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Lu Y, Liu D, Jiang R, Li Z, Gao X. Prodigiosin: unveiling the crimson wonder - a comprehensive journey from diverse bioactivity to synthesis and yield enhancement. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1412776. [PMID: 38903802 PMCID: PMC11188435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1412776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin (PG) is a red tripyrrole pigment from the prodiginine family that has attracted widespread attention due to its excellent biological activities, including anticancer, antibacterial and anti-algal activities. The synthesis and production of PG is of particular significance, as it has the potential to be utilized in a number of applications, including those pertaining to clinical drug development, food safety, and environmental management. This paper provides a systematic review of recent research on PG, covering aspects like chemical structure, bioactivity, biosynthesis, gene composition and regulation, and optimization of production conditions, with a particular focus on the biosynthesis and regulation of PG in Serratia marcescens. This provides a solid theoretical basis for the drug development and production of PG, and is expected to promote the further development of PG in medicine and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Lu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Derun Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Renhui Jiang
- Jinan Vocational College of Nursing, Jinan, China
| | - Ziyun Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xueyan Gao
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Mukhia S, Kumar A, Kumar R. Red bioactive pigment from Himalayan Janthinobacterium sp. ERMR3:09: optimization, characterization, and potential applications. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:44. [PMID: 38151568 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Prodigiosin is a red pigment commonly produced as a secondary metabolite by Serratia marcescens. It exhibits inherent bioactivities, including antimicrobial and anticancer, with low to no toxic effects on normal cells. The present study investigates a bioactive prodigiosin production from an atypical, red-pigmented, potentially novel Janthinobacterium sp. ERMR3:09 isolated from a glacial moraine. Statistically optimized culture parameters, i.e., w/v 1.0% glucose and 0.08% peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature 20 °C, and media pH 7, resulted in a four-fold increase in the pigment yield. The upscaled production in an 8 L volume resulted in higher pigment production within a shorter period of 48 h. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis validated the identity of the purified pigment as prodigiosin that showed thermostability at 75 °C for 3 h. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity showed potent inhibitory effects (> 50%) against the opportunistic pathogenic fungal and Gram-positive bacterial strains. The pigment showed significant cytotoxicity (p < 0.05) towards A549 and HeLa cell lines with IC50 values of 42.2 μM and 36.11 μM, respectively. The study demonstrated that microbial communities from extreme niches can be ideal sources of bioactive pigments with immense pharmaceutical potential vital for the development of non-synthetic therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Mukhia
- High Altitude Microbiology Laboratory (HAM-LAB), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- High Altitude Microbiology Laboratory (HAM-LAB), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- High Altitude Microbiology Laboratory (HAM-LAB), Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 06, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Kim HJ, Lee MS, Jeong SK, Lee SJ. Transcriptomic analysis of the antimicrobial activity of prodigiosin against Cutibacterium acnes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17412. [PMID: 37833344 PMCID: PMC10576067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin, a red pigment produced by Hahella chejuensis, a marine-derived microorganism, has several biological functions, including antimicrobial activity and inflammatory relief. In this study, the antibacterial activity of prodigiosin against skin microorganisms was explored. Paper disc assay on skin bacterial cells revealed that Cutibacterium acnes related to acne vulgaris highly susceptible to prodigiosin. MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration) were determined on Cutibacterium species. The RNA-seq analysis of prodigiosin-treated C. acnes cells was performed to understand the antibacterial mechanism of prodigiosin. Among changes in the expression of hundreds of genes, the expression of a stress-responsive sigma factor encoded by sigB increased. Conversely, the gene expression of cell wall biosynthesis and energy metabolism was inhibited by prodigiosin. Specifically, the expression of genes related to the metabolism of porphyrin, a pro-inflammatory metabolite, was significantly reduced. Therefore, prodigiosin could be used to control C. acnes. Our study provided new insights into the antimicrobial mechanism of prodigiosin against C. acnes strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Kim
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, and Institute of Microbiomics, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Kyoo Jeong
