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Wang G, Kong Q, Wang D, Asmi F. Ethical and social insights into synthetic biology: predicting research fronts in the post-COVID-19 era. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1085797. [PMID: 37274167 PMCID: PMC10235617 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1085797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a revolutionary biological science and technology, synthetic biology has already spread its influence from natural sciences to humanities and social sciences by introducing biosafety, biosecurity, and ethical issues to society. The current study aims to elaborate the intellectual bases and research front of the synthetic biology field in the sphere of philosophy, ethics, and social sciences, with knowledge mapping and bibliometric methods. The literature records from the Social Sciences Citation Index and Arts & Humanities Citation Index in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1982 to 2021 were collected and analyzed to illustrate the intellectual structure of philosophical, ethical, and social research of synthetic biology. This study profiled the hotspots of research focus on its governance, philosophical and ethical concerns, and relevant technologies. This study offers clues and enlightenment for the stakeholders and researchers to follow the progress of this emerging discipline and technology and to understand the cutting-edge ideas and future form of this field, which takes on greater significance in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dong Wang
- *Correspondence: Dong Wang, ; Fahad Asmi,
| | - Fahad Asmi
- *Correspondence: Dong Wang, ; Fahad Asmi,
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Tanguay L, Herzog LM, Audet R, Beisner BE, Martin R, Pahl‐Wostl C. Opportunities for and barriers to anticipatory governance of two lake social–ecological systems in Germany and Canada. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Tanguay
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie (GRIL) and Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Laura M. Herzog
- Institute of Geography, Research Centre Institute of Environmental Systems Research Osnabrück University Osnabrück Germany
| | - René Audet
- Chaire de Recherche sur la Transition Écologique and Département de Stratégie, Responsabilité Sociale et Environnementale Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Beatrix E. Beisner
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie (GRIL) and Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Romina Martin
- Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Claudia Pahl‐Wostl
- Institute of Geography, Research Centre Institute of Environmental Systems Research Osnabrück University Osnabrück Germany
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Exploring presentations of sustainability by US synthetic biology companies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257327. [PMID: 34534242 PMCID: PMC8448365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of synthetic biology is increasingly being positioned as a key driver of a more sustainable, bio-based economy, and has seen rapid industry growth over the past 15 years. In this paper we undertake an exploratory investigation of the relationship between sustainability and synthetic biology, identifying and analyzing sustainability-related language on the public websites of 24, US-based synthetic biology companies. We observe that sustainability is a visible part of the self-presentation of the nascent synthetic biology industry, explicitly mentioned by 18 of the 24 companies. The dominant framing of sustainability on these company websites emphasizes environmental gains and "free-market" approaches to sustainability, with little explicit mention of social dimensions of sustainability such as access, justice or intergenerational equity. Furthermore, the model of sustainability presented focuses on incremental transition towards environmental sustainability through direct substitution of products and processes using bioengineered alternatives (n = 16 companies), with no change in societal consumption or policy frameworks required in order to see sustainability gains. One-third of the companies analyzed (n = 8) mention "nature" on their websites, variously framing it as a resource to be managed or as a source of inspiration; whether the latter signals a potentially more complex relationship with nature than advanced free-market models of sustainability remains to be seen. As the synthetic biology industry begins to grow in size and visibility, we suggest this is an opportune time for the community to engage in explicit deliberation about its approach to sustainability.
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Swiney L. Intuitive biology, moral reasoning, and engineering life: Essentialist thinking and moral purity concerns shape risk assessments of synthetic biology technologies. Cognition 2020; 201:104264. [PMID: 32442798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of synthetic biology heralds a new era in our relationship with nature, as organisms are engineered to meet human goals. But little attention has been paid to potential cognitive constraints on reasoning about such technologies. Across four studies with American adults (N = 649), the present research investigates the proposal that essentialist reasoning and moral purity concerns conspire to shape risk assessments of engineered organisms. Moral purity concerns but not moral harm concerns predict moral wrongness judgments of adding a foreign gene to a plant (Studies 1, 2 & 4), as well as assessments of risk (Studies 1 and 2), and risk of harm from eating (Study 4). Adding a gene from a taxonomically distant organism is considered more morally wrong (Studies 2, 3 and 4), more risky (Studies 2 & 3), and more risky to eat (Study 4), than adding either a gene from a similar organism or a new-to-nature gene. Assessments of the risk of gene spread follow a different pattern, with the new-to-nature gene considered safest (Study 4). The findings support the proposal that gene change is reasoned about as essence change that threatens notions of moral purity, with direct implications for certain types of risk perceptions (eating), but not others (gene spread). The findings elucidate cognitive constraints on risk perceptions of synthetic biology, shed fresh light on essentialist and moral reasoning in a novel biological context, and demonstrate the need to differentiate between both risk context and risk type in cognitive accounts of risk perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Swiney
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK.
