Study on Synthesis and Characterization of a Fluorescence Probe and its Application for Determination of Superoxide Anion Radical

Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.

A molecularly imprinted sensor based on an electrochemiluminescent membrane for ultratrace doxycycline determination

A new electrochemical luminescence sensor was developed based on a molecularly imprinted membrane prepared by electropolymerization of pyrogallol doped with alizarin red. The ECL signal was produced by the oxidation of the polypyrogallol polymer, which was then reacted with alizarin red, and enhanced by doxycycline molecules due to energy transfer.