- Research Division, Incospharm Corp., Daejeon, 34036, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, and Institute of Microbiomics, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Fisher JF, Mobashery S. β-Lactams from the Ocean. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:86. [PMID: 36827127 PMCID: PMC9963991 DOI: 10.3390/md21020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The title of this essay is as much a question as it is a statement. The discovery of the β-lactam antibiotics-including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems-as largely (if not exclusively) secondary metabolites of terrestrial fungi and bacteria, transformed modern medicine. The antibiotic β-lactams inactivate essential enzymes of bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis. Moreover, the ability of the β-lactams to function as enzyme inhibitors is of such great medical value, that inhibitors of the enzymes which degrade hydrolytically the β-lactams, the β-lactamases, have equal value. Given this privileged status for the β-lactam ring, it is therefore a disappointment that the exemplification of this ring in marine secondary metabolites is sparse. It may be that biologically active marine β-lactams are there, and simply have yet to be encountered. In this report, we posit a second explanation: that the value of the β-lactam to secure an ecological advantage in the marine environment might be compromised by its close structural similarity to the β-lactones of quorum sensing. The steric and reactivity similarities between the β-lactams and the β-lactones represent an outside-of-the-box opportunity for correlating new structures and new enzyme targets for the discovery of compelling biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 354 McCourtney Hall, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-5670, USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 354 McCourtney Hall, University of Note Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656-5670, USA
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Asitok A, Ekpenyong M, Ben U, Antigha R, Ogarekpe N, Rao A, Akpan A, Benson N, Essien J, Antai S. Stochastic modeling and meta-heuristic multivariate optimization of bioprocess conditions for co-valorization of feather and waste frying oil toward prodigiosin production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36269079 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2134891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Serratia marcescens strain UCCM 00009 produced a mixture of gelatinase and keratinase to facilitate feather degradation but concomitant production of prodigiosin could make waste feather valorization biotechnologically more attractive. This article describes prodigiosin fermentation through co-valorization of waste feather and waste frying peanut oil by S. marcescens UCCM 00009 for anticancer, antioxidant, and esthetic applications. The stochastic conditions for waste feather degradation (WFD), modeled by multi-objective particle swarm-embedded-neural network optimization (ANN-PSO), revealed a gelatinase/keratinase ratio of 1.71 for optimal prodigiosin production and WFD. Luedeking-Piret kinetics revealed a non-exclusive, non-growth-associated prodigiosin yield of 9.66 g/L from the degradation of 88.55% waste feather within 96 h. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000/Na+ citrate aqueous two-phase system-purified serratiopeptidase demonstrated gelatinolytic and keratinolytic activities that were stable for 240 h at 55 °C and pH 9.0. In vitro evaluations revealed that the prodigiosin inhibited methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at IC50 of 4.95 µg/mL, the plant-pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, at IC50 of 2.58 µg/mL, breast carcinoma at IC50 of 0.60 µg/mL and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free-radical at IC50 of 96.63 µg/mL). The pigment also demonstrated commendable textile dyeing potential of fiber and cotton fabrics. The technology promises cost-effective prodigiosin development through sustainable waste feather-waste frying oil co-management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atim Asitok
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.,University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Maurice Ekpenyong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.,University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ubong Ben
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Richard Antigha
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nkpa Ogarekpe
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Anitha Rao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.,University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Akpan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nsikak Benson
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Essien
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Sylvester Antai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.,University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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Islan GA, Rodenak-Kladniew B, Noacco N, Duran N, Castro GR. Prodigiosin: a promising biomolecule with many potential biomedical applications. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14227-14258. [PMID: 35734783 PMCID: PMC9342244 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2084498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigments are among the most fascinating molecules found in nature and used by human civilizations since the prehistoric ages. Although most of the bio-dyes reported in the literature were discovered around the eighties, the necessity to explore novel compounds for new biological applications has made them resurface as potential alternatives. Prodigiosin (PG) is an alkaloid red bio-dye produced by diverse microorganisms and composed of a linear tripyrrole chemical structure. PG emerges as a really interesting tool since it shows a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, algicidal, anti-Chagas, anti-amoebic, antimalarial, anticancer, antiparasitic, antiviral, and/or immunosuppressive. However, PG vehiculation into different delivery systems has been proposed since possesses low bioavailability because of its high hydrophobic character (XLogP3-AA = 4.5). In the present review, the general aspects of the PG correlated with synthesis, production process, and biological activities are reported. Besides, some of the most relevant PG delivery systems described in the literature, as well as novel unexplored applications to potentiate its biological activity in biomedical applications, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- German A Islan
- Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) -CONICET (CCT La Plata)Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, Centro de Investigación y , La Plata, Argentina
| | - Boris Rodenak-Kladniew
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET-UNLP, CCT-La Plata, La Plata, Pcia de Bueos aires, Argentina
| | - Nehuen Noacco
- Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) -CONICET (CCT La Plata)Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, Centro de Investigación y , La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nelson Duran
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Biological Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Federal University of Abc (Ufabc), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Biological Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,. Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG). Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios (CEI), Universidad Nacional de RosarioMax Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC), Rosario, Argentina
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He S, Li P, Wang J, Zhang Y, Lu H, Shi L, Huang T, Zhang W, Ding L, He S, Liu L. Discovery of New Secondary Metabolites from Marine Bacteria Hahella Based on an Omics Strategy. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:269. [PMID: 35447942 PMCID: PMC9030710 DOI: 10.3390/md20040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hahella is one characteristic genus under the Hahellaceae family and shows a good potential for synthesizing new natural products. In this study, we examined the distribution of the secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene cluster (SMBGC) under Hahella with anti-SMASH. The results derived from five genomes released 70 SMBGCs. On average, each strain contains 12 gene clusters, and the most abundant ones (45.7%) are from the family of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase hybrid with polyketide synthase (NRPS/PKS), indicating a great potential to find bioactive compounds. The comparison of SMBGC between H. chejuensis and other species showed that H. chejuensis contained two times more gene clusters than H. ganghwensis. One strain, designed as NBU794, was isolated from the mangrove soil of Dongzhai Port in Haikou (China) by iChip. The 16S rRNA gene of NBU794 exhibited 99% identity to H. chejuensis KCTC 2396 and clustered with the H. chejuensis clade on the phylogenetic trees. Genome mining on strain NBU794 released 17 SMBGCs and two groups of bioactive compounds, which are chejuenolide A-C and nine prodiginines derivatives. The prodiginines derivatives include the well-known lead compound prodigiosin and two new compounds, 2-methyl-3-pentyl-4-O-methyl-prodiginine and 2-methyl-3-octyl-prodiginine, which were identified through fragmentation analysis based on LC-MS/MS. The anti-microbial activity assay showed prodigiosin and 2-methyl-3-heptyl-prodiginine exhibited the best performance in inhibiting Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi B, MASA Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans. Moreover, the yield of prodigiosin in H. chejuensis NBU794 was also evaluated, which could reach 1.40 g/L under the non-optimized condition and increase to 5.83 g/L in the modified ISP4 medium with macroporous adsorption beads added, indicating that NBU794 is a promising source of prodigiosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen He
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (S.H.); (P.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (L.S.); (W.Z.); (L.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Peishan Li
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (S.H.); (P.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (L.S.); (W.Z.); (L.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (S.H.); (P.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (L.S.); (W.Z.); (L.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Yanzhu Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (S.H.); (P.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (L.S.); (W.Z.); (L.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Hongmei Lu
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (S.H.); (P.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (L.S.); (W.Z.); (L.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Liufei Shi
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (S.H.); (P.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (L.S.); (W.Z.); (L.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Weiyan Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (S.H.); (P.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (L.S.); (W.Z.); (L.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Lijian Ding
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (S.H.); (P.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (L.S.); (W.Z.); (L.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Shan He
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (S.H.); (P.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (L.S.); (W.Z.); (L.D.); (S.H.)
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China; (S.H.); (P.L.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (L.S.); (W.Z.); (L.D.); (S.H.)
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