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Romero-Fernández MP, Cintas P, Rojas-Buzo S. Switchable Cycloadditions of Mesoionic Dipoles: Refreshing up a Regioselective Approach to Two Distinctive Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12854-12866. [PMID: 36103345 PMCID: PMC9552231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
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Mesoionic rings are
among the most versatile 1,3-dipoles, as witnessed
recently by their incorporation into bio-orthogonal strategies, and
capable of affording unconventional heterocycles beyond the expected
scope of Huisgen cycloadditions. Herein, we revisit in detail the
reactivity of thiazol-3-ium-4-olates with alkynes, leading to thiophene
and/or pyrid-2-one derivatives. A structural variation at the parent
mesoionic dipole alters sufficiently the steric outcome, thereby favoring
the regioselective formation of a single transient cycloadduct, which
undergoes chemoselective fragmentation to either five- or six-membered
heterocycles. The synthetic protocol benefits largely from microwave
(MW) activation, which enhances reaction rates. The mechanism has
been interrogated with the aid of density functional theory (DFT)
calculations, which sheds light into the origin of the regioselectivity
and points to a predictive formulation of reactivity involving competing
pathways of mesoionic cycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Pilar Romero-Fernández
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio Rojas-Buzo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Hirashita T, Murakami S, Shoji T, Kurabayashi H, Araki S. Preparative Synthesis of 1,3-Dialkyltetrazolium-5-thiolates from 1-Alkyltetrazole-5-thiols. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehisa Hirashita
- Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555 Japan
| | - Suguru Murakami
- Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555 Japan
| | - Takuo Shoji
- Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555 Japan
| | - Hideaki Kurabayashi
- Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555 Japan
| | - Shuki Araki
- Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8555 Japan
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Abstract
AbstractThe energy profiles for ring opening of representative type B mesoionic 2,3-diphenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrazolium-5-olates, -thiolates, -aminides and –methylides and for alternative recyclisation pathways are investigated using ab initio MP2 calculations. The energetics of initial ring opening are found to be comparable for all systems, but the tetrazolium-5-olates are anomalous in that no alternative reaction pathway is accessible. The influence of solvent is explored using the polarised continuum model (PCM) method to simulate aqueous solvation. The only significant solvent effect is found to be solvation of the mesoionic precursors. This solvent effect correlates with dipole moment and disfavours initial valence tautomerism both kinetically and thermodynamically.
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Budevich VA, Voitekhovich SV, Zuraev AV, Matulis VE, Matulis VE, Lyakhov AS, Ivashkevich LS, Ivashkevich OA. Mesoionic tetrazolium-5-aminides: Synthesis, molecular and crystal structures, UV-vis spectra, and DFT calculations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:385-395. [PMID: 33633806 PMCID: PMC7884879 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrazolium-5-aminides have been prepared by the tert-butylation of 5-aminotetrazole and its N-methyl derivatives by the t-BuOH/HClO4 system followed by the treatment of the tetrazolium salts by alkali. The mesoionic compounds have been found to show a higher reactivity of the exocyclic N atom in comparison with 5-aminotetrazoles. The compounds reacted with 1,2-dibromoethane and 5-(methylsulfonyl)-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole with substitution of bromine and methylsulfonyl groups giving the corresponding tetrazolium salts or conjugate aminides. The obtained mesoionic tetrazoles have been characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR, and UV–vis spectroscopy, TGA/DSC analysis and for 1,3-di-tert-butyltetrazolium-5-aminide, its N,N’-ethylene-bridged bis-derivative and (1,3-di-tert-butyl-1H-tetrazol-3-ium-5-yl)(1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)amide by single crystal X-ray analysis. The structural and spectral features of the tetrazolium-5-aminides are discussed by using quantum-chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A Budevich
- Laboratory for chemistry of condensed systems, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Sergei V Voitekhovich
- Laboratory for chemistry of condensed systems, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Alexander V Zuraev
- Laboratory for chemistry of condensed systems, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006 Minsk, Republic of Belarus.,Inorganic chemistry department, Faculty of Chemistry, Belarusian State University, Nezalezhnastsi avenue 4, 220050 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Vadim E Matulis
- Laboratory for chemistry of condensed systems, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Vitaly E Matulis
- Laboratory for chemistry of condensed systems, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Alexander S Lyakhov
- Laboratory for chemistry of condensed systems, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Ludmila S Ivashkevich
- Laboratory for chemistry of condensed systems, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Oleg A Ivashkevich
- Laboratory for chemistry of condensed systems, Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of Belarusian State University, Leningradskaya 14, 220006 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
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da Silva Filho AJ, da Cruz Dantas L, de Santana OL. Diradicalar Character and Ring Stability of Mesoionic Heterocyclic Oxazoles and Thiazoles by Ab Initio Mono and Multi-Reference Methods. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194524. [PMID: 33023193 PMCID: PMC7582729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoionics are neutral compounds that cannot be represented by a fully covalent or purely ionic structure. Among the possible mesomeric structures of these compounds are the diradical electronic configurations. Theoretical and experimental studies indicate that some mesoionic rings are unstable, which may be related to a significant diradical character, that until then is not quantified. In this work, we investigated the diradical character of four heterocycles: 1,3-oxazol-5-one, 1,3-oxazol-5-thione, 1,3-thiazole-5-one, and 1,3-thiazole-5-thione. The oxazoles are known to be significatively less stable than thiazoles. DFT and ab initio single (B3LYP, MP2, CCSD, and QCISD) and ab initio multi-reference (MR-CISD) methods with three basis sets (6-311+G(d), aug-cc-pVDZ, and aug-cc-pVTZ) were employed to assess the diradical character of the investigated systems, in gas phase and DMSO solvent, from three criteria: (i) HOMO-LUMO energy gap, (ii) determination of energy difference between singlet and triplet wave functions, and (iii) quantification of the most significant diradical character (y0, determined in the unrestricted formalism). All of the results showed that the diradical character of the investigated systems is very small. However, the calculated electronic structures made it possible to identify the possible origin of the oxazoles instability, which can help the design of mesoionic systems with the desired properties.
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Erguven H, Leitch DC, Keyzer EN, Arndtsen BA. Development and Cycloaddition Reactivity of a New Class of Pyridine-Based Mesoionic 1,3-Dipole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:6078-6082. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Erguven
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - David C. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Evan N. Keyzer
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Bruce A. Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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Erguven H, Leitch DC, Keyzer EN, Arndtsen BA. Development and Cycloaddition Reactivity of a New Class of Pyridine-Based Mesoionic 1,3-Dipole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Erguven
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - David C. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Evan N. Keyzer
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Bruce A. Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry; McGill University; 801 Sherbrooke St. W Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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