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Hahn IK, Lee D, Lee DH, Lee H, Tchah H, Kim JY. Serially Checked Spherical Aberration Can Evaluate the Anti-Myopia Effect of Orthokeratology Lens in Children. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101686. [PMID: 36294825 PMCID: PMC9604799 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the changes in higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after wearing orthokeratology (OK) lenses in myopic patients. The study included 15 eyes from ten myopic patients, whose refractive error was myopia less than -4.5 diopters (D) and astigmatism less than 1.5 D. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured, and Zywave® aberrometry was performed at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months following OK lens wear. The mean age was 11.5 years (range: 9-15 years). There was a significant improvement in UCVA (p ≤ 0.001) and a decrease in the spherical equivalent measured with auto-refraction at 6 months (p ≤ 0.001). Total HOAs significantly increased after OK lens wear (p ≤ 0.001), with spherical aberration increasing approximately 3.9-fold (p = 0.05). Spherical aberration demonstrated statistically significant positive correlations with the change in spherical equivalent at 3 and 6 months (p = 0.007 and 0.003, respectively). After wearing properly prescribed OK lens, all subjects had significantly improved UCVA and decreased myopic spherical equivalent, with increased total HOAs and positive spherical aberration at 1 month, and the changes were maintained at 6 months. Serially checked spherical aberration could evaluate the anti-myopia effect of the orthokeratology lens in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kyun Hahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Donghan Lee
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Lee
- Bitsarang Eye Clinic, Prince Building, 492, Nohae-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01751, Korea
| | - Hun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hungwon Tchah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3010-3680; Fax: +82-2-470-6440
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Maraghechi G, Ojaghi H, Amani F, Najafi A. A comparative study of Pentacam indices in various types and severities of refractive error in candidates for photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery. J Med Life 2022; 15:810-818. [PMID: 35928358 PMCID: PMC9321500 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to specify Pentacam indices in patients who suffered from different types of refractive error and underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) surgery. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out on 1125 patients (2215 eye samples) who underwent PRK surgery in the Noor Surgical Center of Ardabil, Iran, over a 5 year period (2014-2018). A particular checklist was provided to patients, which consisted of demographic data, pachymetry test, keratometry, refractive error, corneal-thickness indices, and corneal surface area indices. The data were analysed using the statistical analysis package of IBM® V25. The mean age of the participants in this study was 28.48±6.82 years, and the ratio of women to men was 66.4%. It was observed that the differences between angle, volume, the depth of the anterior chamber, IVA, and ISV were significant (P=0.00) when compared to each other in all types of refractive errors. High myopes had significantly higher Kmax front than low myopes (P=0.00). In astigmatism patients, the Kmax in front of the cornea in extreme type was significantly higher than in moderate (P=0.00) and high (P=0.01) types. High myopes had significantly lower Rmin than mild myopes (P=0.02), and extreme astigmatism had significantly lower Rmin than high (P=0.014) and moderate types (P=0.013). The data from this study revealed that in patients undergoing PRK surgery, some Pentacam indices could be related to some types of refractive error, and in some of these indices, there are statistically significant differences between different severities of refractive errors. Therefore, their preoperative evaluation is very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Maraghechi
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Ardabil Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Habib Ojaghi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran,Corresponding Author: Habib Ojaghi, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Firouz Amani
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amin Najafi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Maraghechi G, Ojaghi H, Amani F, Moghadam TZ. Pentacam Indices in Photorefractive Keratectomy Surgery. J Med Life 2021; 13:523-529. [PMID: 33456601 PMCID: PMC7803299 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2020-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Refractive eye surgeries are one of the most non-emergent ophthalmic surgeries due to the effect on the reduction of refractive errors, increasing visual acuity, enhancing the quality of vision, and indirectly increasing the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to determine Pentacam indices in the patients who underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) during 2014-2018, as well as to show their correlation with the type of refractive error. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 2215 eyes of 1125 patients undergoing PRK surgery. The patients’ checklist, including demographic information, refractive index, keratometry, pachymetry, corneal surface zone indices, and progressive corneal thickness indices, was provided. All data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS software, version 25. The findings showed that there was a significant association between posterior corneal astigmatism (PCA) and anterior corneal astigmatism (ACA) (p=0.00). The mean Kmax front was recorded as 44.844 ± 1.58 D, which was significantly correlated with the type of refractive errors (p=0.00). According to the findings, there was a significant relationship between anterior chamber indices and refractive error types and their severity (p=0.00). There was also a significant correlation between the surface zone and keratoconus indices (i.e., index of surface variance - ISV, index of vertical asymmetry - IVA, index of height asymmetry - IHA, and minimum radius of curvature - Rmin) with refractive errors (p=0.00). The findings showed that some of the Pentacam indices could be related to the types of refractive errors in patients undergoing PRK surgery. Therefore, their evaluation is of great importance in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Habib Ojaghi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Imam Reza Hospital,Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Firouz Amani
