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Santos-Luna D, Sixto-López Y, Bravo-Alfaro D, Cano-Sarmiento C, García H, Correa-Basurto J. Design and simulation of a caprylic acid enzymatically modified phosphatidylcholine micelle using a coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13902-13913. [PMID: 36826442 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2180434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Computationally simulated micelle models provide useful structural information on the molecular and biological sciences. One strategy to study the self-aggregation process of surfactant molecules that make up a micelle is through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this study, a theoretical approach with a coarse-grained MD simulation (CG-MD) was employed to evaluate the critical micellar concentration (CMC), the micellization process, building a tridimensional (3D) model system of a micelle using data from the experimentally enzymatically modified phospholipids (PL) by phospholipase A1 (PA1). This required enzymatic interesterification of soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) with caprylic acid, along with purification and characterization by chromatographic techniques to measure the esterified fatty acids and the corresponding PL composition. The number of molecules used in the CG-MD simulation system was determined from the experimental CMC data which was 0.025%. The molecular composition of the system is: 1 C 18:2, 2 C 8:0/8:0, 3 C 8:0/18:3n-9, 4 C 8:0/18:0, 5 C8:0/18:2n-6, 6 C8:0/18:1n-9, and 7 C 8:0/16:0. According to our theoretical results, the micelle model is structurally stable with an average Rg of 3.64 ± 0.10 Å, and might have an elliptical form with a radius of 24.6 Å. Regarding CMC value there was a relationship between the experimental data of the modified PLs and the theoretical analysis by GC-MD, which suggest that the enzymatic modification of PLs does not affect their self-aggregation properties. Finally, the micellar system obtained in the current research can be used as a simple and useful model to design optimal biocompatible nanoemulsions as possible vehicles for bioactive small molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Santos-Luna
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - Yudibeth Sixto-López
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica y Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada, Spain
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation) SEPI-ESM, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Bravo-Alfaro
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - Cynthia Cano-Sarmiento
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Tecnologico Nacional de México/IT de Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - Hugo García
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT de Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Fármacos e Innovación Biotecnológica (Laboratory for the Design and Development of New Drugs and Biotechnological Innovation) SEPI-ESM, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Mexico City, Mexico
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The enzymatic modification of phospholipids improves their surface-active properties and the formation of nanoemulsions. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Abstract
In recent years, structured phospholipids (SPLs), which are modified phospholipids (PLs), have attracted more attention due to their great potential for application in the field of pharmacy, food, cosmetics, and health. SPLs not only possess enhanced chemical, physical and nutritional properties, but also present superior bioavailability in comparison with other lipid forms, such as triacylglycerols, which make SPLs become more competitive carriers to increase the absorption of the specific fatty acids in the body. Compared with chemical-mediated SPLs, the process of enzyme-mediated SPLs has the advantages of high product variety, high substrate selectivity, and mild operation conditions. Both lipases and phospholipases can be used in the enzymatic production of SPLs, and the main reaction type contains esterification, acidolysis, and transesterification. During the preparation, reaction medium, acyl migration, water content/activity, substrates and enzymes, and some other parameters have significant effects on the production and purity of the desired PLs products. In this paper, the progress in enzymatic modification of PLs over the last 20 years is reviewed. Reaction types and characteristic parameters are summarized in detail and the parameters affecting acyl migration are first discussed to give the inspiration to optimize the enzyme-mediated SPLs preparation. To expand the application of enzyme-mediated SPLs in the future, the prospect of further study on SPLs is also proposed at the end of the paper.
