Shear bond strength between autopolymerizing acrylic resin and Co-Cr alloy using different primers

Comparison of Bond Strength Between Two Resin Cement Types and Additive Manufacturing or Cast Cobalt-Chromium Alloys

OBJECTIVE

To compare the bond strength of two types of resin cement to that of additive manufacturing (AM) or cast cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two types of resin luting cement, composite resin and methyl methacrylate (MMA), were bonded to AM or cast Co-Cr alloys, and shear bond tests were performed after seven days of storage in distilled water at 37°C. Co-Cr alloy adhesive elements AM to the enamel surface of the labial aspect of a bovine mandibular central incisor crown were bonded with two types of resin luting cement and subjected to 1,000 cycles of storage in water for one day and 28 days or thermal cycling, followed by shear bonding tests. Residual cement on the metal and enamel surfaces after the bonding tests was evaluated using an optical microscope. The normality of the results was evaluated using statistical software Statcel4, analysis of variance, or Kruskal-Wallis test, depending on normality, and multiple comparison tests were performed using the Tukey-Kramer or Steel-Dwass tests.

RESULTS

After one day, the shear bond strength (SBS) was 25.9 MPa for Panavia V5 (PV; Kuraray Noritake Dental Corporation, Niigata, Japan) and 23.5 MPa for Super-Bond (SB; Sun Medical Corporation, Shiga, Japan), with no significant difference between the two cement types (P > 0.05). After 28 days, the SBS decreased to 4.1 MPa for PV and 6.7 MPa for SB, showing a significant difference between the two cements (P < 0.05). Following 1,000 thermal cycles, the SBS was 2.0 MPa for PV and 5.6 MPa for SB, with SB exhibiting a significantly higher value (P < 0.05). The adhesive strength was significantly lower after 28 days of storage and thermal cycling compared to after one day of storage (P < 0.05). The Co-Cr alloy exhibited more residual cement on the enamel surface due to interfacial fracture with the resin cement. The Co-Cr alloy showed more residual cement on the enamel surface due to interfacial fracture with the resin cement.

CONCLUSION

MMA-based resin cement showed optimal bond strength and may be suitable for clinical use in computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) orthodontic appliances.

Which metal surface treatment improves the bond strength between metal alloys and acrylic resin in removable partial dentures? A systematic review

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The union of the metal removable partial denture framework to the heat polymerized acrylic resin is related to prosthesis longevity. However, methods to enhance this bond are not clear to clinicians and dental laboratory technicians.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this systematic review was to identify which metal surface treatments best increase the bond strength between heat polymerized acrylic resin and removable partial denture alloys.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and registered in the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42022384926). Electronic searches were carried out independently, by 3 examiners in Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and in the nonpeer-reviewed literature via ProQuest.

RESULTS

The electronic searches resulted in 4143 articles, with 4055 after removing duplicates. After reading the titles and abstracts, 37 articles were selected for reading in full-text version, from which 6 articles were included. All studies evaluated materials for conventional acrylic resin denture base (heat polymerized), processed by water bath, bonded to metal. For the metal framework alloys, cobalt chromium (Co-Cr) alloys were used in 2 studies, titanium (Ti) in 2 studies, and Co-Cr and Ti in the other 2 studies. Different metal surface treatments were used as airborne-particle abrasion with aluminum oxide (particle sizes of 50 µm, 110 µm, and 250 µm) followed by the primer application and the isolated use of the primer, compared to the absence of isolated intervention or airborne-particle abrasion of the metal surface. Among the different primers used, those based on 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) showed the highest acrylic resin-to-metal bond strength values.

CONCLUSIONS

Airborne-particle abrading the metal with Al2O3 followed by applying a 10-MDP-based primer, increased the bond strength between metal framework alloys and heat polymerized acrylic resin denture base material.

Dental Alloy Adhesive Primers and Bond Strength at Alloy-Resin Interface: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses

AIM

The present systematic review aimed to report the studies concerning the primers in improving bond strength and identifying pertinent primers for a particular dental alloy by adhering to PRISMA precepts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PubMed and Semantic Scholar databases were scoured for articles using 10 search terms. In vitro studies satisfying the inclusion criteria were probed which were meticulously screened and scrutinized for eligibility adhering to the 11 exclusion criteria. The quality assessment tool for in vitro studies (QUIN Tool) containing 12 criteria was employed to assess the risk of bias (RoB).

