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Batorek-Lukač N, Kress K, Čandek-Potokar M, Fazarinc G, Škrlep M, Poklukar K, Wesoly R, Stefanski V, Vrecl M. Immunocastration in adult boars as a model for late-onset hypogonadism. Andrology 2022; 10:1217-1232. [PMID: 35752946 PMCID: PMC9545940 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background While immunocastration has been studied in male pre‐pubertal pigs, data on older, sexually mature animals are limited. To understand the physiological effects of androgen deprivation in the late sexual development phase, we compared mature immunocastrated boars (n = 19; average age = 480 days) to young male immunocastrated pigs (n = 6; average age = 183 days) and young entire males (n = 6; average age = 186 days) as positive and negative controls, respectively. Objectives We hypothesized that the timing of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone suppression (early or late sexual development phases) influences the extent of reproductive function inhibition, histological structure of testicular tissue, and expression levels of selected genes related to steroid metabolism. Materials and methods Antibody titer, hormonal status, and histomorphometric analysis of testicular tissue were subjected to principal component analysis followed by hierarchical clustering to evaluate the immunocastration effectiveness in mature boars. Results Hierarchical clustering differentiated mature immunocastrated boars clustered with young immunocastrated pigs from those clustered with entire males. Although all mature immunocastrated boars responded to vaccination, as evidenced by the increased gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antibody titers (p < 0.001), decreased serum luteinizing hormone concentrations (p = 0.002), and changes in testicular tissue vascularization (lighter and less red testicular parenchyma; p ≤ 0.001), the responses were variable. Sharp decreases in testes index (p < 0.001), Leydig cell volume density (p < 0.001), Leydig cell nucleus‐to‐cytoplasm ratio (p < 0.001), and testosterone concentration (p < 0.001) were observed in mature immunocastrated boars clustered with young immunocastrated pigs compared with those that clustered with entire males. Additionally, mature immunocastrated boars clustered with young immunocastrated pigs showed lower hydroxysteroid 17‐beta dehydrogenase 7 expression than entire males (p < 0.05). The young immunocastrated pigs group showed higher follicle‐stimulating hormone receptors than the entire males and mature immunocastrated boars, lower steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression levels compared with entire males, and mature immunocastrated boars clustered with entire males (p < 0.01). Conclusion The two‐dose vaccination regime resulted in progressive but variable regression of testicular function in adult (post‐pubertal) pigs; however, it was insufficient to induce a complete immunocastration response in all animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Batorek-Lukač
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Kevin Kress
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany.,Schweinezuchtverband Baden-Württemberg e.V., Im Wolfer 10, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.,Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, Hoče, SI-2311, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Fazarinc
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Klavdija Poklukar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Raffael Wesoly
- Schweinezuchtverband Baden-Württemberg e.V., Im Wolfer 10, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia
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Nag A, Mehra S. Involvement of the SCO3366 efflux pump from S. coelicolor in rifampicin resistance and its regulation by a TetR regulator. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2175-2190. [PMID: 35194656 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of efflux pumps represents a key mechanism of resistance in bacteria. Soil bacteria such as Streptomyces harbour a vast array of efflux genes that are transcriptionally silent under laboratory conditions. However, dissemination of many of these genes into clinical pathogens via horizontal gene transfer results in conferring resistance to multiple drugs. In this study, we have identified the role of a MFS transporter, SCO3366 from Streptomyces coelicolor, in governing multidrug resistance. Overexpression and knockout studies revealed that SCO3366 provides resistance to several structurally unrelated drugs including ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin and EtBr, with rifampicin being the major substrate. Beyond multidrug resistance, SCO3366 was efficient in providing tolerance towards oxidative stress. A combinatorial mechanism of increased oxidative stress tolerance decreased intracellular drug levels and decreased permeability act synergistically to provide resistance towards rifampicin. Shedding light on the regulation of SCO3366, we find the pump to be directly regulated by the TetR regulator SCO3367 in a negative manner and the repression was found to be relieved in presence of different compounds recognized as substrates of SCO3366. KEY POINTS: • First reported rifampicin efflux pump in Streptomyces coelicolor • Resistance to rifampicin is the result of a synergistic action of increased efflux with increased oxidative stress tolerance and decreased permeability, which can potentially arise in clinically relevant bacteria • SCO3366-SCO3367 to be a novel system that operates to protect the bacteria under varied environmental stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Nag