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Agame-Lagunes B, Alegria-Rivadeneyra M, Quintana-Castro R, Torres-Palacios C, Grube-Pagola P, Cano-Sarmiento C, Garcia-Varela R, Alexander-Aguilera A, García HS. Curcumin Nanoemulsions Stabilized with Modified Phosphatidylcholine on Skin Carcinogenesis Protocol. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:226-234. [PMID: 32348213 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200429111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is one of the main causes of death by disease; several alternative treatments have been developed to counteract this condition. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties; however, it has low water solubility and poor intestinal absorption. Carrier systems, such as nanoemulsions, can increase the bioavailability of lipophilic bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of curcumin nanoemulsions prepared with lecithin modified with medium-chain fatty acids as an emulsifier, on the expression of the Cdk4, Ccne2, Casp8 and Cldn4 genes involved in the carcinogenesis process in K14E6 transgenic mice. METHODS The emulsifier was prepared by interesterification of medium-chain fatty acids, pure lecithin, and immobilized phospholipase-1 on Duolite A568. An Ultraturrax homogenizer and a Branson Ultrasonic processor were used for the preparation of nano-emulsions, and a Zetasizer evaluated the particle size. qRT-PCR analysis was performed to quantify the cancer-related genes expressed in the K14E6 mice. The development and evolution of skin carcinogenesis were assessed through histological analysis to compare cell morphology. RESULTS Ca 59% of the MCFA were incorporated via esterification into the PC within 12 hours of the reaction. An emulsifier yield used to formulate the NE of 86% was achieved. Nanoemulsions with a particle size of 44 nm were obtained. The curcumin nano-emulsion group had a 91.81% decrease in the tumorigenesis index and a reduction in tumor area of 89.95% compared to the sick group. Histological analysis showed that the group administered with free curcumin developed a microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma, as opposed to the group with nanoemulsion which presented only a slight inflammation. In gene expression, only a significant difference in Cdk4 was observed in the nanoemulsion group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Agame-Lagunes
- UNIDA, Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico/Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz. Calz. Miguel Angel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico
| | - Monserrat Alegria-Rivadeneyra
- UNIDA, Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico/Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz. Calz. Miguel Angel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Quintana-Castro
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Bioanalisis, Iturbide S/N, Col. Centro, Veracruz, Ver. 91700, Mexico
| | - Cristobal Torres-Palacios
- UNIDA, Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico/Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz. Calz. Miguel Angel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico
| | - Peter Grube-Pagola
- Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Investigaciones Medico Biologicas, Iturbide s/n, Veracruz, Ver. 91700, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Cano-Sarmiento
- CONACyTUNIDA, Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico/Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz. Calz. Miguel Angel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Garcia-Varela
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin at Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, United States.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona 2514, Nuevo México 45138, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Alfonso Alexander-Aguilera
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Bioanalisis, Iturbide S/N, Col. Centro, Veracruz, Ver. 91700, Mexico
| | - Hugo Sergio García
- UNIDA, Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico/Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz. Calz. Miguel Angel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico
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Efficient synthesis of DHA/EPA-rich phosphatidylcholine by inhibition of hydrolysis reaction using immobilized phospholipase A1 on macroporous SiO2/cationic polymer nano-composited support. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Verdasco-Martín CM, Corchado-Lopo C, Fernández-Lafuente R, Otero C. Prolongation of secondary drying step of phospholipid lyophilization greatly improves acidolysis reactions catalyzed by immobilized lecitase ultra. