1
|
Li J, Zheng Y, Yu Z, Kankala RK, Lin Q, Shi J, Chen C, Luo K, Chen A, Zhong Q. Surface-modified titanium and titanium-based alloys for improved osteogenesis: A critical review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23779. [PMID: 38223705 PMCID: PMC10784177 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
As implantable materials, titanium, and its alloys have garnered enormous interest from researchers for dental and orthopedic procedures. Despite their success in wide clinical applications, titanium, and its alloys fail to stimulate osteogenesis, resulting in poor bonding strength with surrounding bone tissue. Optimizing the surface topology and altered compositions of titanium and titanium-based alloys substantially promotes peri-implant bone regeneration. This review summarizes the utilization and importance of various osteogenesis components loaded onto titanium and its alloys. Further, different surface-modification methods and the release efficacy of loaded substances are emphasized. Finally, we summarize the article with prospects. We believe that further investigation studies must focus on identifying novel loading components, exploring various innovative, optimized surface-modification methods, and developing a sustained-release system on implant surfaces to improve peri-implant bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaxin Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zihe Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qianying Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jingbo Shi
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Aizheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Quan Zhong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Figueiredo TDM, Do Amaral GCLS, Bezerra GN, Nakao LYS, Villar CC. Three-dimensional-printed scaffolds for periodontal regeneration: A systematic review. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2023; 27:451-460. [PMID: 37781321 PMCID: PMC10538520 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_350_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As current ethical codes preclude determining whether the clinical improvements obtained with the use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds represent true periodontal regeneration, the histological proof of evidence for regeneration must be demonstrated in animal models. Thus, this systematic review investigated the regenerative potential of 3D-printed scaffolds in animal models of periodontal defects. Materials and Methods A systematic search was performed in four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) to identify preclinical controlled studies that investigated the use of 3D-printed scaffolds for periodontal regeneration. Studies limited to periodontal defects treated with 3D scaffolds were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was periodontal regeneration, assessed histologically as new bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament (PDL). This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Quality was assessed according to the SRYCLE score. Results Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Scaffolds were designed using computer-aided design software. While the absence of a scaffold resulted in defects repaired mainly with fibrous connective tissue, the use of nonguiding 3D scaffolds promoted some bone formation. Notably, the regeneration of cementum and functional PDL fibers perpendicularly inserted into the root surface and the alveolar bone was limited to the defects treated with multi-compartment fiber-guiding or ion-containing 3D scaffolds. Nevertheless, the quality of the evidence was limited due to the unclear risk of bias. Conclusions Despite the limitations of the available evidence, the current data suggest that the use of printed multi-compartment fiber-guiding or ion-containing 3D scaffolds improves periodontal regeneration in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriela Neiva Bezerra
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lais Yumi Souza Nakao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Cunha Villar
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parisi L, Toffoli A, Ghezzi B, Lagonegro P, Trevisi G, Macaluso GM. Preparation of hybrid samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to focused ion beam (FIB) analysis: A new way to study cell adhesion to titanium implant surfaces. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272486. [PMID: 35917303 PMCID: PMC9345346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the intimate connection occurring at the interface between cells and titanium implant surfaces is a major challenge for dental materials scientists. Indeed, several imaging techniques have been developed and optimized in the last decades, but an optimal method has not been described yet. The combination of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a focused ion beam (FIB), represents a pioneering and interesting tool to allow the investigation of the relationship occurring at the interface between cells and biomaterials, including titanium. However, major caveats concerning the nature of the biological structures, which are not conductive materials, and the physico-chemical properties of titanium (i.e. color, surface topography), require a fine and accurate preparation of the sample before its imaging. Hence, the aim of the present work is to provide a suitable protocol for cell-titanium sample preparation before imaging by SEM-FIB. The concepts presented in this paper are also transferrable to other fields of biomaterials research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Parisi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Laboratory for Oral Molecular Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Toffoli
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ghezzi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Guido M. Macaluso
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
- IMEM-CNR, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lui FHY, Xu L, Michaux P, Biazik J, Harm GFS, Oliver RA, Koshy P, Walsh WR, Mobbs RJ, Brennan‐Speranza TC, Wang Y, You L, Sorrell CC. Microfluidic device with a carbonate‐rich hydroxyapatite micro‐coating. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florence H. Y. Lui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Liangcheng Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Pierrette Michaux
- Australian National Fabrication Facility (NSW Node) School of Physics UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Joanna Biazik
- Mark Wainwright Cell Culture Facility UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Gregory F. S. Harm
- Mark Wainwright Cell Culture Facility UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Rema A. Oliver
- Surgical & Orthopaedic Research Laboratories (SORL) Prince of Wales Clinical School UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Pramod Koshy
- School of Materials Science and Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - William R. Walsh
- Surgical & Orthopaedic Research Laboratories (SORL) Prince of Wales Clinical School UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Ralph J. Mobbs
- Prince of Wales Hospital School of Medicine UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | | | - Yu Wang
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Lidan You
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Charles C. Sorrell
- School of Materials Science and Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mukaddam K, Astasov-Frauenhoffer M, Fasler-Kan E, Marot L, Kisiel M, Steiner R, Sanchez F, Meyer E, Köser J, Bornstein MM, Kühl S. Novel Titanium Nanospike Structure Using Low-Energy Helium Ion Bombardment for the Transgingival Part of a Dental Implant. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1065. [PMID: 35407183 PMCID: PMC9000873 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM(S) The aim of the study was to fabricate a nanospike surface on a titanium alloy surface using a newly established method of low-energy helium ion bombardment. Various methods to achieve nanospike formation on titanium have been introduced recently, and their antibacterial properties have been mainly investigated with respect to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Oral pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis play an important role in the development of peri-implantitis. For that reason, the antibacterial properties of the novel, nanostructured titanium surface against P. gingivalis were assessed, and a possible effect on the viability of gingival fibroblasts was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Helium sputtering was employed for developing titanium surfaces with nanospikes of 500 nm (ND) in height; commercially available smooth-machined (MD) and sandblasted and acid-etched titanium disks (SLA) were used as controls. Surface structure characterization was performed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Following incubation with P. gingivalis, antibacterial properties were determined via conventional culturing and SEM. Additionally, the viability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was tested through MTT assay, and cell morphology was assessed through SEM. RESULTS SEM images confirmed the successful establishment of a nanospike surface with required heights, albeit with heterogeneity. AFM images of the 500 nm nanospike surface revealed that the roughness is dominated by large-scale hills and valleys. For frame sizes of 5 × 5 μm and smaller, the average roughness is dominated by the height of the titanium spikes. ND successfully induces dysmorphisms within P. gingivalis cultures following the incubation period, while conventional culturing reveals a 17% and 20% reduction for ND compared to MD and SLA, respectively. Moreover, the nanospike surfaces did not affect the viability of human growth fibroblasts despite their sharp surface. CONCLUSION(S) This study successfully developed a novel titanium-nanospike-based structuration technique for titanium surfaces. In addition, the nanospikes did not hinder gingival fibroblast viability. Enhanced antimicrobial effects for such a novel nanospike-based resurfacing technique can be achieved through further optimizations for nanospike spacing and height parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Mukaddam
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Monika Astasov-Frauenhoffer
- Department Research, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Marot
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Marcin Kisiel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Roland Steiner
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Fabien Sanchez
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (L.M.); (M.K.); (R.S.); (F.S.); (E.M.)
| | - Joachim Köser
- Institut für Chemie und Bioanalytik, Hochschule für Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland;
| | - Michael M. Bornstein
- Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Sebastian Kühl
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular Mechanisms of Topography Sensing by Osteoblasts: An Update. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a specialized tissue formed by different cell types and a multiscale, complex mineralized matrix. The architecture and the surface chemistry of this microenvironment can be factors of considerable influence on cell biology, and can affect cell proliferation, commitment to differentiation, gene expression, matrix production and/or composition. It has been shown that osteoblasts encounter natural motifs in vivo, with various topographies (shapes, sizes, organization), and that cell cultures on flat surfaces do not reflect the total potential of the tissue. Therefore, studies investigating the role of topographies on cell behavior are important in order to better understand the interaction between cells and surfaces, to improve osseointegration processes in vivo between tissues and biomaterials, and to find a better topographic surface to enhance bone repair. In this review, we evaluate the main available data about surface topographies, techniques for topographies’ production, mechanical signal transduction from surfaces to cells and the impact of cell–surface interactions on osteoblasts or preosteoblasts’ behavior.
