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Saint-Auret S, Abdelkafi H, Le Nouen D, Guenin-Macé L, Demangel C, Bisseret P, Blanchard N. Modular total syntheses of mycolactone A/B and its [ 2H]-isotopologue. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7518-7522. [PMID: 28871293 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01943b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A modular total synthesis of mycolactone A/B, the exotoxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, has been achieved through the orchestration of several Pd-catalyzed key steps. While this route leads to a mixture of the natural product and its C12 epimer (4 : 1 ratio), this was inconsequential from the biological activity standpoint. Compared to the previously reported routes, this synthetic blueprint allows the late-stage modification of the toxin, as exemplified by the preparation of [22,22,22-2H3]-mycolactone A/B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saint-Auret
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Gehringer M, Altmann KH. The chemistry and biology of mycolactones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1596-1660. [PMID: 28904608 PMCID: PMC5564285 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolactones are a group of macrolides excreted by the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans, which exhibit cytotoxic, immunosuppressive and analgesic properties. As the virulence factor of M. ulcerans, mycolactones are central to the pathogenesis of the neglected disease Buruli ulcer, a chronic and debilitating medical condition characterized by necrotic skin ulcers. Due to their complex structure and fascinating biology, mycolactones have inspired various total synthesis endeavors and structure-activity relationship studies. Although this review intends to cover all synthesis efforts in the field, special emphasis is given to the comparison of conceptually different approaches and to the discussion of more recent contributions. Furthermore, a detailed discussion of molecular targets and structure-activity relationships is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Chany AC, Tresse C, Casarotto V, Blanchard N. History, biology and chemistry of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease). Nat Prod Rep 2014; 30:1527-67. [PMID: 24178858 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease) have a long history that can be traced back 150 years. The successive discoveries of the mycobacteria in 1948 and of mycolactone A/B in 1999, the toxin responsible for this dramatic necrotic skin disease, resulted in a paradigm shift concerning the disease itself and in a broader sense, delineated an entirely new role for bioactive polyketides as virulence factors. The fascinating history, biology and chemistry of M. ulcerans infections are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Chany
- Université de Haute Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, EA4566, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Chany AC, Casarotto V, Schmitt M, Tarnus C, Guenin-Macé L, Demangel C, Mirguet O, Eustache J, Blanchard N. A diverted total synthesis of mycolactone analogues: an insight into Buruli ulcer toxins. Chemistry 2011; 17:14413-9. [PMID: 22127975 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycolactones are complex macrolides responsible for a severe necrotizing skin disease called Buruli ulcer. Deciphering their functional interactions is of fundamental importance for the understanding, and ultimately, the control of this devastating mycobacterial infection. We report herein a diverted total synthesis approach of mycolactones analogues and provide the first insights into their structure-activity relationship based on cytopathic assays on L929 fibroblasts. The lowest concentration inducing a cytopathic effect was determined for selected analogues, allowing a clear picture to emerge by comparison with the natural toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Chany
- Université de Haute-Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA4566, 3 rue A. Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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Gersbach P, Jantsch A, Feyen F, Scherr N, Dangy JP, Pluschke G, Altmann KH. A ring-closing metathesis (RCM)-based approach to mycolactones A/B. Chemistry 2011; 17:13017-31. [PMID: 21971832 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of the mycobacterial toxins mycolactones A/B (1 a/b) has been accomplished based on a strategy built around the construction of the mycolactone core through ring-closing metathesis. By employing the Grubbs second-generation catalyst, the 12-membered core macrocycle of mycolactones, with a functionalized C2 handle attached to C11, was obtained in 60-80 % yield. The C-linked upper side chain (comprising C12-C20) was completed by a highly efficient modified Suzuki coupling between C13 and C14, while the attachment of the C5-O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain was achieved by Yamaguchi esterification. Surprisingly, a diene containing a simple isopropyl group attached to C11 could not be induced to undergo ring-closing