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Albayrak H, Ayata M, Demirel B. Recycling selective laser melting alloy powder on cobalt chromium-to-ceramic bond strength. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:786.e1-786.e7. [PMID: 37718178 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Reusing the powder in selective laser melting machines after multiple cycles is a cost-effective procedure for dental laboratories. However, information on the metal-ceramic bond strength of the framework fabricated by using recycled powder is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate how the bonding agent and repeated alloy powder reuse affected the metal-ceramic bond strength of cobalt chromium frameworks fabricated by using selective laser melting. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four square and 40-bar-shaped cobalt chromium frameworks were fabricated by selective laser melting. Half were produced by using virgin alloy powder (Group V; nsquare=2, nbar=20), and half with 30-times reused powder (Group R; nsquare=2, nbar=20). The particle size of each powder was measured by using scanning electron microscopy, and its phase composition was characterized by using radiograph diffraction. Each group was divided into 2 subgroups (Group W [Wash Opaque] and Group N [NP-Bond]) according to the brand of bonding agent used. After ceramic application, the metal-ceramic bond strengths were evaluated by using 3-point bend tests. The bonding agents' chemical composition was analyzed by using radiograph fluorescence. Bond strength data were analyzed by using a 2-way analysis of variance (α=.05). RESULTS Mean ±standard deviation bond strengths did not differ significantly (P>.05) between Groups V (31.25 ±4.65) and R (30.88 ±4.78). Group W (35.34 ±1.78) had significantly higher bond strength than Group N (26.80 ±1.74; P<.001). Radiograph diffraction analysis found that the phase composition of all powders was similar. The bonding agent in Group W contained cerium, whereas, that in Group N did not. CONCLUSIONS Metal-ceramic bond strength was unaffected by alloy powder reuse. However, the bonding agent brand may affect the bond strength of cobalt chromium frameworks fabricated by using selective laser melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydar Albayrak
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ayata
- Private practice, Dentos Oral and Dental Health Polyclinic, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Bilal Demirel
- Professor, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Cai H, Xu X, Lu X, Zhao M, Jia Q, Jiang HB, Kwon JS. Dental Materials Applied to 3D and 4D Printing Technologies: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2405. [PMID: 37242980 PMCID: PMC10224282 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies have matured, three-dimensional (3D) printing materials suitable for dentistry have attracted considerable research interest, owing to their high efficiency and low cost for clinical treatment. Three-dimensional printing technology, also known as additive manufacturing, has developed rapidly over the last forty years, with gradual application in various fields from industry to dental sciences. Four-dimensional (4D) printing, defined as the fabrication of complex spontaneous structures that change over time in response to external stimuli in expected ways, includes the increasingly popular bioprinting. Existing 3D printing materials have varied characteristics and scopes of application; therefore, categorization is required. This review aims to classify, summarize, and discuss dental materials for 3D printing and 4D printing from a clinical perspective. Based on these, this review describes four major materials, i.e., polymers, metals, ceramics, and biomaterials. The manufacturing process of 3D printing and 4D printing materials, their characteristics, applicable printing technologies, and clinical application scope are described in detail. Furthermore, the development of composite materials for 3D printing is the main focus of future research, as combining multiple materials can improve the materials' properties. Updates in material sciences play important roles in dentistry; hence, the emergence of newer materials are expected to promote further innovations in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongXin Cai
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China; (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Xinyue Lu
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China; (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Menghua Zhao
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China; (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Qi Jia
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China; (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Heng-Bo Jiang
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China; (X.X.); (X.L.); (M.Z.); (Q.J.)
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
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Effects of heat treatment on the microstructure, residual stress, and mechanical properties of Co-Cr alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:105051. [PMID: 34959095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties and residual stress of dental Co-Cr-Mo (CCM) alloy depend on the manufacturing and post-processing methods, which affect the prognosis of dental prostheses. Two CCM alloys manufactured by casting and selective laser melting (SLM) were compared, and the effect of heat treatment temperature for CCM alloys manufactured by SLM method was evaluated. Specimens were fabricated by casting (Cast Co-Cr) and SLM (SLM Co-Cr). SLM Co-Cr specimens were heat treated at 750, 950, and 1150 °C to compare their properties. Microstructures were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), and the residual stress was measured via x-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical properties were evaluated by a Vickers hardness test and a tensile test; fractography was performed after this. The SLM Co-Cr group exhibited a decrease in porosity, grain size, increase in solid solution limit, and high residual stress compared to Cast Co-Cr; the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness were also higher. The microstructures, residual stresses, and mechanical properties differed significantly depending on the heat treatment, and the strength and hardness showed a tendency inverse to that of the elongation. Type I residual stresses mostly decreased after 750 °C heat treatment, however type II and III residual stresses remained even after 1150 °C heat treatment. SLM presented superior mechanical properties to casting. Considering the reduction of tensile residual stress and increased ductility, CCM alloys should be heat treated at a temperature of 950 °C or higher.