RESULTS

A total of 48 studies assessing shear bond strength (SBS) and 15 studies evaluating tensile bond strength (TBS) were included in the qualitative synthesis. Concerning SBS, 33.4% moderate and 66.6% high RoB was observed. Concerning TBS, 26.8% moderate and 73.2% high RoB was discerned. Seventeen and two studies assessing SBS and TBS, respectively, were included in meta-analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

Shear bond strength and TBS increased for the primed alloys. Cyclic disulfide primer is best-suited for noble alloys when compared with thiol/thione primers. Phosphoric acid- and phosphonic acid ester-based primers are opportune for base alloys.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The alloy-resin interface (ARI) would fail if an inappropriate primer was selected. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate alloy adhesive primer for an alloy plays a crucial role in prosthetic success. This systematic review would help in the identification and selection of a congruous primer for a selected alloy.

Evaluation of the effect of ultraviolet light polymerized clear adhesive on shear and tensile bond strength of heat cure denture base resin to the cobalt-chromium retentive minor connector: An in vitro study

Aim:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of new material ultraviolet (UV) light polymerized clear adhesive on shear and tensile bond strength of heat cure denture base resin (Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)) to cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) retentive minor connector.

Setting and Design:

Comparative evaluation- In-vitro study.

Materials and Methods:

Sixty samples of Co-Cr plates mimicking minor connectors were fabricated. Thirty samples were coated with new material UV light polymerized clear adhesive and cured under UV light source for 10 min. In gun-metal flask, metal plates were placed in the lower compartment over it. Heat cure acrylic resin was packed in the dough stage with the help of clamps and processed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were kept in artificial saliva for 90 days. Shear and tensile bond strengths were calculated of each sample with a Universal testing machine, and results were statistically analyzed. Type of bond failure was observed for each sample under stereomicroscope.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Unpaired t test.

Results:

Tensile bond strength, as well as shear bond strength, showed that 0.93 N and 1.64 N respectively for without application of new adhesive was more as compared to that of samples with the application of new adhesive which is 0.75 N and 1.54 N respectively. Bond failure was found to be an adhesive failure in resin–metal interface.

Conclusions:

Excellent bonding seen between the new adhesive and acrylic interface but limited effect on the metal interface. To increase bond strength between metal and resin interface, some surface treatment with the metal surface is needed to increase the bonding of the new adhesive to the metal surface.

Laser-Milled Microslits Improve the Bonding Strength of Acrylic Resin to Zirconia Ceramics

Heightened aesthetic considerations in modern dentistry have generated increased interest in metal-free “zirconia-supported dentures.” The lifespan of the denture is largely determined by the strength of adhesion between zirconia and the acrylic resin. Thus, the effect on shear bond strength (SBS) was investigated by using an acrylic resin on two types of zirconia ceramics with differently sized microslits. Micromechanical reticular retention was created on the zirconia surface as the novel treatment (microslits (MS)), and air-abrasion was used as the control (CON). All samples were primed prior to acrylic resin polymerization. After the resin was cured, the SBS was tested. The obtained data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of variance(α = 0.05). After the SBS test, the interface failure modes were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The MS exhibited significantly higher bond strength after thermal cycles (p < 0.05) than the CON. Nevertheless, statistically comparisons resulted in no significant effect of the differently sized microslits on SBS (p > 0.05). Additionally, MS (before thermal cycles: 34.8 ± 3.6 to 35.7 ± 4.0 MPa; after thermal cycles: 26.9 ± 3.1 to 32.6 ± 3.3 MPa) demonstrated greater SBS and bonding durability than that of CON (before thermal cycles: 17.3 ± 4.7 to 17.9 ± 5.8 MPa; after thermal cycles: 1.0 ± 0.3 to 1.7 ± 1.1 MPa), confirming that the micromechanical retention with laser-milled microslits was effective at enhancing the bonding strength and durability of the acrylic resin and zirconia. Polycrystalline zirconia-based ceramics are a newly accessible material for improving removable prosthodontic treatment, as the bond strength with acrylic resin can be greatly enhanced by laser milling.

Influence of Different Surface Treatments on the Shear Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Base Metal Alloys

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different surface treatments on the bond strength of resin cement to nickel-chrome (Ni-Cr) alloy. Methods: Forty disk-shaped specimens of Ni-Cr alloy were prepared and divided into 4 groups. In the first group, the specimens' surface was sandblasted with 50 µ Al2 O3 particles. In the second group, the specimens were prepared with the Er:YAG laser. In the third group, the specimens were prepared using the Er:YAG laser after sandblasting. In the fourth group, the specimens' surface was covered with a thin layer of MKZ metal primer after sandblasting. Then the cylinders of composite resin were bonded to the treated metal surfaces using Panavia F2.0 resin cement. All of the samples were subjected to 2000 thermal cycles. The shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine at the crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The failure mode was also observed by a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The shear bond strength from the highest to the lowest were as follows: the Er:YAG laser group, the sandblast and MKZ primer combination group, the sandblast group, and the sandblast and Er:YAG laser combination group. The mean differences of shear bond strength between the Er:YAG laser group and the sandblast group (P=0.047) and also between the Er:YAG laser group and the sandblast and Er:YAG laser combination group (P=0.015) were statistically significant. Conclusion: Among the different surface treatments employed in this study, Er:YAG laser treatment increased the shear bond strength between the metal alloy and the resin cement (Pavnavia F2).