Collapse
|
7
|
Geng Z, Li Z, Cui Z, Wang J, Yang X, Liu C. Novel Bionic Topography with MiR-21 Coating for Improving Bone-Implant Integration through Regulating Cell Adhesion and Angiogenesis. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7716-7721. [PMID: 32946240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Implant loosening is still the major form of the failure of artificial joints. Herein, inspired by the operculum of the river snail, we prepared a novel bionic micro/nanoscale topography on a titanium surface. This bionic topography promoted early cell adhesion through up-regulating the expression of ITG α5β1 and thus accelerated the following cell spreading, proliferation, and differentiation. Moreover, a miR-21 coating, which promoted the angiogenic differentiation of MSCs, was fabricated on the bionic topography. Benefiting from both bionic micro/nanoscale topography and miR-21, blood vessel growth and bone formation and mineralization around the implant, as well as bone-implant bonding strength, were significantly improved. Collectively, the present study highlights the combination of the bionic micro/nanoscale topography and miR-21 on promoting cell adhesion and angiogenic differentiation and improving in vivo angiogenesis and bone-implant osseointegration. This work provides a new train of thought propelling the development of implants for potential application in the orthopedics field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Geng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhenduo Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education and The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xianjin Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, andFrontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Q, Zhou P, Liu S, Attarilar S, Ma RLW, Zhong Y, Wang L. Multi-Scale Surface Treatments of Titanium Implants for Rapid Osseointegration: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1244. [PMID: 32604854 PMCID: PMC7353126 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The propose of this review was to summarize the advances in multi-scale surface technology of titanium implants to accelerate the osseointegration process. The several multi-scaled methods used for improving wettability, roughness, and bioactivity of implant surfaces are reviewed. In addition, macro-scale methods (e.g., 3D printing (3DP) and laser surface texturing (LST)), micro-scale (e.g., grit-blasting, acid-etching, and Sand-blasted, Large-grit, and Acid-etching (SLA)) and nano-scale methods (e.g., plasma-spraying and anodization) are also discussed, and these surfaces are known to have favorable properties in clinical applications. Functionalized coatings with organic and non-organic loadings suggest good prospects for the future of modern biotechnology. Nevertheless, because of high cost and low clinical validation, these partial coatings have not been commercially available so far. A large number of in vitro and in vivo investigations are necessary in order to obtain in-depth exploration about the efficiency of functional implant surfaces. The prospective titanium implants should possess the optimum chemistry, bionic characteristics, and standardized modern topographies to achieve rapid osseointegration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingge Wang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi’an 710055, China;
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Aeronautical Materials Engineering, Xi’an Aeronautical Polytechnic Institute, Xi’an 710089, China;
| | - Shifeng Liu
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi’an 710055, China;
| | - Shokouh Attarilar
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Robin Lok-Wang Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China; (R.L.-W.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yinsheng Zhong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China; (R.L.-W.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology (NERCN), 28 East JiangChuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Janßen S, Gach S, Kant S, Aveic S, Rütten S, Olschok S, Reisgen U, Fischer H. Enhanced osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells as response to periodical microstructured Ti6Al4V surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2218-2226. [PMID: 31981406 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Titanium-based alloys, for example, Ti6Al4V, are frequently employed for load-bearing orthopedic and dental implants. Growth of new bone tissue and therefore osseointegration can be promoted by the implant's microtopography, which can lead to improved long-term stability of the implant. This study investigates the effect that an organized, periodical microstructure produced by an electron beam (EB) technique has on the viability, morphology, and osteogenic differentiation capacity of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) in vitro. The technique generates topographical features of 20 μm in height with varying distances of 80-240 μm. Applied alterations of the surface roughness and local alloy composition do not impair hMSC viability (>94%) or proliferation. A favorable growth of hMSC onto the structure peaks and well-defined focal adhesions of the analyzed cells to the electron beam microstructured surfaces is verified. The morphological adaptation of hMSC to the underlying topography is detected using a three-dimensional (3D) visualization. In addition to the morphological changes, an increase in the expression of osteogenic markers such as osteocalcin (up to 17-fold) and osteoprotegerin (up to sixfold) is observed. Taken together, these results imply that the proposed periodical microstucturing method could potentially accelerate and enhance osseointegration of titanium-based bone implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Janßen
- Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Gach
- Welding and Joining Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kant
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sanja Aveic
- Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Paediatric Research Institute Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Olschok
- Welding and Joining Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Reisgen
- Welding and Joining Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Horst Fischer
- Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Parisi L, Toffoli A, Ghezzi B, Mozzoni B, Lumetti S, Macaluso GM. A glance on the role of fibronectin in controlling cell response at biomaterial interface. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2019; 56:50-55. [PMID: 31890058 PMCID: PMC6928270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactivity of biomaterials is closely related to cell response in contact with them. However, shortly after their insertion, materials are soon covered with proteins that constitute the biological fluids, and which render the direct surface recognition by cells almost impossible. The control of protein adsorption at the interface is therefore desirable. Extracellular matrix proteins are of particular interest in this sense, due to their well-known ability to modulate cell behavior. Particularly, fibronectin plays a leading role, being present in both healthy and injured tissues undergoing healing and regeneration. The aim of the present work is to give an overview on fibronectin and on its involvement in the control of cell behavior providing evidence of its pivotal role in the control of cell adhesion, spreading, migration, proliferation and differentiation. A deep insight into methods to enrich biomaterials surface with fibronectin will be then discussed, as well as new cues on the possibility to design tailored platforms able to specifically retain fibronectin from the surrounding extracellular milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Parisi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Labor für Orale Molekularbiologie, Klinik für Kieferorthopädie, Zahnmedizinische Klinik, Universität Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. Present address: Labor für Orale Molekularbiologie, Klinik für Kieferorthopädie, Zahnmedizinische Kliniken, Universität Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Toffoli
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ghezzi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Beatrice Mozzoni
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Lumetti
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Guido M. Macaluso
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Istituto dei Materiali per l’Elettronica e l’Elettromagnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghezzi B, Lagonegro P, Fukata N, Parisi L, Calestani D, Galli C, Salviati G, Macaluso GM, Rossi F. Sub-Micropillar Spacing Modulates the Spatial Arrangement of Mouse MC3T3-E1 Osteoblastic Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121701. [PMID: 31795174 PMCID: PMC6955749 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Surface topography is one of the main factors controlling cell responses on implanted devices and a proper definition of the characteristics that optimize cell behavior may be crucial to improve the clinical performances of these implants. Substrate geometry is known to affect cell shape, as cells try to optimize their adhesion by adapting to the irregularities beneath, and this in turn profoundly affects their activity. In the present study, we cultured murine calvaria MC3T3-E1 cells on surfaces with pillars arranged as hexagons with two different spacings and observed their morphology during adhesion and growth. Cells on these highly ordered substrates attached and proliferated effectively, showing a marked preference for minimizing the inter-pillar distance, by following specific pathways across adjacent pillars and displaying consistent morphological modules. Moreover, cell behavior appeared to follow tightly controlled patterns of extracellular protein secretion, which preceded and matched cells and, on a sub-cellular level, cytoplasmic orientation. Taken together, these results outline the close integration of surface features, extracellular proteins alignment and cell arrangement, and provide clues on how to control and direct cell spatial order and cell morphology by simply acting on inter-pillar spacing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Ghezzi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (L.P.); (G.M.M.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Lagonegro
- ISMAC-CNR, Institute for macromolecular studies, Via Corti, 12, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- IMEM-CNR, Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.C.); (G.S.); (F.R.)
| | - Naoki Fukata
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan;
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ludovica Parisi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (L.P.); (G.M.M.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy;
- Labör für Orale Molekularbiologie, Klinik für Kieferorthopädie, Zahnmedizinische Klinik, Universität Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Davide Calestani
- IMEM-CNR, Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.C.); (G.S.); (F.R.)
| | - Carlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Giancarlo Salviati
- IMEM-CNR, Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.C.); (G.S.); (F.R.)
| | - Guido M. Macaluso
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (L.P.); (G.M.M.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy;
- IMEM-CNR, Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.C.); (G.S.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Rossi
- IMEM-CNR, Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; (D.C.); (G.S.); (F.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Parisi L, Toffoli A, Cutrera M, Bianchi MG, Lumetti S, Bussolati O, Macaluso GM. Plasma Proteins at the Interface of Dental Implants Modulate Osteoblasts Focal Adhesions Expression and Cytoskeleton Organization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1407. [PMID: 31581730 PMCID: PMC6836040 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The host-material interface is a crucial relationship dictating the possibility of successful osseointegration in implant dentistry. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of plasma proteins pre-adsorption on the adhesion capacity of osteoblasts, which occurs immediately after implant insertion in vivo. After having pre-adsorbed human plasma proteins on a machined and microrough titanium surface, MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts adhesion was evaluated through crystal violet cell adhesion assay, immunofluorescence staining for cytoskeleton, focal adhesions and cell nuclei, and scanning electron microscopy. The pre-adsorbed protein layer markedly affected the adhesion rate of cells, as well as their morphology and the expression of focal contacts. Moreover, protein adsorption to the underlying titanium surface was found to be correlated to surface pre-wetting. Thus, the early adsorption of serum proteins to the interface of dental implants impacts cell adhesion in terms of strength and of focal adhesions expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Parisi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Andrea Toffoli
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Miriam Cutrera
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | | | - Simone Lumetti
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Guido M Macaluso
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy.
- Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nano-scale modification of titanium implant surfaces to enhance osseointegration. Acta Biomater 2019; 94:112-131. [PMID: 31128320 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this review study was to report the state of art on the nano-scale technological advancements of titanium implant surfaces to enhance the osseointegration process. Several methods of surface modification are chronologically described bridging ordinary methods (e.g. grit blasting and etching) and advanced physicochemical approaches such as 3D-laser texturing and biomimetic modification. Functionalization procedures by using proteins, peptides, and bioactive ceramics have provided an enhancement in wettability and bioactivity of implant surfaces. Furthermore, recent findings have revealed a combined beneficial effect of micro- and nano-scale modification and biomimetic functionalization of titanium surfaces. However, some technological developments of implant surfaces are not commercially available yet due to costs and a lack of clinical validation for such recent surfaces. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to endorse the use of enhanced biomimetic implant surfaces. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Grit-blasting followed by acid-etching is currently used for titanium implant modifications, although recent technological biomimetic physicochemical methods have revealed enhanced osteoconductive and anti-microbial outcomes. An improvement in wettability and bioactivity of titanium implant surfaces has been accomplished by combining micro and nano-scale modification and functionalization with protein, peptides, and bioactive compounds. Such morphological and chemical modification of the titanium surfaces induce the migration and differentiation of osteogenic cells followed by an enhancement of the mineral matrix formation that accelerate the osseointegration process. Additionally, the incorporation of bioactive molecules into the nanostructured surfaces is a promising strategy to avoid early and late implant failures induced by the biofilm accumulation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Atypical Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Responses to Topographic Modifications of Titanium Biomaterials Indicate Cytoskeletal- and Genetic Plasticity-Based Heterogeneity of Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5214501. [PMID: 31354840 PMCID: PMC6636474 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5214501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) is widely used as a biomaterial for endosseous implants due to its relatively inert surface oxide layer that enables implanted devices the ability of assembling tissue reparative components that culminate in osseointegration. Topographic modifications in the form of micro- and nanoscaled structures significantly promote osseointegration and enhance the osteogenic differentiation of adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). While the biological mechanisms central to the differential responses of tissues and cells to Ti surface modifications remain unknown, adhesion and morphological adaptation are amongst the earliest events at the cell-biomaterial interface that are highly influenced by surface topography and profoundly impact the regulation of stem cell fate determination. This study correlated the effects of Ti topographic modifications on adhesion and morphological adaptation of human MSCs with phenotypic change. The results showed that modified Ti topographies precluded the adhesion of a subset of MSCs while incurring distinct morphological constraints on adherent cells. These effects anomalously corresponded with a differential expression of stem cell pluripotency and Wnt signalling-associated markers on both modified surfaces while additionally differing between hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface modifications—though extent of osteogenic differentiation induced by both modified topographies yielded similarly significant higher levels of cellular mineralisation in