1
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Chen SY, Feilen LP, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, Steiner H, Zacharias M. Enzyme-substrate hybrid β-sheet controls geometry and water access to the γ-secretase active site. Commun Biol 2023; 6:670. [PMID: 37355752 PMCID: PMC10290658 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an aspartyl intramembrane protease that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) involved in Alzheimer's disease pathology and other transmembrane proteins. Substrate-bound structures reveal a stable hybrid β-sheet immediately following the substrate scissile bond consisting of β1 and β2 from the enzyme and β3 from the substrate. Molecular dynamics simulations and enhanced sampling simulations demonstrate that the hybrid β-sheet stability is strongly correlated with the formation of a stable cleavage-compatible active geometry and it also controls water access to the active site. The hybrid β-sheet is only stable for substrates with 3 or more C-terminal residues beyond the scissile bond. The simulation model allowed us to predict the effect of Pro and Phe mutations that weaken the formation of the hybrid β-sheet which were confirmed by experimental testing. Our study provides a direct explanation why γ-secretase preferentially cleaves APP in steps of 3 residues and how the hybrid β-sheet facilitates γ-secretase proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Chen
- Center of Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas P Feilen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harald Steiner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Center of Functional Protein Assemblies, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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2
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Richardson KC, Jung K, Pardo J, Turner CT, Granville DJ. Noncytotoxic Roles of Granzymes in Health and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:323-348. [PMID: 35820180 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases previously believed to play exclusive and somewhat redundant roles in lymphocyte-mediated target cell death. However, recent studies have challenged this paradigm. Distinct substrate profiles and functions have since emerged for each granzyme while their dysregulated proteolytic activities have been linked to diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn C Richardson
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christopher T Turner
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Kraml J, Kamenik AS, Waibl F, Schauperl M, Liedl KR. Solvation Free Energy as a Measure of Hydrophobicity: Application to Serine Protease Binding Interfaces. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:5872-5882. [PMID: 31589427 PMCID: PMC7032847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Solvation and hydrophobicity play a key role in a variety of biological mechanisms. In substrate binding, but also in structure-based drug design, the thermodynamic properties of water molecules surrounding a given protein are of high interest. One of the main algorithms devised in recent years to quantify thermodynamic properties of water is the grid inhomogeneous solvation theory (GIST), which calculates these features on a grid surrounding the protein. Despite the inherent advantages of GIST, the computational demand is a major drawback, as calculations for larger systems can take days or even weeks. Here, we present a GPU accelerated version of the GIST algorithm, which facilitates efficient estimates of solvation free energy even of large biomolecular interfaces. Furthermore, we show that GIST can be used as a reliable tool to evaluate protein surface hydrophobicity. We apply the approach on a set of nine different proteases calculating localized solvation free energies on the surface of the binding interfaces as a measure of their hydrophobicity. We find a compelling agreement with the hydrophobicity of their substrates, i.e., peptides, binding into the binding cleft, and thus our approach provides a reliable description of hydrophobicity characteristics of these biological interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kraml
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Anna S. Kamenik
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Franz Waibl
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Michael Schauperl
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039-0736, United States
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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4
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Yang J, Vrettou C, Connelley T, Morrison WI. Identification and annotation of bovine granzyme genes reveals a novel granzyme encoded within the trypsin-like locus. Immunogenetics 2018; 70:585-597. [PMID: 29947943 PMCID: PMC6096847 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases found in the lytic granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which are involved in killing of susceptible target cells. Most information on granzymes and their enzymatic specificities derive from studies in humans and mice. Although granzymes shared by both species show a high level of conservation, the complement of granzyme genes differs between the species. The aim of this study was to identify granzyme genes expressed in cattle, determine their genomic locations and analyse their sequences to predict likely functional specificities. Orthologues of the five granzyme genes found in humans (A, B, H, K and M) were identified, as well a novel gene designated granzyme O, most closely related to granzyme A. An orthologue of granzyme O was found in pigs and a non-function version was detected in the human genome. Use of specific PCRs demonstrated that all of these genes, including granzyme O, are expressed in activated subsets of bovine lymphocytes, with particularly high levels in CD8 T cells. Consistent with findings in humans and mice, the granzyme-encoding genes were located on three distinct genomic loci, which correspond to different proteolytic enzymatic activities, namely trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and metase-like. Analysis of amino acid sequences indicated that the granzyme proteins have broadly similar enzymatic specificities to their human and murine counterparts but indicated that granzyme B has a different secondary specificity. These findings provide the basis for further work to examine their role in the cytotoxic activity of bovine CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Christina Vrettou
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Tim Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK.