Effect of Fiber Laser Irradiation on the Shear Bond Strength between Acrylic Resin and Titanium

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to investigate the shear bond strength of an acrylic resin to titanium after different surface treatment methods.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of seventy-two disc-shaped specimens (10 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm) were prepared from titanium alloy. The specimens were randomly allocated to six equal groups: Group S (sandblasting), Group MP (metal primer), Group 10W (fiber laser 10 W), Group 20W (fiber laser 20 W), Group 10WMP (fiber laser 10 W+metal primer), and Group 20WMP (fiber laser 20 W+metal primer). All of the specimens were thermocycled up to 5000 cycles. After thermal cycling, a shear bond strength test was conducted. The shear bond strength data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc pairwise comparisons (p < 0.05).

RESULTS

While the highest values were determined in Group MP, the lowest values were observed in Group S. Additionally, Group MP exhibited significantly higher shear bond strength values than any of the other groups (p < 0.05) except Group 10WMP. Similar results were observed between Group MP and Group 10WMP (p > 0.05). The groups in which a metal primer was applied (Group MP, 10WMP, and 20WMP) showed significantly higher values than Group S. The shear bond strength values of Group 10W and Group 20W were similar.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of a metal primer significantly improved the bond strength of acrylic resin to titanium. Fiber laser application may be an alternative method to sandblasting for improving the bond strength of acrylic resin to titanium.

Effect of Surface Treatments on Shear Bond Strength of Polyetheretherketone to Autopolymerizing Resin

These days, new prosthodontic materials are appearing with the development of digitalization. Among these, the use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as the clasp of removable partial dentures has been proposed. The adhesive strength between the PEEK and acrylic resin influences the probability of denture fracture. To investigate the effect of PEEK surface treatments on the shear bond strength to acrylic resin, five surface treatment conditions of PEEK were analyzed: 1. no treatment; 2. ceramic primer application; 3. Al₂O₃ sandblasting; 4. Rocatec; and 5. Rocatec with ceramic primer application, comparing with a metal primer-treated Co-Cr alloy. Two kinds of autopolymerizing resin (Unifast II and Palapress Vario) were used as bonding materials. The specimens were evaluated to determine the bond strength. Rocatec treatment with ceramic primer application yielded the highest bond strengths (12.71 MPa and 15.32 MPa, respectively, for Unifast II and Palapress Vario). When compared to a metal primer-treated Co-Cr alloy, the bond strength of PEEK to Unifast II was similar, whereas it was about 60% of that to Palapress Vario. Rocatec treatment, combined with ceramic primer, showed the highest bond strength of PEEK to acrylic resin. Treatment of PEEK will enable its use as the clasp of removable dentures and the fixation of PEEK prostheses.

Effect of multi-purpose primers on the bond durability between tri-n-butylborane initiated resin and gold alloy

PURPOSE

This study investigated the influence of an interaction between sulfur-containing monomers and other monomers in multipurpose primers on the bond durability of a tri-n-butylborane (TBB)-initiated acrylic resin to a gold alloy.

METHODS

The disk-shaped adherend materials were prepared from a gold alloy (Casting Gold M.C. Type IV). Two multipurpose-primers (Universal Primer, Monobond Plus), four metal primers containing an organic sulfur compound (M.L. Primer, Alloy Primer, Metaltite, and V-Primer), and three acidic primers (Estenia Opaque Primer, Acryl Bond, and Super-Bond Liquid) were used. The shear bond strengths were determined pre- and post-thermocycling to evaluate the bond durability. A statistical analysis of the results was performed using a non-parametric procedure, and the cohesive failure ratios of the debonded surfaces were compared.

