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Hagemann C, Bailey MCD, Carraro E, Stankevich KS, Lionello VM, Khokhar N, Suklai P, Moreno-Gonzalez C, O’Toole K, Konstantinou G, Dix CL, Joshi S, Giagnorio E, Bergholt MS, Spicer CD, Imbert A, Tedesco FS, Serio A. Low-cost, versatile, and highly reproducible microfabrication pipeline to generate 3D-printed customised cell culture devices with complex designs. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002503. [PMID: 38478490 PMCID: PMC10936828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell culture devices, such as microwells and microfluidic chips, are designed to increase the complexity of cell-based models while retaining control over culture conditions and have become indispensable platforms for biological systems modelling. From microtopography, microwells, plating devices, and microfluidic systems to larger constructs such as live imaging chamber slides, a wide variety of culture devices with different geometries have become indispensable in biology laboratories. However, while their application in biological projects is increasing exponentially, due to a combination of the techniques, equipment and tools required for their manufacture, and the expertise necessary, biological and biomedical labs tend more often to rely on already made devices. Indeed, commercially developed devices are available for a variety of applications but are often costly and, importantly, lack the potential for customisation by each individual lab. The last point is quite crucial, as often experiments in wet labs are adapted to whichever design is already available rather than designing and fabricating custom systems that perfectly fit the biological question. This combination of factors still restricts widespread application of microfabricated custom devices in most biological wet labs. Capitalising on recent advances in bioengineering and microfabrication aimed at solving these issues, and taking advantage of low-cost, high-resolution desktop resin 3D printers combined with PDMS soft lithography, we have developed an optimised a low-cost and highly reproducible microfabrication pipeline. This is thought specifically for biomedical and biological wet labs with not prior experience in the field, which will enable them to generate a wide variety of customisable devices for cell culture and tissue engineering in an easy, fast reproducible way for a fraction of the cost of conventional microfabrication or commercial alternatives. This protocol is designed specifically to be a resource for biological labs with limited expertise in those techniques and enables the manufacture of complex devices across the μm to cm scale. We provide a ready-to-go pipeline for the efficient treatment of resin-based 3D-printed constructs for PDMS curing, using a combination of polymerisation steps, washes, and surface treatments. Together with the extensive characterisation of the fabrication pipeline, we show the utilisation of this system to a variety of applications and use cases relevant to biological experiments, ranging from micro topographies for cell alignments to complex multipart hydrogel culturing systems. This methodology can be easily adopted by any wet lab, irrespective of prior expertise or resource availability and will enable the wide adoption of tailored microfabricated devices across many fields of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Hagemann
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI)
| | - Matthew C. D. Bailey
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenia Carraro
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI)
| | - Ksenia S. Stankevich
- Department of Chemistry and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Maria Lionello
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Noreen Khokhar
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pacharaporn Suklai
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI)
| | - Carmen Moreno-Gonzalez
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI)
| | - Kelly O’Toole
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI)
| | | | | | - Sudeep Joshi
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleonora Giagnorio
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neurology IV—Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Mads S. Bergholt
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D. Spicer
- Department of Chemistry and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francesco Saverio Tedesco
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Serio
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI)
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Topa-Skwarczyńska M, Jankowska M, Gruchała-Hałat A, Petko F, Galek M, Ortyl J. High-performance photoinitiating systems for new generation dental fillings. Dent Mater 2023; 39:729. [PMID: 37393151 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To obtain new generation dental composites with improved performance properties compared to currently available dental fillings on the market and to determine the influence of new initiating systems on final product parameters such as degree of cure, hardness, color, and shrinkage. METHODS In order to verify the effectiveness of the developed initiating systems, typical spectroscopic, electrochemical, and kinetic studies using the real-time FT-IR method were shown. Moreover, paste dental fillings were prepared, the compositions were irradiated with the dental lamp, and the degrees of cross-linking were measured by Raman spectroscopy. The polymerization shrinkage was also determined using the rheometer. In addition, their hardness was examined on the Shore scale. Finally, the color analysis of the composites in the L*a*b* color space was compared with the VITA CLASSIC colorant. RESULTS It was shown that, due to their excellent spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, new quinazolin-2-one can act as co-initiators in cationic and radical photopolymerization. It was demonstrated that the most effective composite containing the initiator system in the form of 3-SCH3Ph-Q, IOD, MDEA, and an inorganic filler as nanometric silica and a bonding agent is cured more than 90% after just 1 cycle of dental lamp exposure (30 s), the hardness of the composite after curing on the Shor Scale is 82 ± 4, and the polymerization shrinkage is less than 2.8%. SIGNIFICANCE The article demonstrates effective new initiator systems as an alternative to CQ/amine for obtaining new-generation dental composites. The developed dental composites are a big competition to the currently used dental fillings on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Topa-Skwarczyńska
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland; Photo4Chem Ltd., Lea 114, 30-133 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Jankowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Alicja Gruchała-Hałat
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Filip Petko
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland; Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Galek
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Cracow, Poland; Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland; Photo4Chem Ltd., Lea 114, 30-133 Cracow, Poland.