- School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Evaluation of Corneal Higher-Order Aberrations by Scheimpflug-Placido Topography in Patients with Different Refractive Errors: A Retrospective Observational Study. J Ophthalmol 2019; 2019:5640356. [PMID: 31275631 PMCID: PMC6589193 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5640356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report the characteristics of anterior and posterior corneal high-order aberrations in patients with different refractive errors. Setting This study was conducted at Sohag Refractive Center, Sohag, Egypt. Design This is a retrospective observational study. Methods This study evaluated 750 patients (750 eyes) who were seeking refractive surgery. The eyes were stratified into five groups (150 eyes/group) based on refractive error: mild-to-moderate myopia, high myopia, hyperopia, simple myopic astigmatism, and simple hypermetropic astigmatism. All patients were subjected to comprehensive ophthalmological examination including corneal topography and corneal aberrometry using the Scheimpflug–Placido topography (Sirius, CSO, Italy). Results Coma aberration was statistically significant when compared in all five groups (P=0.01). It was highest in the hypermetropia group (0.26 ± 0.12 μm) but lower in the moderate myopia, high myopia, myopic astigmatism, and hypermetropic astigmatism groups. Spherical aberration was lowest in the hypermetropia group and significantly different from that in the other groups. Trefoil was statistically insignificant when all groups were compared (P=0.062) but was highest in the myopic astigmatism group (0.24 ± 0.25 μm). Total RMS peaked in the hypermetropia group (0.99 ± 0.70). Conclusions In normal corneas and regular refractive errors, the cornea-induced high-order aberration was minimal, and all types of refractive errors were associated with certain types of high-order aberrations, with a significant increase in spherical aberration in the hypermetropia group.
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Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to detect the changes in pupil size developing after phacoemulsification surgery. Methods: Seventy-five eyes of a total of 49 patients (32 males and 17 females) were included in this prospective clinical trial. Routine preoperative ophthalmological examinations of the patients were performed. The presence of any systemic diseases, the presence or history of ocular trauma, uveitis, optic neuropathy or anisocoria, using ocular or systemic medications, and also the presence of any other serious ocular diseases except cataract was considered as criteria for exclusion. The age range of patients included in the study is 48–81 years. Patients who developed surgical complications were excluded from the study. Pupil measurements were made after each patient waited in a dark room for 5 min preoperatively and were repeated 1 month after the operation. The Oasis brand of pupillometer was used for pupil measurement. Results: The mean, standard deviation, median, minimum-maximum, ratio, and frequency were used for the descriptive statistics of the data. Postoperative pupil size was seen to significantly decrease compared to the preoperative period (P < 0.05). The mean value of preoperative pupil size decreased from 4.9 ± 1.0 to 4.1 ± 0.9 mm 1 month after operation. Conclusion: The pupil size is important in phacoemulsification especially combination with phacoemulsification and multifocal intraocular lens implantation. It should be considered that better postoperative visual outcomes would be obtained by accompanying postoperative pupil size reduction into preoperative measurements. Thus, we recommend MIOLs that function independent of pupil size as appropriate for cataract surgeries in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sahbaz
- Department of Opticianry, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Evaluation of Anterior Segment's Structures in Tilted Disc Syndrome. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:5185207. [PMID: 27648303 PMCID: PMC5014945 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5185207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate anterior segment's structures by Pentacam in patients with tilted disc syndrome (TDS). Methods. Group 1 included forty-six eyes of forty-six patients who have the TDS. Group 2 including forty-six eyes of forty-six cases was the control group which was equal to the study group in age, gender, and refraction. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed in both groups. All cases were evaluated by Pentacam. The axial length (AL) of eyes was measured by ultrasound. Quantitative data obtained from these measurements were compared between two groups. Results. There was no statistically significant difference for age, gender, axial length, and spherical equivalent measurements between two groups (p = 0.625, p = 0.830, p = 0.234, and p = 0.850). There was a statistically significant difference for central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal volume (CV), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and pupil size measurements between two groups (p = 0.001, p = 0.0001, p = 0.003, and p = 0.001). Also, there was no statistically significant difference for anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and lens thickness (LT) measurements between two groups (p = 0.130, p = 0.910, and p = 0.057). Conclusion. We determined that CCT was thinner, CV was less, and ACA was narrower in patients with TDS. There are some changes in the anterior segment of the eyes with tilted disc.