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 132:109388. [PMID: 31731951 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) has important health effects, and their phospholipids forms (PL) are advantageous vehicles of this bioactive agent. Acidolysis of soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC) with conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) catalyzed by Lecitase® Ultra immobilized on Duolite A658 was studied. This reaction is typically limited by hydrolysis, producing 60-90 % of lyso- and glycero-PC and yielding low the process efficiency. Drying the amphiphilic PC material was found the key factor for maximal diacylglycerol phosphatidylcholines (PC) production and different drying approaches were studied to maximize the formation of PC rich in CLA in a solvent free process. PC lyophilization for 24 h getting dry solid appearance (PC; 783 ± 11 mg water/Kg PC) or other standard protocols to reduce water content/activity of reaction medium, did not improve the reaction performance. However, adding 4 extra days to the second step of lyophilization at high vacuum (1 Pa) and moderate temperature (20 °C), followed by further PC dehydration with molecular sieves, drastically reduced the hydrolysis process by achieving a extensive PC dehydration (279 ± 4 mg water/Kg PC), obtaining for the first time >99% molar yield of diacyl-PC product. After 24 h of reaction, a diacyl-PC product with 72.3% CLA content was obtained. PC molecules containing two CLA were the major species formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Verdasco-Martín
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petroleochemistry, CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2 L10, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Carlos Corchado-Lopo
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petroleochemistry, CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2 L10, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernández-Lafuente
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petroleochemistry, CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2 L10, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Cristina Otero
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petroleochemistry, CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2 L10, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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Verdasco-Martín CM, Corchado-Lopo C, Fernández-Lafuente R, Otero C. Rapid and high yield production of phospholipids enriched in CLA via acidolysis: The critical role of the enzyme immobilization protocol. Food Chem 2019; 296:123-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Ang X, Chen H, Xiang JQ, Wei F, Quek SY. Preparation and functionality of lipase-catalysed structured phospholipid – A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cerminati S, Paoletti L, Aguirre A, Peirú S, Menzella HG, Castelli ME. Industrial uses of phospholipases: current state and future applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2571-2582. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Chávez-Zamudio R, Ochoa-Flores AA, Soto-Rodríguez I, Garcia-Varela R, García HS. Preparation, characterization and bioavailability by oral administration of O/W curcumin nanoemulsions stabilized with lysophosphatidylcholine. Food Funct 2018; 8:3346-3354. [PMID: 28856361 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00933j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is the main and most abundant bioactive component in Curcuma longa L. with documented properties in the prevention and treatment of chronic degenerative and infectious diseases. However, curcumin has low solubility in aqueous media, hence low bioavailability when administered orally. The use of nanoemulsions as carriers can provide a partial solution to bioavailability restrictions. In our study, O/W nanoemulsions of curcumin were prepared using lysophosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid with proven emulsification capacity; nevertheless, such qualities have not been previously reported in the preparation of nanoemulsions. Lysophosphatidylcholine was obtained by enzymatic removal of one fatty acid residue from phosphatidylcholine. The objective of our work was to formulate stable curcumin nanoemulsions and evaluate their bioavailability in BALB/c mice plasma after oral administration. Formulated nanoemulsions had a droplet size mean of 154.32 ± 3.10 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.34 ± 0.07 and zeta potential of -10.43 ± 1.10 mV; stability was monitored for 12 weeks. Lastly, in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters, using BALB/c mice, were obtained; namely, Cmax of 610 ± 65.0 μg mL-1 and Tmax of 2 h. Pharmacokinetic data revealed a higher bioavailability of emulsified as opposed to free curcumin. Research regarding other potential emulsifiers that may provide better health benefits and carry nano-encapsulated bioactive compounds more effectively, is necessary. This study provides important data on the preparation and design of nanoencapsulated Curcumin using lysophosphatidylcholine as an emulsifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Chávez-Zamudio
- UNIDA, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, M.A. de Quevedo 2779, Col. Formando Hogar, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico.
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Ochoa-Flores AA, Hernández-Becerra JA, Cavazos-Garduño A, Vernon-Carter EJ, García HS. Optimization of the Synthesis of Structured Phosphatidylcholine with Medium Chain Fatty Acid. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:1207-1215. [PMID: 29021492 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured phosphatidylcholine was successfully produced by acidolysis between phosphatidylcholine and free medium chain fatty acid, using phospholipase A1 immobilized on Duolite A568. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the reaction system using three process parameters: molar ratio of substrates (phosphatidylcholine to free medium chain fatty acid), enzyme loading, and reaction temperature. All parameters evaluated showed linear and quadratic significant effects on the production of modified phosphatidylcholine; molar ratio of substrates contributed positively, but temperature influenced negatively. Increased enzyme loading also led to increased production of modified phosphatidylcholine but only during the first 9 hours of the acidolysis reaction. Optimal conditions obtained from the model were a ratio of phosphatidylcholine to free medium chain fatty acid of 1:15, an enzyme loading of 12%, and a temperature of 45°C. Under these conditions a production of modified phosphatidylcholine of 52.98 % were obtained after 24 h of reaction. The prediction was confirmed from the verification experiments; the production of modified phosphatidylcholine was 53.02%, the total yield of phosphatidylcholine 64.28% and the molar incorporation of medium chain fatty acid was 42.31%. The acidolysis reaction was scaled-up in a batch reactor with a similar production of modified phosphatidylcholine, total yield of phosphatidylcholine and molar incorporation of medium chain fatty acid. Purification by column chromatography of the structured phosphatidylcholine yielded 62.53% of phosphatidylcholine enriched with 42.52% of medium chain fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica A Ochoa-Flores
- UNIDA, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz.,División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco
| | - Josafat A Hernández-Becerra
- UNIDA, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz.,División de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Tecnológica de Tabasco
| | - Adriana Cavazos-Garduño
- UNIDA, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz.,Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara
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Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of Egg-Yolk Phophatidylcholine with Concentrate of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Cod Liver Oil. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101771. [PMID: 29048366 PMCID: PMC6151611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids containing PUFAs are important vehicles for their delivering to the targeted tissues. In our research project we established enzymatic methods for the enrichment of natural egg-yolk PC with n-3 PUFAs. Instead of synthetic PUFA ethyl esters, the new strategy was developed using polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched fraction (PUFA-EF) from cod liver oil as the natural acyl donors. PUFA-EF was produced by urea-complexation and contained 86.9% PUFA including 8.5% stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4(n-3)), 26.7% EPA, and 45.2% DHA. The transesterification of PC with PUFA was catalyzed by lipases. After screening of enzymes the effect of reaction medium; molar ratio of substrates and etc. was investigated. The highest incorporation of PUFA was 45.6%; including 36.8% DHA and 5.8% EPA at the following reaction conditions: hexane; 55 °C; PUFA-EF/PC acyl ratio of 10; 48 h of reaction time and lipase B from Candida antarctica as a biocatalyst (20% of enzyme load).
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Shah AKMA, Nagao T, Kurihara H, Takahashi K. Production of a Health-Beneficial Food Emulsifier by Enzymatic Partial Hydrolysis of Phospholipids Obtained from the Head of Autumn Chum Salmon. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:147-155. [PMID: 28100887 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids and their partial hydrolysates, namely lysophospholipids (LPLs), have been widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products as highly efficient emulsifiers. This study was conducted to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-esterified LPLs by enzymatic modification of phospholipids obtained from the head of autumn chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). The emulsifying properties of the obtained LPLs were also evaluated. Two different types of substrates of salmon head phospholipids were prepared via silica gel and cold acetone precipitation. Enzymatic partial hydrolysis was carried out using immobilized phospholipase A1 (PLA1) and Lipozyme RM IM. Results showed that the increase in DHA in the LPLs was much higher in the silica-separated phospholipids than in the acetone-precipitated phospholipids. When silica-separated phospholipids were used as the substrate, the DHA content of the LPLs increased from 23.1% to 40.6% and 42.6% after 8 h of partial hydrolysis with Lipozyme RM IM and immobilized PLA1, respectively. The yield of the LPLs was comparatively higher in the Lipozyme RM IM than in the immobilized PLA1 hydrolysis reaction. The critical micelle concentration values of the LPLs and purified lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) were 100 mg/L and 5 mg/L, respectively. The surface tension values of the LPLs and LPC were reduced to 30.0 mN/m and 30.5 mN/m, respectively. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the LPLs and LPC were 6.0 and 9.4, respectively. Based on the emulsifying properties observed, we conclude that LPLs derived from the phospholipids of salmon head lipids could be used as a health-beneficial emulsifier in the food industry.