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Luo S, Jin S, Xu L, Liao Y, He R, Zhang J, Zhong L. Lignin-derived new hydrogen donors for photoinitiating systems in dental materials. J Dent 2023; 132:104477. [PMID: 36914066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to develop amine free photo-initiating system (PIs) for the photopolymerization of dental methacrylate resins, using seven new hydrogen donors HDA-HDG derived from β-O-4 lignin model. METHODS Seven experimental CQ/HD PIs were formulated with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA (70 w%/30 w%). CQ/EDB system was chosen as the comparison group. FTIR-ATR was used to monitor the polymerization kinetics and double bond conversion. Bleaching property and color stability were evaluated using a spectrophotometer. Molecular orbitals calculations were used to demonstrate C-H bond dissociation energies of the novel HDs. Depth of cure of the HD based systems were compared to the EDB based one. Cytotoxicity was also studied by CCK8 assay using tissue of mouse fibroblasts (L929 cells). RESULTS Compared to CQ/EDB system, the new CQ/HD systems show comparable or better photopolymerization performances (1 mm-thick samples). Comparable or even better bleaching properties were also obtained with the new amine-free systems. Comparing to EDB, all HDs exhibited significantly lower C-H bond dissociation energies by molecular orbitals calculations. Groups with new HD showed higher depth of cure. OD and RGR values were similar to that of the CQ/EDB group, ensuring the feasibility of the new HDs in dental materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The new CQ/HD PI systems could be potentially useful in dental materials, presenting improvements in restorations' esthetic and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Luo
- College of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shuqi Jin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of, Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lixia Xu
- College of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yilei Liao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of, Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rui He
- College of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China,; Center of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of, Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Center of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, 310000, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Liangjun Zhong
- College of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310000, China,; Center of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, 310000, Hangzhou, China.
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Borges FDS, Moraes FJH, Pereira Neto MA, d'Almeida JRM, Bento AC, Cella N. Photoacoustic spectroscopy applied in the monitoring of photocuring process in epoxy diacrylate resins: Positive effect. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis de Souza Borges
- Instituto Politécnico, IPRJ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
| | | | | | - José Roberto Moraes d'Almeida
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e de Materiais Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, PUC‐Rio Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | | | - Norberto Cella
- Instituto Politécnico, IPRJ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ Nova Friburgo RJ Brazil
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Properties of A Model Self-Healing Microcapsule-Based Dental Composite Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13010019. [PMID: 35225982 PMCID: PMC8883938 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of an experimental self-healing dental composite model (SHDC) composed of SiO2 nanoparticles with varying percentages of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomer and N,N-dihydroxyethyl-p-toluidine (DHEPT) amine microcapsules. Materials and methods: Microcapsules were prepared by in-situ polymerisation of PUF shells, as explained in our previous work. The model SHDC included bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA:TEGDMA) (1:1), 1 wt% phenyl bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (BAPO), 0.5 wt% benzoyl peroxide (BPO) catalyst, 20 wt% silanised silica dioxide (SiO2) (15 nm) and (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 wt%) of microcapsules (120 ± 45 μm). Light transmission, hardness, degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength and elastic modulus of the SHDC model were measured. Results: The degree of conversion of the SHDC ranged from 73 to 76% 24 h after polymerisation. Hardness measurements ranged from 22 to 26 VHN (p > 0.05); however, the flexural strength was adversely affected from 80 to 55 MPa with increasing microcapsules of up to 10 wt% in the composites (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Only flexural strength decreased drastically ~30% with increasing microcapsules (>10 wt%) in the composites. All other measured properties were not significantly affected. Accordingly, we recommend a stronger composite material that could be created by increasing the filler content distribution in order to achieve a hybrid self-healing composite with enhanced mechanical properties.
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Wales DJ, Miralles-Comins S, Franco-Castillo I, Cameron JM, Cao Q, Karjalainen E, Alves Fernandes J, Newton GN, Mitchell SG, Sans V. Decoupling manufacturing from application in additive manufactured antimicrobial materials. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5397-5406. [PMID: 33988192 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
3D printable materials based on polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) capable of controlling the synthesis and stabilisation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their synergistic antimicrobial activity are reported. The interaction of the ionic liquid moieties with the silver precursor enabled the controlled in situ formation and stabilisation of AgNPs via extended UV photoreduction after the printing process, thus demonstrating an effective decoupling of the device manufacturing from the on-demand generation of nanomaterials, which avoids the potential aging of the nanomaterials through oxidation. The printed devices showed a multi-functional and tuneable microbicidal activity against Gram positive (B. subtilis) and Gram negative (E. coli) bacteria and against the mould Aspergillus niger. While the polymeric material alone was found to be bacteriostatic, the AgNPs conferred bactericidal properties to the material. Combining PIL-based materials with functionalities, such as in situ and photoactivated on-demand fabricated antimicrobial AgNPs, provides a synergistic functionality that could be harnessed for a variety of applications, especially when coupled to the freedom of design inherent to additive manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Wales
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sara Miralles-Comins
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellon, Spain.
| | - Isabel Franco-Castillo
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA-CSIC), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain and CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jamie M Cameron
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 2GA, UK
| | - Qun Cao
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Erno Karjalainen
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jesum Alves Fernandes
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Graham N Newton
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 2GA, UK
| | - Scott G Mitchell
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA-CSIC), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain and CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victor Sans
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellon, Spain.