metathesis. By employing fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry techniques, the synthetic mycolactones A/B (1 a/b) were demonstrated to display similar apoptosis-inducing and cytopathic effects as mycolactones A/B extracted from Mycobacterium ulcerans. In contrast, a simplified analogue with truncated upper and lower side chains was found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gersbach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI H405, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Hong H, Demangel C, Pidot SJ, Leadlay PF, Stinear T. Mycolactones: immunosuppressive and cytotoxic polyketides produced by aquatic mycobacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:447-54. [PMID: 18497894 PMCID: PMC2730631 DOI: 10.1039/b803101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycolactones are a family of highly related macrocyclic polyketides that exhibit immunosuppressive and cytotoxic properties. First discovered in 1999, they are the primary virulence factors produced by the environmental human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, and by some closely-related aquatic mycobacteria that cause disease in fish and frogs. Mycolactones are characterized by a common 12-membered lactone core to which is appended an unsaturated fatty acyl side-chain of variable length and oxidation state. This Highlight summarizes recent progress in understanding the structural diversity of the mycolactones, their biological activity and mode of action in mammalian cells, and the genetics, evolution, and enzymology of their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Abstract
First and second generation total syntheses of mycolactones A and B are reported. The first generation total synthesis unambiguously confirmed our earlier assignment of the relative and absolute stereochemistry of mycolactones A and B. Knowledge of the chemical properties of the mycolactones accumulated through the first generation total synthesis allowed us to implement several major improvements to the original synthesis, including: (1) optimizing the choice of protecting groups, (2) eliminating the unnecessary adjustment of protecting groups, and (3) improving the overall stereoselectivity and synthetic efficiency. The second generation total synthesis consists of 21 longest linear steps, with 8.8% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbin Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Li X, Zeng X. Sequential transhalogenation and Heck reaction for efficient access to dioxo-tetrasubstituted 2,4 E,E-dienes: synthesis of segment C1–C6 of apoptolidin. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yin N, Wang G, Qian M, Negishi E. Stereoselective Synthesis of the Side Chains of Mycolactones A and B Featuring Stepwise Double Substitutions of 1,1-Dibromo-1-alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:2916-20. [PMID: 16557634 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yin
- Herbert C. Brown Laboratories of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA
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Yin N, Wang G, Qian M, Negishi E. Stereoselective Synthesis of the Side Chains of Mycolactones A and B Featuring Stepwise Double Substitutions of 1,1-Dibromo-1-alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van Summeren RP, Feringa BL, Minnaard AJ. New approaches towards the synthesis of the side-chain of mycolactones A and B. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2524-33. [PMID: 15999184 DOI: 10.1039/b505980a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New approaches towards the synthesis of the C1'-C16' side-chain of mycolactones A and B from Mycobacterium ulcerans are reported. Chiral building block 4 (Fig. 2) with the correct stereochemistry was obtained starting from naturally occurring monosaccharides, i.e. D-glucose or L-rhamnose. The polyunsaturated moiety 3 was synthesized in only 3 steps from 2,4-dimethylfuran. The building blocks were connected through a Sonogashira coupling resulting in the fast and convergent assembly of an 8,9-dehydro analogue 2 of the side-chain of mycolactones A and B. The synthesis of 1 is at this stage hampered by the lack of a selective partial hydrogenation protocol for alkynes embedded in a conjugated system. Alternative strategies involving palladium catalyzed sp2-sp2 coupling between C7' and C8' or C9' and C10' (Fig. 1) were also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben P van Summeren
- Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
[structure: see text] The first total synthesis of the mycolactones is reported. This work unambiguously confirms our earlier relative and absolute stereochemical assignment of the mycolactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbin Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Fidanze S, Song F, Szlosek-Pinaud M, Small PL, Kishi Y. Complete structure of the mycolactones. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:10117-8. [PMID: 11592899 DOI: 10.1021/ja011824z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Fidanze
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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