The Probiotic Effects of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 28-7 Strain Isolated from Nuruk in a DSS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model

SNPs in microRNA seed region and impact of miR-375 in concurrent regulation of multiple lipid accumulation-related genes

Bovine intramuscular fat (IMF), commonly referred to as marbling, is regulated by lipid metabolism, which includes adipogenesis, lipogenesis, glycerolipid synthesis, and lipolysis. In recent years, breeding researchers have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as useful marker-assisted selection tools for improving marbling scores in national breeding programs. These included causal SNPs that induce phenotypic variation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules that bind to multiple non-coding regions. They are involved in post-transcriptional regulation. Multiple miRNAs may regulate a given target. Previously, three SNPs in the GPAM 3' UTR and four miRNAs were identified through in silico assays. The aim of this study is to verify the binding ability of the four miRNAs to the SNPs within the 3'UTR of GPAM, and to identify the regulatory function of miR-375 in the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in mammalian adipocytes. It was verified that the four miRNAs bind to the GPAM 3'UTR, and identified that the miR-375 sequence is highly conserved. Furthermore, it was founded that miR-375 upregulated the GPAM gene, C/EBPα, PPARγ and lipid metabolism-related genes and promoted lipid droplet accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that miR-375 is a multifunctional regulator of multiple lipid metabolism-related genes and may aid in obesity research as a biomarker.

Ctp1 and Yhm2: Two Mitochondrial Citrate Transporters to Support Metabolic Flexibility of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Differently from higher eukaryotic cells, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae there are two mitochondrial carrier proteins involved in the transport of citrate: Ctp1 and Yhm2. Very little is known about the physiological role of these proteins. Wild-type and mutant yeast strains deleted in CTP1 and YHM2 were grown in media supplemented with a fermentable (glucose) or a nonfermentable (ethanol) carbon source. To assess changes in Ctp1 and Yhm2 mRNA expression levels, real-time PCR was performed after total RNA extraction. In the wild-type strain, the metabolic switch from the exponential to the stationary phase is associated with an increase in the expression level of the two citrate transporters. In addition, the results obtained in the mutant strains suggest that the presence of a single citrate transporter can partially compensate for the absence of the other. Ctp1 and Yhm2 differently contribute to fermentative and respiratory metabolism. Moreover, the two mitochondrial carriers represent a link between the Krebs cycle and the glyoxylate cycle, which play a key role in the metabolic adaptation strategies of S. cerevisiae.

The Networked Interaction between Probiotics and Intestine in Health and Disease: A Promising Success Story

Probiotics are known to promote human health either precautionary in healthy individuals or therapeutically in patients suffering from certain ailments. Although this knowledge was empirical in past tomes, modern science has already verified it and expanded it to new limits. These microorganisms can be found in nature in various foods such as dairy products or in supplements formulated for clinical or preventive use. The current review examines the different mechanisms of action of the probiotic strains and how they interact with the organism of the host. Emphasis is put on the clinical therapeutic use of these beneficial microorganisms in various clinical conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and particularly any malfunction and inflammation of the intestines seriously compromise the health of the whole organism. The interaction between the probiotic strains and the host's microbiota can alleviate the clinical signs and symptoms while in some cases, in due course, it can intervene in the underlying pathology. Various safety issues of the use of probiotics are also discussed.

Yeasts originating from fermented foods, their potential as probiotics and therapeutic implication for human health and disease

Yeasts derived from fermented foods have historically been known for their organoleptic properties, enriching nutritional values, and producing bioactive metabolites with therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the yeast flora in fermented foods, their functional aspects in fermentation, as well as their probiotic and biotherapeutic properties. These yeasts have numerous physical and biochemical characteristics, such as larger cells as compared to bacteria, a rigid cell wall composed primarily of glucans and mannans, natural resistance to antibiotics, and the secretion of secondary metabolites that are both pleasing to the consumer and beneficial to the host's health and well-being. The review also focused on therapeutic applications of probiotic yeasts derived from fermented foods on infections associated with Candida species. These potential probiotic yeasts present an additional avenue to treat dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and prevent health complications that arise from opportunistic fungal colonization, especially drug-resistant superbugs, which are highlighted in this review.

Milmed Yeast Alters the LPS-Induced M1 Microglia Cells to Form M2 Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype

Microglial cells polarized towards a proinflammatory phenotype are considered the main cellular players of neuroinflammation, underlying several neurodegenerative diseases. Many studies have suggested that imbalance of the gut microbial composition is associated with an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress that underlie chronic neuroinflammatory diseases, and perturbations to the gut microbiota were detected in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The importance of gut-brain axis has been uncovered and the relevance of an appropriate microbiota balance has been highlighted. Probiotic treatment, rebalancing the gut microbioma, may reduce inflammation. We show that Milmed yeast, obtained from S. cerevisiae after exposure to electromagnetic millimeter wavelengths, induces a reversal of LPS-M1 polarized microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as demonstrated morphologically by the recovery of resting phenotype by microglia, by the decrease in the mRNAs of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and in the expression of iNOS. Moreover, Milmed stimulated the secretion of IL-10 and the expression of Arginase-1, cell markers of M2 anti-inflammatory polarized cells. The present findings data suggest that Milmed may be considered to be a probiotic with diversified anti-inflammatory activity, capable of directing the polarization of microglial cells.