Methylglyoxal-Scavenging Enzyme Activities Trigger Erythroascorbate Peroxidase and Cytochrome c Peroxidase in Glutathione-Depleted Candida albicans

Role of methylglyoxal and redox homeostasis in microbe-mediated stress mitigation in plants

One of the general consequences of stress in plants is the accumulation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and carbonyl species (like methylglyoxal) to levels that are detrimental for plant growth. These reactive species are inherently produced in all organisms and serve different physiological functions but their excessive accumulation results in cellular toxicity. It is, therefore, essential to restore equilibrium between their synthesis and breakdown to ensure normal cellular functioning. Detoxification mechanisms that scavenge these reactive species are considered important for stress mitigation as they maintain redox balance by restricting the levels of ROS, methylglyoxal and other reactive species in the cellular milieu. Stress tolerance imparted to plants by root-associated microbes involves a multitude of mechanisms, including maintenance of redox homeostasis. By improving the overall antioxidant response in plants, microbes can strengthen defense pathways and hence, the adaptive abilities of plants to sustain growth under stress. Hence, through this review we wish to highlight the contribution of root microbiota in modulating the levels of reactive species and thereby, maintaining redox homeostasis in plants as one of the important mechanisms of stress alleviation. Further, we also examine the microbial mechanisms of resistance to oxidative stress and their role in combating plant stress.

Redox dyshomeostasis strategy for tumor therapy based on nanomaterials chemistry

Redox homeostasis, as an innate cellular defense mechanism, not only contributes to malignant transformation and metastasis of tumors, but also seriously restricts reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated tumor therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Therefore, the development of the redox dyshomeostasis (RDH) strategy based on nanomaterials chemistry is of great significance for developing highly efficient tumor therapy. This review will firstly introduce the basic definition and function of cellular redox homeostasis and RDH. Subsequently, the current representative progress of the nanomaterial-based RDH strategy for tumor therapy is evaluated, summarized and discussed. This strategy can be categorized into three groups: (1) regulation of oxidizing species; (2) regulation of reducing species and (3) regulation of both of them. Furthermore, the current limitations and potential future directions for this field will be briefly discussed. We expect that this review could attract positive attention in the chemistry, materials science, and biomedicine fields and further promote their interdisciplinary integration.

This review summarizes the current progress of the redox dyshomeostasis (RDH) strategy for tumor therapy. This strategy makes tumor cells more sensitive to current therapy patterns through using nanomaterials to disrupt redox homeostasis.