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Synthesis of DHA/EPA-rich phosphatidylcholine by immobilized phospholipase A1: effect of water addition and vacuum condition. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1305-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Xi X, Feng X, Shi N, Ma X, Lin H, Han Y. Immobilized phospholipase A1-catalyzed acidolysis of phosphatidylcholine from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) for docosahexaenoic acid enrichment under supercritical conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Hama S, Ogino C, Kondo A. Enzymatic synthesis and modification of structured phospholipids: recent advances in enzyme preparation and biocatalytic processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7879-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Marsaoui N, Naghmouchi K, Baah J, Raies A, Laplante S. Incorportation of Ethyl Esters of EPA and DHA in Soybean Lecithin Using Rhizomucor miehei Lipase: Effect of Additives and Solvent-Free Conditions. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:938-46. [PMID: 25894950 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The transesterification of soybean lecithin with ethyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) using immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei was tested in the presence or absence of organic solvent (hexane) and additives (urea with Ca(2+) or Mg(2+)). The reaction was carried out at a water concentration of 4 % and ethyl ester to phospholipid mass ratio of 3:1. After 24 h of reaction without solvent or additive, fatty acid incorporation reached 29.1 % and thereafter increased only slightly. After 48 h, incorporation was highest in the presence of Mg(2+), urea, and solvent. After 72 h, it was highest with Mg(2+) and urea in the presence or absence of solvent (56.8 and 45.7 %, respectively). Incorporation of EPA and DHA was thus initially fast without solvent and additive, but was increased after prolonged reaction in the presence of Mg(2+) and urea with or without solvent. These results are innovative and promising since they show that immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase has potential as a biocatalyst for interesterification reactions without solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Marsaoui
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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Cavazos-Garduño A, Ochoa Flores AA, Serrano-Niño JC, Martínez-Sanchez CE, Beristain CI, García HS. Preparation of betulinic acid nanoemulsions stabilized by ω-3 enriched phosphatidylcholine. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 24:204-213. [PMID: 25572417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds such as ω-3 fatty acids and terpenes, have been associated with beneficial health effects; however, their solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and its bioavailability in the body are low. Nanoemulsions offer a viable alternative to disperse lipophilic compounds and improve their dissolution, permeation, absorption and bioavailability. Enzyme modified phosphatidylcholine (PC) with ω-3 fatty acids was used as emulsifier to stabilize oil-in-water nanoemulsions generated using ultrasound device. These systems were used as carriers of betulinic acid, which has reported anti-carcinogenic activity. Phospholipase-catalyzed modification of PC allowed the incorporation of 50 mol% of ω-3 fatty acids. Formation variables such as oil type and ultrasound amplitude had effects on nanoemulsion characteristics. Incorporation of betulinic acid affected globule size; however, betulinic acid nanoemulsions below 200 nm could be prepared. The conditions under which betulinic acid nanoemulsions were obtained using the modified phosphatidylcholine with the smaller globule size (91 nm) were 10% PC, 25% glycerol, medium chain oil and 30% amplitude for 12 min in the sonicator. Storage temperature had an effect on the stability of the nanoemulsions, at 5°C we observed the smallest growth in globule size. The use of olive oil decreased the globule size growth during storage of the nanoemulsion stabilized with modified phosphatidylcholine, although globule size obtained was greater than 200 nm. Medium pH had a significant effect on the nanoemulsions; alkaline pH values improved storage stability. These results provide useful information for using this type of carrier system on the formulation of products in the pharmaceutical or food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cavazos-Garduño
- UNIDA-Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, M.A. de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico
| | - A A Ochoa Flores
- UNIDA-Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, M.A. de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico
| | - J C Serrano-Niño
- UNIDA-Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, M.A. de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico
| | - C E Martínez-Sanchez
- Instituto Tecnologico de Tuxtepec, Calzada Dr. Víctor Bravo Ahuja s/n, Col. 5 de Mayo, Tuxtepec, Oax. 68350, Mexico
| | - C I Beristain
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Apdo. Postal 575, Xalapa, Ver., Mexico
| | - H S García
- UNIDA-Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, M.A. de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico.