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Ribeiro B, Shapira P. Private and public values of innovation: A patent analysis of synthetic biology. RESEARCH POLICY 2020; 49:103875. [PMID: 32015589 PMCID: PMC6936930 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2019.103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patent documents are a signalling mechanism about innovation values. Extant patent valuation literature tends to overlook the public value of innovation. Both private and public value propositions are found in patent documents. Public value propositions are less frequent but more diverse. Analysing private and public values in patents offers innovation policy insights.
Emerging science and technology fields are increasingly expected to provide solutions to societal grand challenges. The promise of such solutions frequently underwrites claims for the public funding of research. In parallel, universities, public research organizations and, in particular, private enterprises draw on such research to actively secure property rights over potential applications through patenting. Patents represent a claim to garner financial returns from the novel outcomes of science and technology. This is justified by the potential social value promised by patents as they encourage information sharing, further R&D investment, and the useful application of new knowledge. Indeed, the value of patents has generated longstanding academic interest in innovation studies with many scholars investigating its determinants based on econometric models. Yet, this research has largely focused on evaluating factors that influence the market value of patents and the gains from exclusivity rights granted to inventions, which reflect the private value of a patent. However, the patent system is a socially shaped enterprise where private and public concerns intersect. Despite the notion of the social utility of inventions as a patenting condition, and evidence of disconnection between societal needs and the goals of private actors, less attention has been paid to other interpretations of patent value. This paper investigates the various articulations of value delineated by patents in an emerging science and technology domain. As a pilot study, we analyse patents in synthetic biology, contributing a new analytical framework and classification of private and public values at the intersections of science, economy, and society. After considering the legal, business, social and political dimensions of patenting, we undertake a qualitative and systematic examination of patent content in synthetic biology. Our analysis probes the private and public value propositions that are framed in these patents in terms of the potential private and public benefits of research and innovation. Based on this framework, we shed light on questions of what values are being nurtured in inventions in synthetic biology and discuss how attention to public as well as private values opens up promising avenues of research in science, technology and innovation policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ribeiro
- Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Shapira
- Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), University of Manchester, United Kingdom.,School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
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Trump BD, Cegan J, Wells E, Poinsatte-Jones K, Rycroft T, Warner C, Martin D, Perkins E, Wood MD, Linkov I. Co-evolution of physical and social sciences in synthetic biology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:351-365. [PMID: 30727764 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1566203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging technologies research often covers various perspectives in disciplines and research areas ranging from hard sciences, engineering, policymaking, and sociology. However, the interrelationship between these different disciplinary domains, particularly the physical and social sciences, often occurs many years after a technology has matured and moved towards commercialization. Synthetic biology may serve an exception to this idea, where, since 2000, the physical and the social sciences communities have increasingly framed their research in response to various perspectives in biological engineering, risk assessment needs, governance challenges, and the social implications that the technology may incur. This paper reviews a broad collection of synthetic biology literature from 2000-2016, and demonstrates how the co-development of physical and social science communities has grown throughout synthetic biology's earliest stages of development. Further, this paper indicates that future co-development of synthetic biology scholarship will assist with significant challenges of the technology's risk assessment, governance, and public engagement needs, where an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to foster sustainable, risk-informed, and societally beneficial technological advances moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Trump
- a Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , US Army Corps of Engineers, Oak Ridge , TN , USA.,b US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg , MS , USA
| | - Jeffrey Cegan
- c SOL Engineering Services, LLC , Vicksburg , MS , USA
| | - Emily Wells
- c SOL Engineering Services, LLC , Vicksburg , MS , USA
| | | | - Taylor Rycroft
- b US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg , MS , USA
| | - Christopher Warner
- b US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg , MS , USA
| | - David Martin