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Revilla-León M, Gómez-Polo M, Park SH, Barmak BA, Özcan M. Adhesion of veneering porcelain to cobalt-chromium dental alloys processed with casting, milling, and additive manufacturing methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 128:575-588. [PMID: 34294418 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing (AM) technologies provide an alternative to conventional casting and milling procedures in fabricating metal-ceramic dental prostheses. However, the quality of porcelain bond strength to the SLM AM cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) metal framework of a dental restoration is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify in vitro studies that reported the porcelain bond strength to SLM AM Co-Cr dental metal alloys and compare the porcelain bond strength values to cast, milled, and additively manufactured Co-Cr dental alloys. MATERIAL AND METHODS An electronic systematic review was performed in different databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, World of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus. A manual search was also conducted. Studies that reported the porcelain bond strength to SLM Co-Cr metal alloys and in the English language were included. Two investigators evaluated the quality assessment of the studies by applying the JBI critical appraisal checklist for quasi-experimental studies (nonrandomized experimental studies). A third investigator was consulted to resolve lack of consensus. Two subgroups were created based on the test used, 3-point bend and shear bond strength tests. The porcelain bond strength of cast, milled, and AM Co-Cr dental alloys were compared. The I2 statistic and its associated P value were used to assess the heterogeneity between studies. The Eger test was used for determining significance of the funnel pots. RESULTS A total of 216 studies were collected from the electronic and manual searches. After independently evaluating the titles and abstracts by the reviewers, 26 articles were identified. Three of these were excluded after full-text revision. The porcelain bond strength comparison between the cast and AM alloys for the 3-point bend subgroup revealed a significant result for overall effect (P<.001) favoring the SLM method with considerable heterogeneity (I2=83%, P<.001). Furthermore, the porcelain bond strength comparison between cast and milled alloys for the shear bond strength subgroup revealed a significant test for overall effect (P=.04) favoring milled procedures with a nonsignificant unimportant heterogeneity (I2= 0%, P<.47) and for the 3-point bend subgroup (P<.001) favoring milled specimens with a significant considerable heterogeneity (I2=79%, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS The metal manufacturing method had no effect on the porcelain bond strength to Co-Cr dental metal alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Assistant Professor and Assistant Program Director AEGD Residency, Comprehensive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas; Affiliate Faculty Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Researcher at Revilla Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Gómez-Polo
- Associate Professor Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Basir A Barmak
- Assistant Professor Clinical Research and Biostatistics, Eastman Institute of Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N.Y
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Professor and Head, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Clinic for Reconstructive Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bae EJ, Kim HS, Lim JY. Evaluation of bond strength of porous cobalt-chromium metal and pressed ceramic fabricated by additive manufacturing. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 124:808.e1-808.e5. [PMID: 32893015 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM A high metal-ceramic bond strength is important for successful dental restorations. However, studies on the evaluation of the bond strength of porous metal-ceramic restorations compared with conventional ones are scarce. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the bond strength of a porous metal-ceramic structure with conventional metal-ceramic restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten porous specimens were fabricated by selective laser sintering (SLS) according to the International Organization for Standardization 9693-1:2012, 10 specimens without porosity by SLS, and 10 cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) cast specimens without porosity. The ceramic was applied with the pressing method. A 3-point bend test was performed with a universal testing machine, and the data were statistically analyzed by using 1-way analysis of variance (α=.05). RESULTS The mean ±standard deviation bond strength of the porous group fabricated by SLS was the lowest (35.6 ±9.1 MPa), that of the group without porosity in the casting method was 43.5 ±7.8 MPa, and that of the group without porosity fabricated by SLS was the highest (47.7 ±4.5 MPa); these were statistically similar (P=.058). CONCLUSIONS Although the porous structure reported the lowest bond strength among the 3 sets of test specimens, its bond strength was higher than the International Standards Organization standard of 25 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Bae
- Research professor, Department of Mechanical Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Director, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, The Style Korea Dental Laboratory, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Yeon Lim