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Al-Zeraid FM, Osuagwu UL. Induced Higher-order aberrations after Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) Performed with Wavefront-Guided IntraLase Femtosecond Laser in moderate to high Astigmatism. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 16:29. [PMID: 27000109 PMCID: PMC4802649 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wavefront-guided Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is a widespread and effective surgical treatment for myopia and astigmatic correction but whether it induces higher-order aberrations remains controversial. The study was designed to evaluate the changes in higher-order aberrations after wavefront-guided ablation with IntraLase femtosecond laser in moderate to high astigmatism. Methods Twenty-three eyes of 15 patients with moderate to high astigmatism (mean cylinder, −3.22 ± 0.59 dioptres) aged between 19 and 35 years (mean age, 25.6 ± 4.9 years) were included in this prospective study. Subjects with cylinder ≥ 1.5 and ≤2.75 D were classified as moderate astigmatism while high astigmatism was ≥3.00 D. All patients underwent a femtosecond laser–enabled (150-kHz IntraLase iFS; Abbott Medical Optics Inc) wavefront-guided ablation. Uncorrected (UDVA), corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuity in logMAR, keratometry, central corneal thickness (CCT) and higher-order aberrations (HOAs) over a 6 mm pupil, were assessed before and 6 months, postoperatively. The relationship between postoperative change in HOA and preoperative mean spherical equivalent refraction, mean astigmatism, and postoperative CCT were tested. Results At the last follow-up, the mean UDVA was increased (P < 0.0001) but CDVA remained unchanged (P = 0.48) and no eyes lost ≥2 lines of CDVA. Mean spherical equivalent refraction was reduced (P < 0.0001) and was within ±0.50 D range in 61 % of eyes. The average corneal curvature was flatter by 4 D and CCT was reduced by 83 μm (P < 0.0001, for all), postoperatively. Coma aberrations remained unchanged (P = 0.07) while the change in trefoil (P = 0.047) postoperatively, was not clinically significant. The 4th order HOAs (spherical aberration and secondary astigmatism) and the HOA root mean square (RMS) increased from −0.18 ± 0.07 μm, 0.04 ± 0.03 μm and 0.47 ± 0.11 μm, preoperatively, to 0.33 ± 0.19 μm (P = 0.004), 0.21 ± 0.09 μm (P < 0.0001) and 0.77 ± 0.27 μm (P < 0.0001), six months postoperatively. The change in spherical aberration after the procedure increased with an increase in the degree of preoperative myopia. Conclusions Wavefront-guided IntraLASIK offers a safe and effective option for vision and visual function improvement in astigmatism. Although, reduction of HOA is possible in a few eyes, spherical-like aberrations are increased in majority of the treated eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferial M Al-Zeraid
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uchechukwu L Osuagwu
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Faculty of Health, Ophthalmic and Visual Optics Laboratory Group (Chronic Disease & Ageing), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Q Block, Room 5WS36 60 Musk Avenue Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
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Khan MS, Humayun S, Fawad A, Ishaq M, Arzoo S, Mashhadi F. Effect of wavefront optimized LASIK on higher order aberrations in myopic patients. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31:1223-6. [PMID: 26649018 PMCID: PMC4641287 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.315.7683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine mean change induced in root mean square value of higher order aberrations in myopic patients undergoing wavefront optimized laser assisted in situ keratomileusis. METHODS This quasi experimental study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from Jan 2014 to Dec 2014. Sixty eyes of 35 myopic patients were included in the study. All patients underwent wavefront optimized (WFO) laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using femtosecond laser (FM 200Wavelight technologies) and excimer laser (Ew 500Wavelight technologies). Higher order aberrations (HOAs) were measured with aberrometer (Wavelight allegro analyzer version 1073) during preoperative assessment and one month after surgery. RESULTS All 35 patients ranged from 20 to 32 years with a mean age of 24 ± 3.41 years. Refractive error ranged from -1.00 to -9.50 DS with a mean spherical equivalent (SE) of -3.73 ± 1.95 before surgery and - 0.36 ± 1.50DS one month after LASIK. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was improved to 0.00 or better in all 60 eyes. An increase of 1.56 fold was observed in RMS of total HOAs. Among the HOAs, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between spherical aberrations (4(th) order aberration) and preoperative spherical equivalent. CONCLUSION In spite of excellent improvement in refractive error, significant amount of higher order aberrations were induced after WFO LASIK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saim Khan
- Dr. Muhammad Saim Khan, MBBS. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Mall Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Humayun
- Dr. Sadia Humayun, MBBS, MCPS, FCPS, FRCS. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Mall Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Fawad