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5
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Waldner BJ, Kraml J, Kahler U, Spinn A, Schauperl M, Podewitz M, Fuchs JE, Cruciani G, Liedl KR. Electrostatic recognition in substrate binding to serine proteases. J Mol Recognit 2018; 31:e2727. [PMID: 29785722 PMCID: PMC6175425 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases of the Chymotrypsin family are structurally very similar but have very different substrate preferences. This study investigates a set of 9 different proteases of this family comprising proteases that prefer substrates containing positively charged amino acids, negatively charged amino acids, and uncharged amino acids with varying degree of specificity. Here, we show that differences in electrostatic substrate preferences can be predicted reliably by electrostatic molecular interaction fields employing customized GRID probes. Thus, we are able to directly link protease structures to their electrostatic substrate preferences. Additionally, we present a new metric that measures similarities in substrate preferences focusing only on electrostatics. It efficiently compares these electrostatic substrate preferences between different proteases. This new metric can be interpreted as the electrostatic part of our previously developed substrate similarity metric. Consequently, we suggest, that substrate recognition in terms of electrostatics and shape complementarity are rather orthogonal aspects of substrate recognition. This is in line with a 2‐step mechanism of protein‐protein recognition suggested in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit J Waldner
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Kraml
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Kahler
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Spinn
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Schauperl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julian E Fuchs
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Laboratory of Chemometrics, Department of Chemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Zhang X, Bruning JB, George JH, Abell AD. A mechanistic study on the inhibition of α-chymotrypsin by a macrocyclic peptidomimetic aldehyde. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6970-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NMR and X-ray crystallography reveals covalent attachment of the macrocyclic aldehyde to serine195 of α-chymotrypsin and that its backbone binds as a β-strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
| | - J. B. Bruning
- School of Biological Sciences
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - J. H. George
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - A. D. Abell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP)
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
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7
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Bioluminescent reporters to monitor killer cell-mediated delivery of granzymes inside target cells. Blood 2015; 126:2893-5. [PMID: 26567157 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-657841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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8
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Plasman K, Maurer-Stroh S, Gevaert K, Van Damme P. Holistic View on the Extended Substrate Specificities of Orthologous Granzymes. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1785-93. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Plasman
- Department
of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics
Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671
- School
of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637551
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department
of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- Department
of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department
of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Joeckel LT, Bird PI. Are all granzymes cytotoxic in vivo? Biol Chem 2014; 395:181-202. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases mainly found in cytotoxic lymphocytes. The most-studied member of this group is granzyme B, which is a potent cytotoxin that has set the paradigm that all granzymes are cyototoxic. In the last 5 years, this paradigm has become controversial. On one hand, there is a plethora of sometimes contradictory publications showing mainly caspase-independent cytotoxic effects of granzyme A and the so-called orphan granzymes in vitro. On the other hand, there are increasing numbers of reports of granzymes failing to induce cell death in vitro unless very high (potentially supra-physiological) concentrations are used. Furthermore, experiments with granzyme A or granzyme M knock-out mice reveal little or no deficit in their cytotoxic lymphocytes’ killing ability ex vivo, but indicate impairment in the inflammatory response. These findings of non-cytotoxic effects of granzymes challenge dogma, and thus require alternative or additional explanations to be developed of the role of granzymes in defeating pathogens. Here we review evidence for granzyme cytotoxicity, give an overview of their non-cytotoxic functions, and suggest technical improvements for future investigations.
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10
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Granzyme M: behind enemy lines. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:359-68. [PMID: 24413154 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The granule-exocytosis pathway is the major mechanism via which cytotoxic lymphocytes eliminate virus-infected and tumor cells. In this pathway, cytotoxic lymphocytes release granules containing the pore-forming protein perforin and a family of serine proteases known as granzymes into the immunological synapse. Pore-formation by perforin facilitates entry of granzymes into the target cell, where they can activate various (death) pathways. Humans express five different granzymes, of which granzymes A and B have been most extensively characterized. However, much less is known about granzyme M (GrM). Recently, structural analysis and advanced proteomics approaches have determined the primary and extended specificity of GrM. GrM functions have expanded over the past few years: not only can GrM efficiently induce cell death in tumor cells, it can also inhibit cytomegalovirus replication in a noncytotoxic manner. Finally, a role for GrM in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses has been proposed. In this review, we recapitulate the current status of GrM expression, substrate specificity, functions, and inhibitors.