contrast to polished Ti. These results suggest that in the absence of deposited proteins and soluble factors, both modified topographies incur the selective adhesion of a subpopulation of progenitors with relatively higher cytoskeletal plasticity. While the presence of deposited proteins and soluble factors does not significantly affect adherence of cells, nanotopographic modifications enhance expression of pluripotency markers in proliferative conditions, which are conversely overridden by both modified topographies in osteogenic inductive conditions. Further deciphering the mechanisms underlying cellular selectivity and Ti topographic responsiveness will improve our understanding of stem cell heterogeneity and advance the potential of MSCs in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rizo-Gorrita M, Luna-Oliva I, Serrera-Figallo MA, Torres-Lagares D. Superficial Characteristics of Titanium after Treatment of Chorreated Surface, Passive Acid, and Decontamination with Argon Plasma. J Funct Biomater 2018; 9:jfb9040071. [PMID: 30544972 PMCID: PMC6306932 DOI: 10.3390/jfb9040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. Titanium is characterized by its biocompatibility, resistance to maximum stress, and fatigue and non-toxicity. The composition, surface structure, and roughness of titanium have a key and direct influence on the osseointegration processes when it is used in the form of dental implants. The objective of the present study is to characterize, at chemical, superficial, and biological levels, the result of the application of the sandblasted with large-grit and acid-etched (SLA) treatment consisting of coarse-grained and double-passivated acid blasting with subsequent decontamination with argon plasma on the surface of titanium implants type IV. (2) Methods. Four Oxtein® dental implants (Zaragoza, Spain) were investigated with the following coding: Code L63713T (titanium grade IV, 3.75 mm in diameter, and 13 mm in length). The surface of the implants was SLA type obtained from coarse-grained, double passivated acid, and decontaminated with argon plasma. The samples were in their sealed packages and were opened in our laboratory. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique was used to characterize the chemical composition of the surface, and the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) technique was used to perform topographic surface evaluation. Cell cultures were also performed on both surfaces. (3) Results. The superficial chemical analysis of the studied samples presented the following components, approximately, expressed in atomic percentage: O: 39%; Ti: 18%; C: 39%; N: 2%; and Si: 1%. In the same way, the topographic analysis values were obtained in the evaluated roughness parameters: Ra: 1.5 μm ± 0.02%; Rq: 1.31 μm ± 0.33; Rz: 8.98 μm ± 0.73; Rp: 5.12 μm ± 0.48; Rv: 3.76 μm ± 0.51; and Rc: 4.92 μm ± 0.24. At a biological level, the expression of osteocalcin was higher (p < 0.05) on the micro-rough surface compared to that machined at 48 and 96 h of culture. (4) Conclusions. The data obtained in our study indicate that the total carbon content, the relative concentration of titanium, and the roughness of the treatment performed on the implants are in agreement with those found in the literature. Further, the roughness of the treatment performed on the implants throws a spongy, three-dimensional surface suitable for bone growth on it. The biological results found are compatible with the clinical use of the surface tested.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pilipchuk SP, Fretwurst T, Yu N, Larsson L, Kavanagh NM, Asa’ad F, Cheng KCK, Lahann J, Giannobile WV. Micropatterned Scaffolds with Immobilized Growth Factor Genes Regenerate Bone and Periodontal Ligament-Like Tissues. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800750. [PMID: 30338658 PMCID: PMC6394861 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease destroys supporting structures of teeth. However, tissue engineering strategies offer potential to enhance regeneration. Here, the strategies of patterned topography, spatiotemporally controlled growth factor gene delivery, and cell-based therapy to repair bone-periodontal ligament (PDL) interfaces are combined. Micropatterned scaffolds are fabricated for the ligament regions using polycaprolactone (PCL)/polylactic-co-glycolic acid and combined with amorphous PCL scaffolds for the bone region. Scaffolds are modified using chemical vapor deposition, followed by spatially controlled immobilization of vectors encoding either platelet-derived growth factor-BB or bone morphogenetic protein-7, respectively. The scaffolds are seeded with human cells and delivered to large alveolar bone defects in athymic rats. The effects of dual and single gene delivery with and without micropatterning are assessed after 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Gene delivery results in greater bone formation at three weeks. Micropatterning results in regenerated ligamentous tissues similar to native PDL. The combination results in more mature expression of collagen III and periostin, and with elastic moduli of regenerated tissues that are statistically indistinguishable from those of native tissue, while controls are less stiff than native tissues. Thus, controlled scaffold microtopography combined with localized growth factor gene delivery improves the regeneration of periodontal bone-PDL interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia P. Pilipchuk
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, 1101 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tobias Fretwurst
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany, Hugstetter Straße 55, Freiburg, D-79106, Germany
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Medicinaregatan 12F, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nolan M. Kavanagh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Farah Asa’ad
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Polyclinic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Kenneth C. K. Cheng
- Biointerfaces Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, 1101 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - William V. Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, 1101 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|