Proteome analyses of human macrophages exposed to low cytotoxic IC90 copper (2+) ions

Copper-Modified Ti6Al4 V Suppresses Inflammatory Response and Osteoclastogenesis while Enhancing Extracellular Matrix Formation for Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration

Copper has been reported to promote bone regeneration by increasing osteogenesis and decreasing inflammation and osteoclastogenesis. However, information on the effects of copper on osteoporotic cells involved in bone regeneration is scarce in the literature. In the current study, Ti6Al4 V-6 wt %Cu (Ti6Al4 V-Cu) was fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) technology, and the effects of copper on the behaviors of osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic macrophages, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts were evaluated by comparison with Ti6Al4 V. Our results showed that Ti6Al4 V-Cu inhibited the activation, viability, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of osteoporotic macrophages and decreased osteoclast formation and down-regulated osteoclast differentiation-related genes and proteins of osteoporotic osteoclasts. Furthermore, the bone extracellular matrix formation of osteoporotic osteoblasts was up-regulated by Ti6Al4 V-Cu. In conclusion, SLM-fabricated Ti6Al4 V-Cu exhibited excellent anti-inflammation and antiosteoclast capability, optimized extracellular matrix formation, and holds great potential for bone regeneration in osteoporotic patients.

Proteomic Analysis of the Copper Ion-Induced Stress Response in a Human Embryonic Carcinoma Cell Line

Excessive exposure to copper, a redox-active metal, generates free radicals, which can cause cellular damage. In this study, we aim to identify the proteins that are up- or downregulated by copper exposure in human embryonic carcinoma (NCCIT) cells and to understand the mechanisms that play a role in the copper-induced stress response. After exposure to copper ions, the cells showed upregulated levels of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein, fibrillin 1, CWC22 spliceosome-associated protein (KIAA1604), heat shock protein (HSP) 60, and HSP70, while the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, vimentin, 14-3-3 protein zeta, and RAC-beta (AKT2) serine/threonine protein kinase were downregulated. The GeneGo Process Networks of the proteins upregulated by copper ions were analyzed, and the 3 highest-scoring networks from the proteins upregulated by copper ions are presented here. In particular, the increased level of HSP70 in response to copper ions occurred in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that HSP70 could be a potential biomarker for copper toxicity in mammalian cells.