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Li X, Chen JF, Yang B, Li DM, Wang YH, Wang WF. Production of structured phosphatidylcholine with high content of DHA/EPA by immobilized phospholipase A₁-catalyzed transesterification. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15244-58. [PMID: 25170810 PMCID: PMC4200755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the synthesis of structured phosphatidylcholine (PC) enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by transesterification of DHA/EPA-rich ethyl esters with PC using immobilized phospholipsase A1 (PLA1) in solvent-free medium. Firstly, liquid PLA1 was immobilized on resin D380, and it was found that a pH of 5 and a support/PLA1 ratio (w/v) of 1:3 were the best conditions for the adsorption. Secondly, the immobilized PLA1 was used to catalyze transesterification of PC and DHA/EPA-rich ethyl esters. The maximal incorporation of DHA and EPA achieved was 30.7% for 24 h of reaction at 55 °C using a substrate mass ratio (PC/ethyl esters) of 1:6, an immobilized PLA1 loading of 15% and water dosage of 1.25%. Then the reaction mixture was analyzed by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The composition of reaction product included 16.5% PC, 26.3% 2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-lysophosphatidylcholine (1-LPC), 31.4% 1-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-lysophosphatidylcholine (2-LPC), and 25.8% sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine (GPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Jia-Feng Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Dao-Ming Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Yong-Hua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Wei-Fei Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Zhao T, No DS, Kim BH, Garcia HS, Kim Y, Kim IH. Immobilized phospholipase A1-catalyzed modification of phosphatidylcholine with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. Food Chem 2014; 157:132-40. [PMID: 24679762 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA)-enriched phosphatidylcholine (PC) was successfully produced with fatty acid from fish oil and PC from soybean by immobilized phospholipase A1-catalyzed acidolysis. Detailed studies of immobilization were carried out, and Lewatit VP OC 1600 was selected as a carrier for preparation of immobilized phospholipase A1, which was used for modification of PC by acidolysis. For acidolysis of PC with n-3 PUFA, the effects of several parameters, namely, water content, temperature, and enzyme loading on the reaction time course were investigated to determine optimum conditions. The optimum water content, temperature, and enzyme loading were 1.0%, 55 °C, and 20%, respectively. The highest incorporation (57.4 mol%) of n-3 PUFA into PC was obtained at 24h and the yield of PC was 16.7 mol%. The yield of PC increased significantly by application of vacuum, even though a slight decrease of n-3 PUFA incorporation was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- TingTing Zhao
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Som No
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hugo S Garcia
- UNIDA, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Veracruz, Ver. 91897, Mexico
| | - Yangha Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Liu N, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Zhao M. Production of palm oil-based diacylglycerol using Lecitase Ultra-catalyzed glycerolysis and molecular distillation. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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22
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Emulsifying Properties of Lecithin Containing Different Fatty Acids Obtained by Immobilized Lecitase Ultra-Catalyzed Reaction. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Ochoa AA, Hernández-Becerra JA, Cavazos-Garduño A, García HS, Vernon-Carter EJ. Phosphatidylcholine enrichment with medium chain fatty acids by immobilized phospholipase A1-catalyzed acidolysis. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 29:230-6. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Baeza-Jiménez R, Noriega-Rodríguez JA, García HS, Otero C. Structured phosphatidylcholine with elevated content of conjugated linoleic acid: Optimization by response surface methodology. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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García HS, Baeza-Jiménez R, González-Rodríguez J, Kim IH, Otero C. Use of immobilized phospholipase A1-catalyzed acidolysis for the production of structured phosphatidylcholine with an elevated conjugated linoleic acid content. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2012. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.045211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Mammal, plant, and mainly microbial phospholipases are continuously being studied, experimented, and some of them are even commercially available at industrial scale for food industry. This is because the use of phospholipases in the production of specific foods leads to attractive advantages, such as yield improvement, energy saving, higher efficiency, improved properties, or better quality of the final product. Furthermore, biocatalysis approaches in the food industry are of current interest as non-pollutant and cleaner technologies. The present chapter reviews the most representative examples of the use of phospholipases in food industry, namely edible oils, dairy, and baking products, emulsifying agents, as well as the current trend to the development of novel molecular species of phospholipids with added-value characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Casado
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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Hong SI, Kim Y, Kim CT, Kim IH. Enzymatic synthesis of lysophosphatidylcholine containing CLA from sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (GPC) under vacuum. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Synthesis of Structured Phosphatidylcholine Containing n-3 PUFA Residues via Acidolysis Mediated by Immobilized Phospholipase A1. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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