- b US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg , MS , USA
| | - Edward Perkins
- b US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg , MS , USA
| | - Matthew D Wood
- b US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg , MS , USA
| | - Igor Linkov
- b US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg , MS , USA
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Ribeiro B, Shapira P. Anticipating governance challenges in synthetic biology: Insights from biosynthetic menthol. TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE 2019; 139:311-320. [PMID: 30774160 PMCID: PMC6360377 DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper advances an anticipatory governance framework to investigate and prepare for the potential implications of an emerging technology. Within the growing domain of synthetic biology, we draw on an end-to-end assessment of biosynthetic menthol that incorporates consideration of multiple dimensions of production and use. Based on documentary analysis, available data, and interviews, our approach unfolds in three steps. First, we map the sociotechnical transition in menthol production, comparing existing agricultural and chemical production methods with new biosynthetic processes - or what we call the biological (bio) turn. Second, we explore the rationales, promises and expectations of menthol's bio-turn and explore the drivers of transition so as to clarify which goals and values innovation is addressing. Third, we reflect on the opportunities and challenges of such a transition to put forward an agenda for responsible innovation and anticipatory governance. The bio-turn in menthol is analysed through five responsible innovation dimensions: the potential distribution of benefits and burdens; social resilience; environmental sustainability; infrastructure and business models; and public perception and public interest. We consider the implications of our analysis both for the responsible development and application of synthetic biology for menthol and for the broader assessment and sociotechnical construction of emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ribeiro
- Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Shapira
- Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester Synthetic Biology Research Centre for Fine and Speciality Chemicals, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0345, United States of America
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Kaebnick GE, Gusmano MK. Making Policies about Emerging Technologies. Hastings Cent Rep 2018; 48 Suppl 1:S2-S11. [DOI: 10.1002/hast.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Trump BD. Synthetic biology regulation and governance: Lessons from TAPIC for the United States, European Union, and Singapore. Health Policy 2017; 121:1139-1146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Societal impact of synthetic biology: responsible research and innovation (RRI). Essays Biochem 2017; 60:371-379. [PMID: 27903824 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is an emerging field at the interface between biology and engineering, which has generated many expectations for beneficial biomedical and biotechnological applications. At the same time, however, it has also raised concerns about risks or the aim of producing new forms of living organisms. Researchers from different disciplines as well as policymakers and the general public have expressed the need for a form of technology assessment that not only deals with technical aspects, but also includes societal and ethical issues. A recent and very influential model of technology assessment that tries to implement these aims is known as RRI (Responsible Research and Innovation). In this paper, we introduce this model and its historical precursor strategies. Based on the societal and ethical issues which are presented in the current literature, we discuss challenges and opportunities of applying the RRI model for the assessment of synthetic biology.
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Synthetic Biology between Self-Regulation and Public Discourse: Ethical Issues and the Many Roles of the Ethicist. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2017; 26:246-256. [PMID: 28361722 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180116000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the roles of ethicists in the governance of synthetic biology. I am particularly concerned with the idea of self-regulation of bioscience and its relationship to public discourse about ethical issues in bioscience. I will look at the role of philosophical ethicists at different levels and loci, from the "embedded ethicist" in the laboratory or research project, to ethicists' impact on policy and public discourse. In a democratic society, the development of governance frameworks for emerging technologies, such as synthetic biology, needs to be guided by a well-informed public discourse. In the case of synthetic biology, the public discourse has to go further than merely considering technical issues of biosafety and biosecurity, or risk management, to consider more philosophical issues concerning the meaning and value of "life" between the natural and the synthetic. I argue that ethicists have moral expertise to bring to the public arena, which consists not only in guiding the debate but also in evaluating arguments and moral positions and making normative judgments. When ethicists make normative claims or moral judgments, they must be transparent about their theoretical positions and basic moral standpoints.
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