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Le CMQ, Petitory T, Wu X, Spangenberg A, Ortyl J, Galek M, Infante L, Thérien‐Aubin H, Chemtob A. Water‐Soluble Photoinitiators from Dimethylamino‐Substituted Monoacylphosphine Oxide for Hydrogel and Latex Preparation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Minh Quoc Le
- CNRS, IS2M UMR7361 Université de Haute‐Alsace Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg France
| | - Tatiana Petitory
- CNRS, IS2M UMR7361 Université de Haute‐Alsace Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg France
| | - Xingyu Wu
- CNRS, IS2M UMR7361 Université de Haute‐Alsace Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg France
| | - Arnaud Spangenberg
- CNRS, IS2M UMR7361 Université de Haute‐Alsace Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg France
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Cracow University of Technology Warszawska 24 Cracow 31‐155 Poland
- Photo HiTech Ltd Bobrzyńskiego 14 Cracow 30‐348 Poland
| | - Mariusz Galek
- Photo HiTech Ltd Bobrzyńskiego 14 Cracow 30‐348 Poland
| | - Lorena Infante
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 Mainz D‐55128 Germany
| | | | - Abraham Chemtob
- CNRS, IS2M UMR7361 Université de Haute‐Alsace Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg France
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Tichy A, Bradna P. Applicability of Exposure Reciprocity Law for Fast Polymerization of Restorative Composites Containing Various Photoinitiating Systems. Oper Dent 2021; 46:406-418. [PMID: 34478559 DOI: 10.2341/20-112-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The exposure reciprocity law (ERL) has been used to calculate the optimal irradiation time of dental composites. This study examined the applicability of ERL for fast polymerization of restorative composites containing various photoinitiating systems using a high-power multi-peak light-emitting diode (LED) lamp. METHODS Three commercial composites differing in photoinitiating systems were tested: Filtek Ultimate Universal Restorative (FU) with a camphorquinone-amine (CQ-A) photoinitiating system, Tetric EvoCeram (TEC) with CQ-A and (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO), and Estelite Σ Quick (ESQ) with CQ and a radical amplified photopolymerization (RAP) initiator. Specimens 2-mm thick were polymerized using a high-power multipeak LED lamp (Valo) at 3 pairs of radiant exposures (referred to as low, moderate, and high) ranging from 15.8-26.7 J/cm2. They were achieved by different combinations of irradiation time (5-20 seconds) and irradiance (1300-2980 mW/cm2) as determined with a calibrated spectrometer. Knoop microhardness was measured 1, 24, and 168 hours after polymerization on specimen top (irradiated) and bottom surfaces to characterize the degree of polymerization. The results were statistically analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests, α = 0.05. RESULTS Microhardness increased with radiant exposure and except for ESQ, top-surface microhardness was significantly higher than that on bottom surfaces. Combinations of high irradiance and short irradiation time significantly increased the top-surface microhardness of TEC at low and moderate radiant exposures, and the bottom-surface microhardness of FU at a low radiant exposure. In contrast, the microhardness of ESQ on both surfaces at high radiant exposure increased significantly when low irradiance and long irradiation time were used. With all tested composites, bottom-surface microhardness obtained at low radiant exposure was below 80% of the maximum top-surface microhardness, indicating insufficient polymerization. CONCLUSION Combinations of irradiance and irradiation time had a significant effect on microhardness, which was affected by photoinitiators and the optical properties of composites as well as spectral characteristics of the polymerization lamp. Therefore, ERL cannot be universally applied for the calculation of optimal composite irradiation time. Despite high irradiance, fast polymerization led to insufficient bottom-surface microhardness, suggesting the necessity to also characterize the degree of polymerization on the bottom surfaces of composite increments when assessing the validity of ERL.
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Yuwawech K, Wootthikanokkhan J, Tanpichai S. Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets as a barrier enhancing filler in organic photovoltaic encapsulant. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kitti Yuwawech
- Division of Materials Technology School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) Bangkok Thailand
| | - Jatuphorn Wootthikanokkhan
- Division of Materials Technology School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) Bangkok Thailand
| | - Supachok Tanpichai
- Learning Institute King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT) Bangkok Thailand
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Bachmann J, Gleis E, Schmölzer S, Fruhmann G, Hinrichsen O. Photo-DSC method for liquid samples used in vat photopolymerization. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1153:338268. [PMID: 33714440 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photo differential scanning calorimetry (photo-DSC) is an appropriate method to characterize photopolymers used in additive manufacturing (AM). Important process parameters such as optimal ultraviolet (UV) exposure time and reaction heat can be attained by this method. However, achieving reliable and meaningful results from photo-DSC experiments requires careful sample preparation, i.e. the selection of a suitable sample shape, sample mass and sample holder (crucible). The sample shapes drop and spread with 1.0 mg and 2.8 mg sample masses were investigated in this study. Three different times from sample preparation until the start of the measurement (0, 4 and 7 h) were tested, in order to investigate different surface effects such as oxygen-diffusion, prior UV-curing through ambient radiation and evaporation of volatile components. While the 1.0 mg spread sample shape offers the thinnest film thickness (40 μm) and thus the closest comparability to high resolution print jobs, the 2.8 mg drop shape offers a more robust sample preparation with minimized surface effects. To further reduce time-dependent surface effects, this study shows how a preexisting test protocol was shortened from 42 min to 24 min without losing measuring accuracy. Furthermore, to reduce evaporation, different covers were placed on different crucibles, which were tested over time in the device's automated sample changer (ASC) that enables automated and consecutive measurements. The combination of a cold pressed 85 μL crucible covered with a 300 μL Al2O3 crucible, which is removed shortly before the actual measurement, provides the best sample preparation for the ASC since mass loss remains below 1% for up to 10 h. Finally, two two-part resin systems, namely a methacrylate-urethane and an acrylate-epoxy based resin that are used in Digital Light Synthesis (DLS) are characterized part by part as well as in mixed state. Together with the investigation of different temperatures and atmospheres, it was possible to identify not only the part with the photoinitiator and the type of system (radical or cationic), but also a difference between methacrylates and acrylates with the aid of the photo-DSC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Bachmann
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany; BMW Group FIZ, Knorrstraße 147, 80788, Munich, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Gleis
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Stefan Schmölzer
- NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Wittelsbacherstraße 42, 95100, Selb, Germany.