RESULTS

Among the pre-thermocycling groups, M.L. Primer, Metaltite, Monobond Plus, Universal Primer, and Alloy Primer showed the greatest bond strengths. Among the post-thermocycling groups, M.L. Primer, Metaltite, Monobond Plus, and Universal Primer showed the greatest bond strengths, whereas Acryl Bond, Super-Bond Liquid, Estenia Opaque Primer, and the unprimed control showed the lowest. Similarly, the primers that did not contain either a sulfur compound showed an obvious reduction in the cohesive failure ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

Multi-purpose primers containing a sulfur-containing monomer increased the bond strength of a TBB-initiated acrylic resin to a gold alloy. The proportion of the area of cohesive failure to the bonded area showed an interrelationship with the shear bond strength testing results.

Comparison of the effectiveness of Tokuyama and GC II metal primer on the bond strength of acrylic resins to Ti-6Al-7Nb

Statement of Problem:

Because of the toxicity of vanadium in Ti-6Al-4V alloy, next generation of titanium alloys is proposed to focus on niobium-containing alloy, but for clinical applications, it is crucial for this alloy to bond with acrylic resins with or without the use of primers. However, literature was lacking about the effect of primers on bonding of autopolymerizing resins to Ti-6Al-7Nb.

Objectives:

To evaluate the effect of different metal primers on the shear bond strength of acrylic resin to Ti-6Al-7Nb.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 30 dis-shaped wax patterns (10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thickness) were prepared and casted using Ti-6Al-7Nb. After casting, the disk surfaces were finished with abrasive paper under water. Specimens were equally divided into three groups on the basis of the use of primer: metal primer (GC II metal primer) (Group 1), Universal Tokuyama primer (Group 2), no primer (Group 3). Tape of 50 μm thickness was applied on each of the specimens. Then, self-cure acrylic resin was mixed and applied on the center part of the tape, on which Bernouilles tube was placed. The tensile bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine. The data were obtained for all the specimens and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17.0 at a statistically significance level of <0.05.

Results:

Mean tensile force was maximum for Group 2 (28.58 ± 39.40 N) and minimum for control Group 3 (6.24 ± 10.97 N), thereby showing a significant inter-group difference (P < 0.001). On applying post hoc test (Tukey HSD), both the Group 1 and Group 2 showed a statistically significant difference as compared to control Group 3; however, the difference between two experimental groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Conclusions:

Tokuyama primer and GC II metal primer had a significant effect on improving the bond strength between autopolymerizing denture base resin and Ti-6Al-7Nb.

Effect of Metal Primers on Bond Strength of a Composite Resin to Nickel-Chrome Metal Alloy

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of three metal primers and one multi-mode adhesive system on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a flowable composite resin to nickel-chrome metal alloy (Ni-Cr). Ninety plates were cast from Ni-Cr and divided in nine groups (n=10). The surfaces were sandblasted with Al2O3 and primed with three adhesive primers: Alloy Primer (AP), Universal Primer (TP) and RelyX Ceramic Primer (CP), and a multi-mode adhesive (Scotchbond Universal, SU). The Adper Single Bond Plus (SB) and SU adhesives were also combined with adhesive primers. Control group did not have any surface treatment. The groups were: AP, AP+SB, AP+SU, TP+SB, TP+SU, CP+SB, CP+SU and SU. Composite cylinders were built on alloy surface. After 24 h, half the specimens were subjected to SBS and the other half to thermal cycling before testing. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (a=0.05). Failure modes were assessed by SEM observation. Higher SBS were obtained with AP and TP combined with adhesives at 24 h and the lowest one for control group. Thermocycling reduced SBS for AP, CP+SU and SU. Combination between TP and SU resulted in the highest SBS after the thermocycling. TP groups showed all types of failures and high incidence of mixed failures. The use of AP and UP metal primers before application of SU and SB adhesive systems increased the SBS of composite to Ni-Cr. These combinations between metal primers and adhesives had the highest SBS after thermocycling.

Shear bond strength of a denture base acrylic resin and gingiva-colored indirect composite material to zirconia ceramics

PURPOSE

To evaluate the shear bond strengths of two gingiva-colored materials (an indirect composite material and a denture base acrylic resin) to zirconia ceramics and determine the effects of surface treatment with various priming agents.

METHODS

A gingiva-colored indirect composite material (CER) or denture base acrylic resin (PAL) was bonded to zirconia disks with unpriming (UP) or one of seven priming agents (n=11 each), namely, Alloy Primer (ALP), Clearfil Photo Bond (CPB), Clearfil Photo Bond with Clearfil Porcelain Bond Activator (CPB+Act), Metal Link (MEL), Meta Fast Bonding Liner (MFB), MR. bond (MRB), and V-Primer (VPR). Shear bond strength was determined before and after 5000 thermocycles. The data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and Steel-Dwass test.