- Dr. Aisha Fawad, MBBS, FCPS. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Mall Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Ishaq
- Prof. Dr. Mazhar Ishaq, FRC Opth, FRCS, FCPS. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Mall Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sabahat Arzoo
- Sabahat Arzoo, BSc (Hons) in Optometry and Orthoptics. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Mall Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Mashhadi
- Dr. Fawad Mashhadi, MBBS, MPH, MCPS, MPhil. Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Mall Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Khan MS, Humayun S, Fawad A, Ishaq M, Arzoo S, Mashhadi F. Comparison of higher order aberrations in patients with various refractive errors. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31:812-5. [PMID: 26430409 PMCID: PMC4590385 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.314.7538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the mean root mean square (RMS) of total higher order aberrations (HOAs), coma and spherical aberrations in individuals with myopia, hypermetropia and myopic astigmatism. METHODS This prospective analytical study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from Jan 2014 to Dec 2014. Two hundred eyes of 121 patients with age ranging from 18-40 years were included in the study. Patients were divided into 4 group namely Low myopia, High myopia, Astigmatism and Hypermetropia on the basis of refractive error. Included were the patients who had refractive error more than ± 0.5D and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.00 or better. Patients who had history of surgery and / or eye disease were excluded from the study. Visual acuity (VA), Spherical equivalent (SE) of refractive error, RMS value of total HOAs, coma and spherical aberrations were evaluated. HOAs were measured with aberrometer (Wavelight analyzer version 1073) at 6 mm pupil size. RESULTS Age of the patients ranged from 18 years to 40 years with mean age of 29.10±10.6 years. Seventy one (35.5%) were males and 129 (64.5%) were female. Mean RMS value of HOAs, coma and spherical aberrations was calculated in all four groups. RMS of total HOAs and spherical aberrations in hypermetropia was 0.96±0.96 and 0.30±0.42 respectively and it was higher than other three groups. CONCLUSIONS In overall comparison the mean RMS of total HOAs and spherical aberrations was significantly increased in hypermetropia group and there was a statistically significant negative correlation of SE of hypermetropia with RMS of total HOAs and spherical aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saim Khan
- Dr. Muhammad Saim Khan, Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Humayun
- Dr. Sadia Humayun, Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Fawad
- Dr. Aisha Fawad, Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Ishaq
- Prof. Dr. Mazhar Ishaq, Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sabahat Arzoo
- Miss. Sabahat Arzoo, Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Mashhadi
- Dr. Fawad Mashhadi, Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Abstract
Purpose To determine normative reference ranges for higher-order wavefront error (HO-WFE), compare these values with those in common ocular pathologies, and evaluate treatments. Methods A review of 17 major studies on HO-WFE was made, involving data for a total of 31,605 subjects. The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for HO-WFE was calculated from the most comprehensive of these studies using normal healthy patients aged 20 to 80 years. There were no studies identified using the natural pupil size for subjects, and for this reason, the HO-WFE was tabulated for pupil diameters of 3 to 7 mm. Effects of keratoconus, pterygium, cataract, and dry eye on HO-WFE were reviewed and treatment efficacy was considered. Results The calculated upper limit of the 95% CI for HO-WFE in a healthy normal 35-year-old patient with a mesopic pupil diameter of 6 mm would be 0.471 μm (471 nm) root-mean-square or less. Although the normal HO-WFE increases with age for a given pupil size, it is not yet completely clear how the concurrent influence of age-related pupillary miosis affects these findings. Abnormal ocular conditions such as keratoconus can induce a large HO-WFE, often in excess of 3.0 μm, particularly attributed to coma. For pterygium or cortical cataract, a combination of coma and trefoil was more commonly induced. Nuclear cataract can induce a negative spherical HO-WFE, usually in excess of 1.0 μm. Conclusions The upper limit of the 95% CI for HO-WFE root-mean-square is about 0.5 μm with normal physiological pupil sizes. With ocular pathologies, HO-WFE can be in excess of 1.0 μm, although many devices and therapeutic and surgical treatments are reported to be highly effective at minimizing HO-WFE. More accurate normative reference ranges for HO-WFE will require future studies using the subjects’ natural pupil size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Bruce
- *BScOptom, PhD, FAAO †OD, DSc (Hon), FAAO Australian College of Optometry, Carlton, Victoria, Australia (ASB); Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia (ASB); and Nicolitz Eye Consultants, Jacksonville, Florida (LJC)
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