| | | | - Olaf Hinrichsen
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Wang J, Zhang X. Free-Radical-Initiated Phospholipid Oxidations at the Air-Water Interface: The Oxidation of Unsaturated and Saturated Fatty Acid Chains. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:973-979. [PMID: 33470825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipid oxidations initiated by free radicals are usually considered to undergo peroxidation, a chain process starting with hydrogen abstraction by an initiator, followed by O2 uptake. While this peroxidation mechanism is widely accepted and sometimes taken for granted, here we provide evidence of the oxidation of both of the unsaturated and saturated fatty acid chains in phospholipids initiated by photoinitiator 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide (TMDPO) at the air-water interface, and no peroxidation products are observed in these reactions. A unique field-induced droplet ionization mass spectrometry (FIDI-MS) methodology which is capable of the selective online sampling of monolayers of molecules that reside at the air-water interface is employed to detect the products. We have shown that the double bonds on the oleyl chains of the lipids are first oxidized into epoxides, after which other saturated carbon atoms are oxidized into carbonyl groups. We anticipate that this work will draw more attention to the complexity of the lipid oxidation chemistry initiated by free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (ReCAST), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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The Photoinitiators Used in Resin Based Dental Composite-A Review and Future Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030470. [PMID: 33540697 PMCID: PMC7867280 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented paper concerns current knowledge of commercial and alternative photoinitiator systems used in dentistry. It discusses alternative and commercial photoinitiators and focuses on mechanisms of polymerization process, in vitro measurement methods and factors influencing the degree of conversion and hardness of dental resins. PubMed, Academia.edu, Google Scholar, Elsevier, ResearchGate and Mendeley, analysis from 1985 to 2020 were searched electronically with appropriate keywords. Over 60 articles were chosen based on relevance to this review. Dental light-cured composites are the most common filling used in dentistry, but every photoinitiator system requires proper light-curing system with suitable spectrum of light. Alternation of photoinitiator might cause changing the values of biomechanical properties such as: degree of conversion, hardness, biocompatibility. This review contains comparison of biomechanical properties of dental composites including different photosensitizers among other: camphorquinone, phenanthrenequinone, benzophenone and 1-phenyl-1,2 propanedione, trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, benzoyl peroxide. The major aim of this article was to point out alternative photoinitiators which would compensate the disadvantages of camphorquinone such as: yellow staining or poor biocompatibility and also would have mechanical properties as satisfactory as camphorquinone. Research showed there is not an adequate photoinitiator which can be as sufficient as camphorquinone (CQ), but alternative photosensitizers like: benzoyl germanium or novel acylphosphine oxide photoinitiators used synergistically with CQ are able to improve aesthetic properties and degree of conversion of dental resin.
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Okawa S, Aoyagi Y, Kimura T, Izumi K. Effect of pre-coating with methyl methacrylate containing UV photoinitiators on the bond strength of poly(ether ether ketone). Dent Mater J 2020; 40:519-524. [PMID: 33361659 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2020-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of pre-coating with methyl methacrylate (MMA) containing ultraviolet (UV) photoinitiators on the bond strength of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK). Cylindrical PEEK blocks were irradiated with 365 nm UV light for 5-20 s after they were coated with MMA containing 0.4-3.0 wt% UV photoinitiators: [1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione (PPD)], [diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) (TMDPO)], and [phenyl bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (BTMPO)]. Pre-coated PEEKs were bonded to PEEK blocks with a MMA-based adhesive resin. The shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. Secondary electron images were captured to observe failure surfaces. The data were analyzed with one- and two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (p<0.05). The highest bond strength (20.7±5.1 MPa) was observed for pre-coating with MMA containing 0.4 wt% BTMPO, for 20 s of UV irradiation. Cohesive failure of the adhesive resin was observed. The use of this pre-coating led to improved bonding performance of PEEK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Okawa
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University
| | - Yujin Aoyagi
- Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University
| | - Tatsuya Kimura
- Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University
| | - Kenji Izumi
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental sciences, Niigata University
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Gziut K, Kowalczyk A, Schmidt B. Free-Radical Bulk-Photopolymerization Process as a Method of Obtaining Thermally Curable Structural Self-Adhesive Tapes and Effect of Used Type I Photoinitiators. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102191. [PMID: 32987966 PMCID: PMC7601257 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new fabrication method for thin (120 µm) thermally curable structural self-adhesive tapes (SATs) was demonstrated by utilizing a series of acrylic syrups (ASs) modified using Bisphenol A-based liquid epoxy resin. The acrylic syrups containing poly(butyl acrylate-co-butyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyetyl acrylate-co-4-acryloyloxy benzophenone) were synthesized via free-radical bulk-photopolymerization (FRBP) process. Influence of different type I radical photoinitiators (PIs), i.e., α-hydroxyalkylphenones (HPs), acylphosphine oxides (APOs) and its mixtures (HPs/APOs and APO/APO) on selected physico-chemical features of obtained ASs was studied. It turned out that APO-type PIs are more effective in the FRBP process (NMR studies). Self-adhesive tests of SATs revealed that the monomers’ conversion in ASs have a significant influence on adhesion and tack. Moreover, the polymer structures formed at the UV cross-linking stage of SATs significantly affect the cross-linking degree of SATs during thermal curing (differential scanning calorimetry method). The highest values of overlap shear strength were achieved by SATs based on ASs with monomers’ conversion on the level 50–60%.
