score <3.0 had lower survival rates (median survival 23.5 months). In contrast, patients with TM immunoexpression scores ≥3.0 had longer survival rates (median survival 40 months) (log-rank; p=0.045). Conclusion TM immunoexpression in bladder cancer tissue may be a clinically relevant predictor of tumor progression and survival. Low expression of TM in bladder cancer biopsies or in recurrent bladder cancer may be indicative of a poor prognosis. TM immunoexpression could be used to guide clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Watt
- Randox Laboratories Ltd, Molecular Biology, Crumlin, County Antrim BT29 4QY, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Daniel G Maguire
- Randox Laboratories Ltd, Molecular Biology, Crumlin, County Antrim BT29 4QY, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Cherith N Reid
- Randox Laboratories Ltd, Molecular Biology, Crumlin, County Antrim BT29 4QY, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - John V Lamont
- Randox Laboratories Ltd, Molecular Biology, Crumlin, County Antrim BT29 4QY, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stephen P Fitzgerald
- Randox Laboratories Ltd, Molecular Biology, Crumlin, County Antrim BT29 4QY, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mark W Ruddock
- Randox Laboratories Ltd, Molecular Biology, Crumlin, County Antrim BT29 4QY, Northern Ireland, UK
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Zhang HH, Huang B, Cao YH, Li Q, Xu HF. Role of 5-Aza-CdR in mitomycin-C chemosensitivity of T24 bladder cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5652-5656. [PMID: 29142609 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic insensitivity is one of key obstacles to effectively treating muscle invasive bladder cancer. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) has been identified as a tumor suppressive agent in various types of cancer. The aim of the present study was to identify the effects of 5-Aza-CdR on the mitomycin-C (MMC) chemosensitivity of T24 bladder cancer cells and investigate the underlying mechanisms. T24 cells were treated with a combination of MMC and 5-Aza-CdR at various concentrations. The rates of proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by an MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The expression of drug resistance-associated proteins, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), and autophagy-associated proteins, including beclin 1, nucleoporin 62 (p62) and autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) were detected with western blotting. Treatment with 5-Aza-CdR significantly promoted the MMC chemosensitivity of T24 cells. The proliferation of T24 cells was significantly inhibited with increasing 5-Aza-CdR concentration, whereas apoptosis was significantly increased. This was associated with the decreased expression of P-gp, MRP1, beclin 1, p62 and ATG5. In conclusion, 5-Aza-CdR enhanced MMC chemosensitivity in bladder cancer T24 cells, which may be caused by the suppression of drug resistance- and autophagy-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - You-Han Cao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Han-Feng Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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Zheng LF, Sun WY. Meta-analysis of microRNAs as biomarkers for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:159-164. [PMID: 27446534 PMCID: PMC4950392 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common cancer of the urinary tract. A quarter of bladder cancer patients presenting with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) suffer significant morbidity and succumb to the disease. MicroRNA (miRNA) from tissue, urine or blood samples of MIBC patients have been demonstrated to differ from healthy individuals, and possibly have diagnostic value. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to access the overall diagnostic accuracy comprehensively and quantitatively. Systematic searching in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure database was conducted. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated via the random effects model to evaluate the overall test performance. Deeks' funnel plot asymmetry test was used to test the publication bias. A total of 10 studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 577 patients and 412 controls. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69–0.86] and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.72–0.81), respectively. The pooled PLR was 2.9 (95% CI, 2.1–3.8), the NLR was 0.31 (95% CI, 0.27–0.35), the DOR was 7 (95% CI, 4–13) and the pooled AUC was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69–0.87). In conclusion, the current miRNA assays support their use as markers for MIBC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Feng Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yong Sun
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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