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sarika Mehra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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Ahn HS, Park BJ, Go HJ, Lyoo EL, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Choi YK, Jung HJ, Kim HM, Choi IS. Induction of immunocontraceptive effects in both male and female mice immunized with GnRH vaccine. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1999-2007. [PMID: 34236748 PMCID: PMC8464238 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a pivotal role in regulating the reproductive endocrine system. Objective An immunocontraception vaccine aimed at inhibiting the functions of GnRH is tested as a potential tool for controlling animal populations. Methods We developed a recombinant immunocontraceptive vaccine composed of GnRH‐I and GnRH‐II (GnRH I+II), which was conjugated with Salmonella typhimurium flagellin. Forty‐eight BALB/c mice aged 4 weeks were divided into four groups (each group had n = 12): non‐vaccinated male (NVM), non‐vaccinated female (NVF), vaccinated male (VM), and vaccinated female (VF). Mice in the vaccinated groups were vaccinated twice by intramuscular injection at 0 and 2 weeks with 300 μg of the recombinant GnRH protein complex per mouse. Mice in the non‐vaccinated groups were injected with saline and served as the unimmunized controls. Twenty‐four pairs of male and female mice were mated for 10–12 weeks after initial immunization in four groups: 6 NVF × 6 NVM, 6 VF × 6 NVM, 6 NVF × 6 VM, and 6 VF × 6 VM. Results: An increase (p < 0.001) in antibody titers in VM and VF mice was observed. The testosterone levels and the number of spermatocytes were lower (p < 0.001) in VM mice than those in the control mice. The progesterone levels and the number of corpora lutea were lower (p < 0.001) than those in the control mice. Mating results in both VM and VF mice confirmed a 60% reduction in pregnancy rates and offspring numbers. Conclusions The recombinant GnRH vaccine can be used for birth control in both male and female animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eu-Lim Lyoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Jung
- Department of Applied Statistics, College of Social Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Moon Kim
- Department of Applied Statistics, College of Social Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Sandam NP, Prakash D, Thimmareddy P. Immunocontraceptive potential of a GnRH receptor-based fusion recombinant protein. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:63. [PMID: 33945047 PMCID: PMC8096874 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of stray dog population has been of utmost importance due to their overpopulation, increase in dog bites incidence, and rabies. Contraceptive vaccines, a non-surgical alternative to spaying and neutering are viewed as a valuable option for the management of dog population. In this study, the contraceptive potential of a recombinant fusion protein containing the three genes GnRH, GnRH receptor, and ZP3 was explored. RESULTS The gene fragment encoding GnRH, GnRHR, and ZP3 along with the antigenic epitopes of canine distemper virus and tetanus toxoid was assembled, synthesized, and cloned into pET28a expression vector. The resulting construct GVAC08 was successfully transformed into BL21DE3 strain of E. coli and confirmed by colony PCR. The recombinant GVAC08 protein was expressed and purified using Ni-NTA and was confirmed to be a 50-KDa protein by SDS PAGE and Western blot. Mice were immunized with the GVAC08 protein using Freund's complete adjuvant followed by a booster using Freund's incomplete adjuvant. This induced a high antibody titer against GnRH, GnRH receptor, and ZP3 which was determined by ELISA. CONCLUSION Mating studies showed that the GVAC08 recombinant protein was able to reduce the litter size in immunized mice showing improved efficacy. However, the vaccine candidate with further improvements will be a viable contraceptive vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhamodhar Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India.
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Park BJ, Ahn HS, Han SH, Go HJ, Kim DH, Choi C, Jung S, Myoung J, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Lee SW, Lee HT, Choi IS. Analysis of the Immune Responses in the Ileum of Gnotobiotic Pigs Infected with the Recombinant GII.p12_GII.3 Human Norovirus by mRNA Sequencing. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010092. [PMID: 33440894 PMCID: PMC7826840 DOI: 10.3390/v13010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) induces acute gastrointestinal food-borne illness in humans. Because gnotobiotic pigs can be infected with human norovirus (HuNoV) GII, they are frequently used to analyze the associated pathogenic mechanisms and immune responses, which remain poorly understood. Recently, mRNA sequencing analysis (RNA-Seq) has been used to identify cellular responses to viruses. In this study, we investigated the host immune response and possible mechanisms involved in virus evasion in the ileum of gnotobiotic pigs infected with HuNoV by RNA-Seq. HuNoV was detected in the feces, blood, and tissues of the jejunum, ileum, colon, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen of pigs infected with HuNoV. In analysis of mRNA sequencing, expression of anti-viral protein genes such as OAS1, MX1, and MX2 were largely decreased, whereas type I IFN was increased in pigs infected with HuNoV. In addition, expression of TNF and associated anti-inflammatory cytokine genes such as IL10 was increased in HuNoV-infected pigs. Expression of genes related to natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and CD8+ T cell exhaustion was increased, whereas that of MHC class I genes was decreased. Expression profiles of selected genes were further confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. These results suggest that infection with HuNoV induces NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity but suppresses type I IFN- and CD8+ T cell-mediated antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Joo Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hee-Seop Ahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Sang-Hoon Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Dong-Hwi Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Korea; (C.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Soontag Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Korea; (C.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea;
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Hoon-Taek Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (B.-J.P.); (H.-S.A.); (S.-H.H.); (H.-J.G.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-B.L.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.-S.S.); (S.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2049-6228
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Pan L, Chen XS, Liu MM, Liu YJ, Mao ZG. Efficient production of ε-poly-l-lysine from glucose by two-stage fermentation using pH shock strategy. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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