RESULTS

The mean pre-/post-thermalcycling bond strengths were 1.0-14.1MPa/0.1-12.1MPa for the CER specimen and 0.9-30.2MPa/0.1-11.1MPa for the PAL specimen. For the CER specimen, the ALP, CPB, and CPB+Act groups had significantly higher bond strengths among the eight groups, at both 0 and 5000 thermocycles. For the PAL specimen, shear bond strength was significantly lower after thermalcycling in all groups tested. After 5000 thermocycles, bond strengths were significantly higher in the CPB and CPB+Act groups than in the other groups.

CONCLUSIONS

For the PAL specimens, bond strengths were significantly lower after thermalcycling in all groups tested. The MDP functional monomer improved bonding of a gingiva-colored indirect composite material and denture base acrylic resin to zirconia ceramics.

Retention strength between veneering resin composites and laser-sintered cobalt-chromium alloy

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the retention strength between a resin composite veneering material and three types of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy substrates. Co-Cr alloy specimens with 81 retention devices (LSR), with 144 retention devices (LDR), and without retention device (LN) were fabricated using a laser-sintering system. The specimens were air-abraded with alumina, conditioned with a primer [Alloy primer (AP) or M.L. primer (ML)], and veneered with a light-polymerized resin composite (Gradia). Three control groups (LSR-N, LDR-N, and LN-N) without primer were also prepared. After 20,000 thermocycles in 4 and 60 °C water, tensile retention strengths were determined using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and a post hoc Tukey-Kramer HSD test (α = 0.05, n = 8). The highest retention strengths were obtained in LSR-AP (28.3 MPa), LSR-ML (23.3 MPa), LDR-AP (26.9 MPa), and LDR-ML (27.8 MPa), and these values were not significantly different. In the absence of a retention device, the retention strengths were significantly different in the following order: LN-N (0.1 MPa) < LN-ML (12.4 MPa) < LN-AP (20.2 MPa). The specimens without primer were significantly different in the following order: LN-N (0.1 MPa) < LSR-N (15.4 MPa), LDR-N (17.1 MPa). No significant difference was found between the numbers of retention devices, which were 81 and 144. In conclusion, the combined use of the primers and the retention devices is recommended when the laser-sintered Co-Cr alloy is veneered with the resin composite materials to maximize the retention strength.

Comparative study between laser sintering and casting for retention of resin composite veneers to cobalt-chromium alloy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the bond strengths between resin composite veneer and laser-sintered cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy with and without retention devices (Laser-R and Laser-N respectively). Cast Co-Cr alloy with and without retention devices (Cast-R and Cast-N respectively) were also prepared for fabrication technique comparison. Disk-shaped Co-Cr alloy specimens were air-abraded with alumina and veneered with a veneering system, Estenia C&B (ES) or Ceramage (CE). After 20,000 thermocycles, tensile testing was performed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and multiple comparison test. When no retention devices were present, no significant differences were observed between Laser-N/ES and Cast-N/ES, or between Laser- N/CE and Cast-N/CE, but ES exhibited significantly higher bond strength than CE. With retention devices, Laser-R/ES, Cast- R/ES and Laser-R/CE showed no significant differences, and their retention strengths were significantly higher than that of Cast- R/CE. Compared to cast Co-Cr alloy, laser-sintered Co-Cr alloy with retention devices provided better retention durability for resin composite-veneered prostheses.

Evaluation of shear bond strength of repair acrylic resin to Co-Cr alloy

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of different surface treatment methods and thermal ageing on the bond strength of autopolymerizing acrylic resin to Co-Cr.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Co-Cr alloy specimens were divided into five groups according to the surface conditioning methods. C: No treatment; SP: flamed with the Silano-Pen device; K: airborne particle abrasion with Al2O3; Co: airborne particle abrasion with silica-coated Al2O3; KSP: flamed with the Silano-Pen device after the group K experimental protocol. Then, autopolymerized acrylic resin was applied to the treated specimen surfaces. All the groups were divided into two subgroups with the thermal cycle and water storage to determine the durability of the bond. The bond strength test was applied in an universal test machine and treated Co-Cr alloys were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant differences among surface treatments and thermocycling. Their interactons were followed by a multiple comparison' test performed uing a post hoc Tukey HSD test (α=.05).

RESULTS

Surface treatments significantly increased repair strengths of repair resin to Co-Cr alloy. The repair strengths of Group K, and Co significantly decreased after 6,000 cycles (P<.001).

CONCLUSION

Thermocycling lead to a significant decrease in shear bond strength for air abrasion with silica-coated aluminum oxide particles. On the contrary, flaming with Silano-Pen did not cause a significant reduction in adhesion after thermocycling.