- Professor, Department of Mechanical Robotics and Energy Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ucar Y, Ekren O. Effect of layered manufacturing techniques, alloy powders, and layer thickness on mechanical properties of Co-Cr dental alloys. J Prosthet Dent 2018; 120:762-770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Deng K, Chen H, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Sun Y. Evaluation of adaptation of the polylactic acid pattern of maxillary complete dentures fabricated by fused deposition modelling technology: A pilot study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201777. [PMID: 30157184 PMCID: PMC6114293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantitatively evaluate maxillary complete dentures fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) using fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology. Methods A digital maxillary complete denture was prepared based on a standard maxillary edentulous plaster model. The PLA pattern was printed by a FDM machine, with 5 repetitions, while another 5 wax patterns were printed as control group, using a high accuracy three-dimensional (3D) wax printer. The patterns were scanned with a 3D scanner. A light-body silicone film was made after each denture pattern had been totally seated on the plaster model, and was scanned to determine its thickness, which reflected the 3D space between the plaster model and the tissue surface of the denture pattern. The overall area was separated into four parts: primary stress-bearing area, secondary stress-bearing area, border seal area and relief area, and the average deviation of these four parts were measured. The values were analyzed by independent t-test. Results The overall mean value and standard deviation of space between PLA denture patterns and plaster model was 0.277 ± 0.021 mm, while that of the wax denture patterns was 0.279 ± 0.045 mm, which showed a good fit overall. No statistically significant (𝑃 > 0.05) difference was observed between the PLA patterns and wax patterns. Conclusions The adaptation of the PLA pattern of maxillary complete denture printed by FDM technology is comparable to that prepared by wax printer, and can satisfy the accuracy requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehui Deng
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yijiao Zhao
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YCS); (YW)
| | - Yuchun Sun
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YCS); (YW)
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Ekren O, Ozkomur A, Ucar Y. Effect of layered manufacturing techniques, alloy powders, and layer thickness on metal-ceramic bond strength. J Prosthet Dent 2018; 119:481-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dimitriadis K, Spyropoulos K, Papadopoulos T. Metal-ceramic bond strength between a feldspathic porcelain and a Co-Cr alloy fabricated with Direct Metal Laser Sintering technique. J Adv Prosthodont 2018; 10:25-31. [PMID: 29503711 PMCID: PMC5829284 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2018.10.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to record the metal-ceramic bond strength of a feldspathic dental porcelain and a Co-Cr alloy, using the Direct Metal Laser Sintering technique (DMLS) for the fabrication of metal substrates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten metal substrates were fabricated with powder of a dental Co-Cr alloy using DMLS technique (test group) in dimensions according to ISO 9693. Another ten substrates were fabricated with a casing dental Co-Cr alloy using classic casting technique (control group) for comparison. Another three substrates were fabricated using each technique to record the Modulus of Elasticity (E) of the used alloys. All substrates were examined to record external and internal porosity. Feldspathic porcelain was applied on the substrates. Specimens were tested using the three-point bending test. The failure mode was determined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The statistical analysis was performed using t-test. RESULTS Substrates prepared using DMLS technique did not show internal porosity as compared to those produced using the casting technique. The E of control and test group was 222 ± 5.13 GPa and 227 ± 3 GPa, respectively. The bond strength was 51.87 ± 7.50 MPa for test group and 54.60 ± 6.20 MPa for control group. No statistically significant differences between the two groups were recorded. The mode of failure was mainly cohesive for all specimens. CONCLUSION Specimens produced by the DMLS technique cover the lowest acceptable metal-ceramic bond strength of 25 MPa specified in ISO 9693 and present satisfactory bond strength for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Dimitriadis
- Department of Biomaterials, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Chen X, Xu L, Wang W, Li X, Sun Y, Politis C. Computer-aided design and manufacturing of surgical templates and their clinical applications: a review. Expert Rev Med Devices 2016; 13:853-64. [DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2016.1218758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Emergence of 3D Printed Dosage Forms: Opportunities and Challenges. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1817-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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ISHIDA Y, MIYASAKA T. Dimensional accuracy of dental casting patterns created by 3D printers. Dent Mater J 2016; 35:250-6. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2015-278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki ISHIDA
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University
| | - Taira MIYASAKA
- Department of Dental Materials Science, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University
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