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Nakanishi H, Kawabata Y, Tsujiai S, Tanaka H, Teraji S, Holló G, Lagzi I, Norisuye T, Tran‐Cong‐Miyata Q. Nanocrystals Assembled by the Chemical Reaction of the Dispersion Solvent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Yuto Kawabata
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Shogo Tsujiai
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Hayato Tanaka
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Satoshi Teraji
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Gábor Holló
- MTA-BME Condensed Matter Physics Research Group Budapest University of Technology and Economics 1111 Budafoki út 8 Budapest Hungary
| | - István Lagzi
- MTA-BME Condensed Matter Physics Research Group Budapest University of Technology and Economics 1111 Budafoki út 8 Budapest Hungary
- Department of Physics Budapest University of Technology and Economics 1111 Budafoki út 8 Budapest Hungary
| | - Tomohisa Norisuye
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Qui Tran‐Cong‐Miyata
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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Nakanishi H, Kawabata Y, Tsujiai S, Tanaka H, Teraji S, Holló G, Lagzi I, Norisuye T, Tran-Cong-Miyata Q. Nanocrystals Assembled by the Chemical Reaction of the Dispersion Solvent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13086-13092. [PMID: 32333470 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of methods to pattern nanocrystals with different sizes and shapes remains a challenge. In this study, we demonstrate a unique class of bottom-up approaches to assemble nanocrystals into patterns. Our approach for patterning nanocrystals focuses on the utilization and control of the chemical reaction of solvents surrounding nanocrystals. The photopolymerization of solvent molecules through a photomask creates time-dependent concentration gradients of the solvents. Dispersed nanocrystals such as silver nanowires (AgNWs) migrate and are gradually organized and integrated into the polymerizing films based on the concentration gradients. The AgNW-embedded film properties are determined by the organized AgNW structures and include light transmission and electrical conductivity. Overall, the demonstrated method is very simple, widely applicable to various nanocrystals and solvents, and can thus contribute to the development of a new class of nanocrystal patterning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuto Kawabata
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shogo Tsujiai
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hayato Tanaka
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Teraji
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Gábor Holló
- MTA-BME Condensed Matter Physics Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budafoki út 8, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Lagzi
- MTA-BME Condensed Matter Physics Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budafoki út 8, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budafoki út 8, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomohisa Norisuye
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Qui Tran-Cong-Miyata
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
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Zhang JQ, Han LB. Chlorosilane-Catalyzed Coupling of Hydrogen Phosphine Oxides with Acyl Chlorides Generating Acylphosphine Oxides. Org Lett 2020; 22:4633-4637. [PMID: 32479733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a new method for the synthesis of acylphosphine oxides by the direct coupling of hydrogen phosphine oxides and acyl chlorides mediated by chlorosilanes. This new protocol is greener and safer, because it precludes the generation of volatile haloalkanes and the use of oxidants employed in the conventional methods. Moreover, moisture-unstable acylphosphine oxides that are difficult to prepare via the conventional methods can be generated using this new method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiu Zhang
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.,Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Li-Biao Han
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.,Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the type I photoinitiators BAPO and TPO on human oral keratinocytes and V79 fibroblasts. Dent Mater 2018; 34:1783-1796. [PMID: 30340767 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phenylbis(acyl) phosphine oxide (BAPO) and diphenyl(acyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) are alternative photoinitiators to camphorquinone (CQ) in dental resinous materials. Aim of this study was to investigate their cytotoxic/genotoxic potential in human oral keratinocytes (OKF6/Tert2) and Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79) in comparison to CQ. METHODS Cells were exposed to different concentrations of BAPO and TPO (1-50μM). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using H33342 and MTT assay, cell proliferation by BrdU proliferation assay and microscopy. Effects on cellular redox homeostasis were assessed by detecting intracellular levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) using the DCFH2 assay and by quantification of mRNA expression of oxidatively regulated, cyto-protective enzymes. Genotoxic potential was determined by use of micronucleus (MN) assay. RESULTS BAPO and TPO induced a concentration-dependent decrease of cell number. BAPO and TPO showed 50- to 250-fold higher cytotoxicity than CQ. In contrast to CQ, both photoinitiators revealed no increase of intracellular ROS/RNS. However, BAPO (10μM) at least significantly induced mRNA-expression of redox-regulated proteins after 24h similar to 2.5mM CQ. Additionally, BAPO significantly raised the number of micronuclei, but only in V79 cells (10μM: 12±1, 2.5mM CQ: 15±1, medium control: 6±3). However, it also significantly decreased proliferation of these cells (10μM BAPO: 19.8%±7.3% compared to controls). SIGNIFICANCE BAPO and TPO revealed concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects in human oral keratinocytes and V79 cells. However, in contrast to CQ, no generation of intracellular ROS/RNS was found. Only BAPO induced genotoxicity in V79 cells.
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Ye Q, Abedin F, Parthasarathy R, Spencer P. Photoinitiators in Dentistry: Challenges and Advances. PHOTOPOLYMERISATION INITIATING SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788013307-00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymerization is used in a wide range of clinical applications in dentistry and the demand for dental materials that can restore form, function and esthetics is increasing rapidly. Simultaneous with this demand is the growing need for photoinitiators that provide effective and efficient in situ polymerization of dental materials using visible light irradiation. This chapter reviews the fundamentals of Type I and II photoinitiators. The advantages and disadvantages of these photoinitiators will be considered with a particular focus on parameters that affect the polymerization process in the oral cavity. The chapter examines recent developments in photoinitiators and opportunities for future research in the design and development of photoinitiators for dental applications. Future research directions that employ computational models in conjunction with iterative synthesis and experimental methods will also be explored in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ye
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, School of Engineering, University of Kansas 1530 W. 15th St Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Farhana Abedin
- Electromechanical Engineering Technology program, College of Engineering, California State Polytechnic University Pomona 3801 W. Temple Ave Pomona CA 91768 USA
| | - Ranganathan Parthasarathy
- Nanomaterials Research Lab, Tennessee State University 3500 John A Merritt Blvd Nashville TN 37209 USA
| | - Paulette Spencer
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, School of Engineering, University of Kansas 1530 W. 15th St Lawrence KS 66045 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas 1530 W. 15th St Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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20
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Study of visible light activated polymerization in BisGMA-TEGDMA monomers with Type 1 and Type 2 photoinitiators using Raman spectroscopy. Dent Mater 2017; 33:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Efficient initiation of radical-mediated thiol-ene chemistry with photoactive silica particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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A novel photoinitiating system producing germyl radicals for the polymerization of representative methacrylate resins: Camphorquinone/R3GeH/iodonium salt. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1226-1234. [PMID: 27567540 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our study is to find an amine free photoinitiating system (PIS) for the polymerization of representative dental methacrylate resins. A photoinitiating system (PIS) based on camphorquinone (CQ)/triphenylgermanium hydride/diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate is proposed and compared to the conventional CQ/amine couple. The polymerization monitoring of thin (∼20μm) and thick (1.4mm) samples of a bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA)/triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) blend (70%/30% w/w) and of a urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) upon exposure to a commercial blue LED centered at 477nm under air or in laminate is described. Finally, the impact of the photoinitiating system composition on the final polymer color is evaluated in detail. METHODS FTIR and DSC experiments are used to record the photopolymerization profiles. ESR spectrometry and steady state photolysis are used to detect the produced radicals. Color measurements are carried out to determine the key parameters in the bleaching of the different dental formulations. RESULTS The efficiency of the newly proposed PISs for the photopolymerization of BisGMA/TEGDMA and UDMA for thin (20μm) or for thick (1.4mm) samples upon exposure to a dental blue LED under air is excellent. It is noticeably higher than that of the CQ/amine reference couple. Excellent bleaching properties are also observed under irradiation in presence of the new PISs. A good correlation is found between the sample bleaching and the amount of Ph3GeH in the formulation. The excited state processes could be established. The overall chemical mechanisms for the initiation step were also clarified.
