Purification and Characterization of a Thrombolytic Enzyme Produced by a New Strain of Bacillus subtil

Biochemical characterization of immobilized recombinant subtilisin and synthesis and functional characterization of recombinant subtilisin capped silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles

This pioneering research explores the transformative potential of recombinant subtilisin, emphasizing its strategic immobilization and nanoparticle synthesis to elevate both stability and therapeutic efficacy. Achieving an impressive 95.25 % immobilization yield with 3 % alginate composed of sodium along with 0.2 M CaCl2 indicates heightened pH levels and thermal resistance, with optimal action around pH 10 as well as 80 °C temperature. Notably, the Ca-alginate-immobilized subtilisin exhibits exceptional storage longevity and recyclability, affirming its practical viability. Comprehensive analyses of the recombinant subtilisin under diverse conditions underscore its adaptability, reflected in kinetic enhancements with increased Vmax (10.7 ± 15 × 103 U/mg) and decreased Km (0.19 ± 0.3 mM) values post-immobilization using N-Suc-F-A-A-F-pNA. UV-visible spectroscopy confirms the successful capping of nanoparticles made of Ag and ZnO by recombinant subtilisin, imparting profound antibacterial efficacy against diverse organisms and compelling antioxidant properties. Cytotoxicity was detected against the MCF-7 breast cancer line of cells, exhibiting IC50 concentrations at 8.87 as well as 14.52 µg/mL of AgNP as well as ZnONP, correspondingly, indicating promising anticancer potential. Rigorous characterization, including FTIR, SEM-EDS, TGA and AFM robustly validate the properties of the capped nanoparticles. Beyond therapeutic implications, the investigation explores industrial applications, revealing the versatility of recombinant subtilisin in dehairing, blood clot dissolution, biosurfactant activity, and blood stain removal. In summary, this research unfolds the exceptional promise of recombinant subtilisin and its nanoparticles, presenting compelling opportunities for diverse therapeutic applications in medicine. These findings contribute substantively to biotechnology and healthcare and stimulate avenues for further innovation and exploration.

Maggot Kinase and Natural Thrombolytic Proteins

Thrombolytic enzymes constitute a class of proteases with antithrombotic functions. Derived from natural products and abundant in nature, certain thrombolytic enzymes, such as urokinase, earthworm kinase, and streptokinase, have been widely used in the clinical treatment of vascular embolic diseases. Fly maggots, characterized by their easy growth and low cost, are a traditional Chinese medicine recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica. These maggots can also be used as raw material for the extraction and preparation of thrombolytic enzymes (maggot kinase). In this review, we assembled global research reports on natural thrombolytic enzymes through a literature search and reviewed the functions and structures of natural thrombolytic enzymes to provide a reference for natural thrombophilic drug screening and development.

Partial Purification and Biochemical Evaluation of Protease Fraction (MA-1) from Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii and Its Fibrinolytic Effect

The antioxidative proteolytic fraction, MA-1, was partially purified from Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii. MA-1 was purified to homogeneity using a two-step procedure, which resulted in an 89-fold increase in specific activity and 42.5% recovery. SDS-PAGE revealed two proteins with a molecular weight of 48 kDa. The zymography results revealed proteolytic activity based on the MA-1 band. MA-1 was found to be stable in the presence of Na+, Ca2+, Fe3+, K+, and Mg2+. MA-1 was also stable in methanol, ethanol, and acetone, and its enzyme activity increased by 15% in SDS. MA-1 was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid or ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid and exerted the highest specificity for the substrate, MeO-Suc-Arg-Pro-Tyr-pNA, for chymotrypsin. Accordingly, MA-1 belongs to the family of chymotrypsin-like metalloproteins. The optimum temperature was 40 °C and stability was stable in the range of 20 to 35 °C. The optimum pH and stability were pH 5.5 and pH 4-11. MA-1 exhibited stronger fibrinolytic activity than plasmin. MA-1 hydrolyzed the Aα, Bβ, and γ chains of fibrinogen within 2 h. MA-1 exhibited an antithrombotic effect in animal models. MA-1 was devoid of hemorrhagic activity at a dose of 80,000 U/kg. Overall, our results show that M. aitchisonii produces an acid-tolerant and antioxidative chymotrypsin-like fibrinolytic enzyme, and M. aitchisonii containing MA-1 could be a beneficial functional material for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and possible complications.

Microbial Fibrinolytic Enzymes as Anti-Thrombotics: Production, Characterisation and Prodigious Biopharmaceutical Applications

Cardiac disorders such as acute myocardial infarction, embolism and stroke are primarily attributed to excessive fibrin accumulation in the blood vessels, usually consequential in thrombosis. Numerous methodologies including the use of anti-coagulants, anti-platelet drugs, surgical operations and fibrinolytic enzymes are employed for the dissolution of fibrin clots and hence ameliorate thrombosis. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes have attracted much more attention in the management of cardiovascular disorders than typical anti-thrombotic strategies because of the undesirable after-effects and high expense of the latter. Fibrinolytic enzymes such as plasminogen activators and plasmin-like proteins hydrolyse thrombi with high efficacy with no significant after-effects and can be cost effectively produced on a large scale with a short generation time. However, the hunt for novel fibrinolytic enzymes necessitates complex purification stages, physiochemical and structural-functional attributes, which provide an insight into their mechanism of action. Besides, strain improvement and molecular technologies such as cloning, overexpression and the construction of genetically modified strains for the enhanced production of fibrinolytic enzymes significantly improve their thrombolytic potential. In addition, the unconventional applicability of some fibrinolytic enzymes paves their way for protein hydrolysis in addition to fibrin/thrombi, blood pressure regulation, anti-microbials, detergent additives for blood stain removal, preventing dental caries, anti-inflammatory and mucolytic expectorant agents. Therefore, this review article encompasses the production, biochemical/structure-function properties, thrombolytic potential and other surplus applications of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes.