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Sahoo A, Mandal AK, Kumar M, Dwivedi K, Singh D. Prospective Challenges for Patenting and Clinical Trials of Anticancer Compounds from Natural Products: Coherent Review. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2023; 18:470-494. [PMID: 36336805 DOI: 10.2174/1574892818666221104113703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Each year, millions of people worldwide are diagnosed with cancer, and more than half of them die. Various conventional therapies for cancer, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have extreme side effects. Therefore, to minimize the global burden of lethal diseases like cancer, an effective and novel drug must be discovered. Its patent should be acquired to secure the novel medicament. The pharmacological potential of different natural products has made them popular in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. Various anticancer compounds are obtained from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and marine and terrestrial animals, including alkaloids, terpenoids, biophenols, enzymes, glycosides, etc. The term "natural products" is defined as the product of secondary or non-essential metabolic processes produced by living organisms (such as plants, invertebrates, and microorganisms). Although more precise definitions of NPs exist, they do not always meet consensus. Others define NPs as small molecules (excluding biomolecules) that emerge from the metabolic reaction. A handful of effective compounds are used currently from natural or analog moieties, and many more are in clinical studies. There is an excellent need for patenting molecules from natural products as the hit lead molecules are derived, isolated, and synthesized from natural products. However, these naturally occurring products may not be patentable under the law because they come from nature. This review highlights why natural products and compounds are hard to patent, under what patent law criteria we can patent these natural products and compounds, patent procedural guideline sources and why researchers prefer publication rather than a patent. Here, various patent scenarios of natural products and compounds for cancer have been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology & Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Mandal
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal, 44600
| | - Mayank Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aryakul College of Pharmacy and Research, Natkur, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226002, India
| | - Khusbu Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shambhunath Institute of Pharmacy Jhalwa, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211015, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology & Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
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Marine Natural Products in Clinical Use. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080528. [PMID: 36005531 PMCID: PMC9410185 DOI: 10.3390/md20080528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine natural products are potent and promising sources of drugs among other natural products of plant, animal, and microbial origin. To date, 20 drugs from marine sources are in clinical use. Most approved marine compounds are antineoplastic, but some are also used for chronic neuropathic pain, for heparin overdosage, as haptens and vaccine carriers, and for omega-3 fatty-acid supplementation in the diet. Marine drugs have diverse structural characteristics and mechanisms of action. A considerable increase in the number of marine drugs approved for clinical use has occurred in the past few decades, which may be attributed to increasing research on marine compounds in laboratories across the world. In the present manuscript, we comprehensively studied all marine drugs that have been successfully used in the clinic. Researchers and clinicians are hopeful to discover many more drugs, as a large number of marine natural compounds are being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Byun KD, Ahn SG, Baik HJ, Lee A, Bae KB, An MS, Kim KH, Shin JH, Park HK, Cho H, Jeong J, Kim TH. Eribulin Mesylate Combined with Local Treatment for Brain Metastasis from Breast Cancer: Two Case Reports. J Breast Cancer 2016; 19:214-7. [PMID: 27382400 PMCID: PMC4929265 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2016.19.2.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis associated with brain metastasis arising from breast cancer is very poor. Eribulin is a microtubule dynamic inhibitor synthesized from halichondrin B, a natural marine product. In a phase III study (EMBRACE), eribulin improved overall survival in patients with heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancers. However, these studies included few patients with brain metastases. Metastatic brain tumors (MBT) were detected during first-line palliative chemotherapy in a 43-year-old woman with breast cancer metastasis to the lung and mediastinal nodes; the genetic subtype was luminal B-like human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative. Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) followed by eribulin treatment continuously decreased the size, and induced regression, of the MBT with systemic disease stability for 12 months. Another 48-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer (HER2+ subtype) presented with MBT. Following surgical resection of the tumor, eribulin with concurrent WBRT showed regression of the MBT without systemic progression for 18 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Do Byun
- Breast Center, Department of Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung Gwe Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Medical Research Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Baik
- Breast Center, Department of Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Anbok Lee
- Breast Center, Department of Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki Beom Bae
- Breast Center, Department of Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Min Sung An
- Breast Center, Department of Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Kwang Hee Kim
- Breast Center, Department of Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Shin
- Breast Center, Department of Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Ha Kyoung Park
- Breast Center, Department of Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Heunglae Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Joon Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Medical Research Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Breast Center, Department of Surgery, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Lheureux S, Oza AM, Laurie SA, Halford R, Jonker D, Chen E, Keller D, Bourade V, Wang L, Doyle L, Siu LL, Goel R. A phase I combination dose-escalation study of eribulin mesylate and gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumours: a study of the Princess Margaret Consortium. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1534-40. [PMID: 26554651 PMCID: PMC4705880 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eribulin mesylate is a synthetic microtubule inhibitor that showed cytotoxic synergy in combination with gemcitabine preclinically. This combination was assessed in a Phase I dose-finding trial in patients diagnosed with advanced solid tumours who had received up to two prior chemotherapy regimens for metastatic disease (CP cohort). METHODS Dose escalation was performed in a 3+3 design to identify the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Two additional expansion cohorts in women with gynaecologic cancers at the RP2D (G), and further dose escalation of metastatic chemotherapy-naive patients (CN), were evaluated. RESULTS 45 patients were treated: 21 (CP), 10 (G) and 14 (CN). The initial combination of eribulin and gemcitabine was administered on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle; however, due to 2 out of 6 dose-limiting haematological toxicities at the first dose level, a reduced dose-intense schedule was assessed. The RP2D was defined at 1.0 mg m(-2) eribulin and 1000 mg m(-2) gemcitabine day 1 and 8 q3 weeks. No other significant toxicities were observed in the G expansion cohort. Neutropenia prevented further dose escalation in the CN cohort. Objective responses were seen in all three cohorts - 2/21 (CP), 1/10 (G) and 2/14 (CN). CONCLUSIONS The combination of eribulin and gemcitabine was well tolerated at the RP2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lheureux
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - A M Oza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - S A Laurie
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
| | - R Halford
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - D Jonker
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
| | - E Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - D Keller
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
| | - V Bourade
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
| | - L Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - L Doyle
- CTEP, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - L L Siu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G2M9
| | - R Goel
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H8M5
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Guan Q, Han C, Zuo D, Zhai M, Li Z, Zhang Q, Zhai Y, Jiang X, Bao K, Wu Y, Zhang W. Synthesis and evaluation of benzimidazole carbamates bearing indole moieties for antiproliferative and antitubulin activities. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:306-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Eribulin is an anticancer drug approved for treatment of metastatic breast cancer. This drug is a synthetic derivative from Japanese marine sponge Halichondria okadai. It acts by interfering with the microtubular growth ultimately leading to apoptosis after prolonged mitotic blockage. In patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to anthracyclines and taxanes, eribulin is one of the life-saving options. Neutropenia, neuropathy and QT prolongation are the most frequent adverse events associated with this drug. Phase I/II trials are also underway in refractory lung, ovarian, pancreatic, bladder, and soft tissue tumors. Larger prospective studies will define the role of this drug in a wide variety of tumors, and the future looks very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishitha Shetty
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Nakamura M, Kajita D, Matsumoto Y, Hashimoto Y. Design and synthesis of silicon-containing tubulin polymerization inhibitors: Replacement of the ethylene moiety of combretastatin A-4 with a silicon linker. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7381-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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