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Meereis CT, Leal FB, Ogliari FA. Stability of initiation systems in acidic photopolymerizable dental material. Dent Mater 2016; 32:889-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bail R, Hong JY, Chin BD. Effect of a red-shifted benzotriazole UV absorber on curing depth and kinetics in visible light initiated photopolymer resins for 3D printing. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lee DH, Mai HN, Yang JC, Kwon TY. The effect of 4,4'-bis(N,N-diethylamino) benzophenone on the degree of conversion in liquid photopolymer for dental 3D printing. J Adv Prosthodont 2015; 7:386-91. [PMID: 26576255 PMCID: PMC4644780 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2015.7.5.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate the effects of adding 4,4'-bis(N,N-diethylamino) benzophenone (DEABP) as a co-initiator to a binary photoinitiating system (camphorquinone-amine) to analyze on the degree of conversion (DC) of a light-cured resin for dental 3D printing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cylindrical specimens (N=60, n=30 per group, ø5 mm × 1 mm) were fabricated using bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA) both with and without DEABP. The freshly mixed resins were exposed to light in a custom-made closed chamber with nine light-emitting diode lamps (wavelength: 405 nm; power: 840 mW/cm2) for polymerization at each incidence of light-irradiation at 10, 30, 60, 180, and 300 seconds, while five specimens at a time were evaluated at each given irradiation point. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to measure the DC values of the resins. Two-way analysis of variance and the Duncan post hoc test were used to analyze statistically significant differences between the groups and given times (α=.05). RESULTS In the DEABP-containing resin, the DC values were significantly higher at all points in time (P<.001), and also the initial polymerization velocity was faster than in the DEABP-free resin. CONCLUSION The addition of DEABP significantly enhanced the DC values and, thus, could potentially become an efficient photoinitiator when combined with a camphorquinone-amine system and may be utilized as a more advanced photopolymerization system for dental 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Hyeong Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Nga Mai
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Yang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yub Kwon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Aguirre-Soto A, Hwang AT, Glugla D, Wydra JW, McLeod RR, Bowman CN, Stansbury JW. Coupled UV–Vis/FT–NIR Spectroscopy for Kinetic Analysis of Multiple Reaction Steps in Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Aguirre-Soto
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Albert T. Hwang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - David Glugla
- Department
of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 425 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - James W. Wydra
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Robert R. McLeod
- Department
of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 425 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Stansbury
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department
of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, 12800 East 19th Ave., Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Pelin IM, Buruiana T, Melinte V, Descartes S, Trunfio-Sfarghiu AM, Farge P. A Novel Light-Cured Dental Material Based on Maleic Copolymer Functionalized With Urethane Derivative for Dental Applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.996704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schmocker A, Khoushabi A, Schizas C, Bourban PE, Pioletti DP, Moser C. Miniature probe for the delivery and monitoring of a photopolymerizable material. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:127001. [PMID: 26662066 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymerization is a common method to cure materials initially in a liquid state, such as dental implants or bone or tissue fillers. Recent advances in the development of biocompatible gel- and cement-systems open up an avenue for in situ photopolymerization. For minimally invasive surgery, such procedures require miniaturized surgical endoscopic probes to activate and control photopolymerization in situ. We present a miniaturized light probe in which a photoactive material can be (1) mixed, pressurized, and injected, (2) photopolymerized/photoactivated, and (3) monitored during the chemical reaction. The device is used to implant and cure poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate-hydrogel-precursor in situ with ultraviolet A (UVA) light (365 nm) while the polymerization reaction is monitored in real time by collecting the fluorescence and Raman signals generated by the 532-nm excitation light source. Hydrogels could be delivered, photopolymerized, and monitored by the probe up to a curing depth of 4 cm. The size of the photopolymerized samples could be correlated to the fluorescent signal collected by the probe, and the reproducibility of the procedure could be demonstrated. The position of the probe tip inside a bovine caudal intervertebral disc could be estimated in vitro based on the collected fluorescence and Raman signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmocker
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Microengineering Institute, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, Station 17, Lausanne 1015, SwitzerlandbSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomecha
| | - Azadeh Khoushabi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Station 19, Lausanne 1015, SwitzerlandcSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer and
| | - Constantin Schizas
- Clinic Cecil, Neuro-orthopedic Spine Unit, Avenue Louis-Ruchonnet 53, Lausanne 1003, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Etienne Bourban
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, Station 12, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dominique P Pioletti
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Station 19, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Microengineering Institute, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, Station 17, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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Meereis CT, Leal FB, Lima GS, de Carvalho RV, Piva E, Ogliari FA. BAPO as an alternative photoinitiator for the radical polymerization of dental resins. Dent Mater 2014; 30:945-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schmocker A, Khoushabi A, Schizas C, Bourban PE, Pioletti DP, Moser C. Photopolymerizable hydrogels for implants: Monte-Carlo modeling and experimental in vitro validation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:35004. [PMID: 24615642 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.3.035004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymerization is commonly used in a broad range of bioapplications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and surgical implants, where liquid materials are injected and then hardened by means of illumination to create a solid polymer network. However, photopolymerization using a probe, e.g., needle guiding both the liquid and the curing illumination, has not been thoroughly investigated. We present a Monte Carlo model that takes into account the dynamic absorption and scattering parameters as well as solid-liquid boundaries of the photopolymer to yield the shape and volume of minimally invasively injected, photopolymerized hydrogels. In the first part of the article, our model is validated using a set of well-known poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate hydrogels showing an excellent agreement between simulated and experimental volume-growth-rates. In the second part, in situ experimental results and simulations for photopolymerization in tissue cavities are presented. It was found that a cavity with a volume of 152 mm3 can be photopolymerized from the output of a 0.28-mm2 fiber by adding scattering lipid particles while only a volume of 38 mm3 (25%) was achieved without particles. The proposed model provides a simple and robust method to solve complex photopolymerization problems, where the dimension of the light source is much smaller than the volume of the photopolymerizable hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmocker
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Microengineering Institute, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, station 17, Lausanne 1015, SwitzerlandbSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomecha
| | - Azadeh Khoushabi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, station 19, Lausanne 1015, SwitzerlandcSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer and
| | - Constantin Schizas
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Orthopedic Department, Avenue P. Decker 4, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Etienne Bourban
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Technology, station 12, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dominique P Pioletti
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, station 19, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Microengineering Institute, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, station 17, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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Abstract
Polymerization of Resin Based Composites (RBCs) initiated by a light curing unit activating photoinitiators. Different RBCs require different light energy levels for proper curing. Manufacturers are now producing RBCs with more than one initiator and not all of these will be properly polymerised with blue LED lights. An added problem is that manufacturers do not always indicate the type of photoinitiators in their materials. This review discusses the importance of matching the spectral output of LCUs to the absorption spectra of RBCs and the consequences of spectral mismatch. Resin based composites (RBCs) were first introduced in the 1960s and with development of effective and reliable dentine bonding systems2, have been used routinely as a filling material for both anterior and posterior teeth. The early RBCs were either chemically cured two component materials or photo-initiated materials that used UV initiators in the beginning and then transitioned to visible light initiators such as camphorquinine which was introduced in 1978.3 The first report of a light curing material was of an ultraviolet (UV) cured fissure sealant. However, due to the limited penetration depth of the UV light and the potential health hazards, this system was quickly abandoned. The advancement of science yielded light curing materials which contributed to a significant clinical progress over the UV and chemically cured RBCs. Additional advancements to direct RBC restoration materials included luting agents for ceramic restorations, pit and fissure sealants and resin modified glass ionomers. Polymerization in an RBC is initiated by a light curing unit (LCU); this technology is based on the use of photoreactive systems that absorb light irradiation from the LCUs at appropriate wavelength. Then the photoinitiators contained in the RBCs, absorb the incoming photons from the LCU and the monomers in the molecular structure become excited and in that active state, there is a change from monomers into a polymer network. The success of this technology hinges on matching the spectral emission of the LCU with the requirements of the photoinitiator system to convert the monomers into a polymer network. The amount of activated photo initiator depends on the concentration of photoinitiator in the material, the number of photons to which the material is exposed and the energy of the photons (wavelength), the latter depending on the curing light.The most common photoinitiator in dental materials today is camphorquinone, which has a peak activity around 470 nanometres. The factors affecting polymerization include filler type, size and loading, the thickness and shade of the restorative material, the effectiveness of light transmission (eg. light guide tips being free from debris and scratches), exposure time, distance of the light source from the restorative material and light intensity. It is important to note that the photoinitiator activation occurs at specific wavelengths, in other words, the optimum efficiency is obtained when the peak absorptivity of the photoinitiator corresponds with the spectral emission from the LCU. Commercially available curing units have different light intensities and light sources, with energy levels in QTH, LED and other LCUs ranging from 300 to more than 2000 mW/cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario Santini
- Biomaterials Research, Edinburgh Dental Institute, The University of Edinburgh, UK
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Leprince JG, Palin WM, Hadis MA, Devaux J, Leloup G. Progress in dimethacrylate-based dental composite technology and curing efficiency. Dent Mater 2013. [PMID: 23199807 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian G Leprince
- School of Dentistry and Stomatology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Bail R, Patel A, Yang H, Rogers C, Rose F, Segal J, Ratchev S. The Effect of a Type I Photoinitiator on Cure Kinetics and Cell Toxicity in Projection-Microstereolithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Moszner N, Hirt T. New polymer-chemical developments in clinical dental polymer materials: Enamel-dentin adhesives and restorative composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gonsalvi L, Peruzzini M. Neue Synthesewege für Bisacylphosphinoxid-Photoinitiatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gonsalvi L, Peruzzini M. Novel Synthetic Pathways for Bis(acyl)phosphine Oxide Photoinitiators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7895-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Degree of conversion and microhardness of TPO-containing resin-based composites cured by polywave and monowave LED units. J Dent 2012; 40:577-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kwon TY, Bagheri R, Kim YK, Kim KH, Burrow MF. Cure mechanisms in materials for use in esthetic dentistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:3-16. [PMID: 22298515 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2012.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yub Kwon
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea
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IKEMURA K, ENDO T, KADOMA Y. A review of the developments of multi-purpose primers and adhesives comprising novel dithiooctanoate monomers and phosphonic acid monomers. Dent Mater J 2012; 31:1-25. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2011-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi ENDO
- Molecular Engineering Institute, Kinki University
| | - Yoshinori KADOMA
- Department of Applied Functional Molecules, Division of Biofunctional Molecules, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Ikemura K, Kadoma Y, Endo T. A review of the developments of self-etching primers and adhesives -Effects of acidic adhesive monomers and polymerization initiators on bonding to ground, smear layer-covered teeth. Dent Mater J 2011; 30:769-89. [PMID: 22123001 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2011-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the developments of self-etching primers and adhesives, with a special focus on the effect of acidic adhesive monomers and polymerization initiators on bonding to ground, smear layer-covered teeth. Ionized acidic adhesive monomers chemically interact with tooth substrates and facilitate good bonding to ground dentin. Polymerization initiators in self-etching primers further promote effective bonding to ground dentin. To promote bonding to both dentin and enamel, phosphonic acid monomers such as 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (6-MHPA) were developed. These novel adhesive monomers also have a water-soluble nature and are hence endowed with sufficient demineralization capability. A new single-bottle, self-etching, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-free adhesive comprising 6-MHPA and 4-acryloyloxyethoxycarbonylphthalic acid (4-AET) was developed. This novel adhesive enabled strong adhesion to both ground enamel and dentin, but its formulation stability was influenced by pH value of the adhesive. To develop hydrolytically stable, single-bottle, self-etching adhesives, hydrolytically stable, radical-polymerizable acidic monomers with amide or ether linkages have been developed.
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Ikemura K, Endo T. A review of the development of radical photopolymerization initiators used for designing light-curing dental adhesives and resin composites. Dent Mater J 2010; 29:481-501. [PMID: 20859059 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2009-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews our recent studies on radical photopolymerization initiators, which are used in the design of light-curing dental adhesives and resin composites, by collating information of related studies from original scientific papers, reviews, and patent literature. The photopolymerization reactivities of acylphosphine oxide (APO) and bisacylphosphine oxide (BAPO) derivatives, and D,L-camphorquinone (CQ)/tertiary amine were investigated, and no significant differences in degree of conversion (DC) were found between BAPO and CQ/amine system (p>0.05). In addition, a novel 7,7-dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyldiphenyl phosphine oxide (DOHC-DPPO=CQ-APO) was synthesized and its ultraviolet and visible (UV-VIS) spectral behavior was investigated. CQ-APO possessed two maximum absorption wavelengths (λmax) at 350-500 nm [372 nm (from APO group) and 475 nm (from CQ moiety)], and CQ-APO-containing resins exhibited good photopolymerization reactivity, excellent color tone, relaxed operation time, and high mechanical strength. It was also found that a newly synthesized, water-soluble photoinitiator (APO-Na) improved adhesion to ground dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Ikemura
- Department of Research and Development, Shofu Inc., 11 Kamitakamatsu-cho, Fukuine, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-0983, Japan.
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Ikemura K, Ichizawa K, Jogetsu Y, Endo T. Synthesis of a novel camphorquinone derivative having acylphosphine oxide group, characterization by UV-VIS spectroscopy and evaluation of photopolymerization performance. Dent Mater J 2010; 29:122-31. [PMID: 20379021 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2009-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Camphorquinone (CQ) derivatives having acylphosphine oxide (APO) group are unknown. This study synthesized such a novel 7,7dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyldiphenyl phosphine oxide (DOHC-DPPO = CQ-APO). Ultraviolet and visible (UVVIS) spectra of CQ-APO, CQ, and APO were measured. Photopolymerization performances of experimental light-cured resins comprising these photoinitiators were investigated. Newly synthesized CQ-APO showed as a pale yellow crystal (mp 365K). UV-VIS spectrum of CQ-APO showed two maximum absorption wavelengths (lambda(max)) [372 nm (from APO group) and 475 nm (from CQ moiety)] within 350-500 nm. Unfilled resin containing CQ-APO exhibited good photopolymerization time (9.6 sec) and relaxed operation time (50 sec), as well as a pronouncedly lower b value (4.0) in the CIELab color specification system than that containing CQ (84.0). Resin composites containing CQ-APO, exhibited high flexural strength (114.3-133.8 MPa). It was concluded that CQ-APO possessed two lambda(max )peaks within 350-500 nm, and that CQ-APO-containing resins exhibited excellent color tone, good photopolymerization reactivity, relaxed operation time, and high mechanical strength.
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Ikemura K, Ichizawa K, Fuchigami K, Ito S, Endo T. Design of a new dental adhesive--effect of a water-soluble sodium acylphosphine oxide with crown ether on adhesion to dental hard tissues. Dent Mater J 2009; 28:267-76. [PMID: 19662724 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.28.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of water-soluble photoinitiators with crown ethers in dental adhesives is unknown. This study investigated the effect of sodium acylphosphine oxide (APO-Na) with crown ether in a hydrophobic adhesive on adhesion to teeth. Sodium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-phenylphosphine oxide (TMPO-Na = APO-Na) was synthesized in 67.1% yield and identified by 1H NMR. APO-Na was dissolved in hydrophobic resins in the presence of a crown ether (ionophore effect). Thirty kinds of experimental single-step adhesives comprising APO-Na, CE, Bis-GMA, 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (6-MHPA), and 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid (4-MET) were thereby prepared. Shear bond strength to unetched ground teeth was measured at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min, and the data were analyzed by ANOVA. The shear bond strength results of bonding resins containing APO-Na with 18-crown-6-ether (CE-6) were significantly higher than that without CE-6 (control) (p<0.05). Higher bond strength values [for enamel: BR24 at 19.3 (3.2) MPa; for dentin: BR29 at 20.2 (4.7) MPa] were achieved with the adhesives containing APO-Na, CE-6, 6-MHPA, and 4-MET. Therefore, it was found that APO-Na with CE-6 contributed to the efficient bonding performance of single-step adhesive to teeth. However, in view of the biosafety hazard posed by crown ethers, the search is still on for reagents that are biologically safer than crown ethers--but with ionophor effects--to be used in dental adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Ikemura
- Department of Research and Development, Shofu Inc., 11 Kamitakamatsu-cho, Fukuine, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto 605-0983, Japan.
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