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11
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Plasman K, Maurer-Stroh S, Ahmad J, Hao H, Kaiserman D, Sirota FL, Jonckheere V, Bird PI, Gevaert K, Van Damme P. Conservation of the extended substrate specificity profiles among homologous granzymes across species. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2921-34. [PMID: 23788529 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.028670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are structurally related serine proteases involved in cell death and immunity. To date four out of five human granzymes have assigned orthologs in mice; however for granzyme H, no murine ortholog has been suggested and its role in cytotoxicity remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate that, as is the case for granzyme C, human granzyme H is an inefficient cytotoxin that together with their similar pattern of GrB divergence and functional similarity strongly hint to their orthologous relationship. Besides analyzing the substrate specificity profile of granzyme H by substrate phage display, substrate cleavage susceptibility of human granzyme H and mouse granzyme C was assessed on a proteome-wide level. The extended specificity profiles of granzymes C and H (i.e. beyond cleavage positions P4-P4') match those previously observed for granzyme B. We demonstrate conservation of these extended specificity profiles among various granzymes as granzyme B cleavage susceptibility of an otherwise granzyme H/C specific cleavage site can simply be conferred by altering the P1-residue to aspartate, the preferred P1-residue of granzyme B. Our results thus indicate a conserved, but hitherto underappreciated specificity-determining role of extended protease-substrate contacts in steering cleavage susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Plasman
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Dagliyan O, Proctor EA, D'Auria KM, Ding F, Dokholyan NV. Structural and dynamic determinants of protein-peptide recognition. Structure 2012; 19:1837-45. [PMID: 22153506 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein-peptide interactions play important roles in many cellular processes, including signal transduction, trafficking, and immune recognition. Protein conformational changes upon binding, an ill-defined peptide binding surface, and the large number of peptide degrees of freedom make the prediction of protein-peptide interactions particularly challenging. To address these challenges, we perform rapid molecular dynamics simulations in order to examine the energetic and dynamic aspects of protein-peptide binding. We find that, in most cases, we recapitulate the native binding sites and native-like poses of protein-peptide complexes. Inclusion of electrostatic interactions in simulations significantly improves the prediction accuracy. Our results also highlight the importance of protein conformational flexibility, especially side-chain movement, which allows the peptide to optimize its conformation. Our findings not only demonstrate the importance of sufficient sampling of the protein and peptide conformations, but also reveal the possible effects of electrostatics and conformational flexibility on peptide recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Dagliyan
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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13
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Wang L, Zhang K, Wu L, Liu S, Zhang H, Zhou Q, Tong L, Sun F, Fan Z. Structural Insights into the Substrate Specificity of Human Granzyme H: The Functional Roles of a Novel RKR Motif. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:765-73. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Tang H, Li C, Wang L, Zhang H, Fan Z. Granzyme H of cytotoxic lymphocytes is required for clearance of the hepatitis B virus through cleavage of the hepatitis B virus X protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:824-31. [PMID: 22156339 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The granule exocytosis pathway of cytotoxic lymphocytes plays critical roles in eradication of intracellular viruses. However, how hepatitis B virus (HBV) is cleared has not been defined. To clarify immune mechanisms underlying inhibition of the HBV replication, the relationship between granzyme H (GzmH) and HBV clearance was investigated. In this study, we found that the granule exocytosis pathway can inhibit HBV replication without induction of cytolysis of the infected cells. GzmH is essential for HBV eradication. The HBx protein (HBx), required for the replication of HBV, is cleaved at Met(79) by GzmH. GzmH inhibitor can abolish GzmH- and lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated HBx degradation and HBV clearance. An HBx-deficient HBV is resistant to GzmH- and lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated viral clearance. Adoptive transfer of GzmH-overexpressing NK cells into HBV carrier mice facilitates in vivo HBV eradication. Importantly, low GzmH expression in cytotoxic lymphocytes of individuals is susceptible to HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. These results indicate that GzmH might be detected as a potential parameter for diagnosis of HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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15
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Wang S, Xia P, Shi L, Fan Z. FADD cleavage by NK cell granzyme M enhances its self-association to facilitate procaspase-8 recruitment for auto-processing leading to caspase cascade. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:605-15. [PMID: 21979465 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme M (GzmM), an orphan Gzm, is constitutively and abundantly expressed in innate effector natural killer cells. We previously demonstrated that GzmM induces caspase (casp)-dependent apoptosis and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. We also resolved the crystal structure for GzmM and generated its specific inhibitor. However, how GzmM causes casp activation has not been defined. Here we found that casp-8 is an initiator caspase in GzmM-induced casp cascade, which causes other casp activation and Bid cleavage. GzmM does not directly cleave procaspase-3 and Bid, whose processing is casp dependent. Casp-8 knockdown or deficient cells attenuate or abolish GzmM-induced proteolysis of procaspase-3 and Bid. Extrinsic death receptor pathway adaptor Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) contributes to GzmM-induced casp-8 activation. GzmM specifically cleaves FADD after Met 196 to generate truncated FADD (tFADD) that enhances its self-association for oligomerization. The oligomerized tFADD facilitates procaspase-8 recruitment to promote its auto-processing leading to casp activation cascade. FADD-deficient cells abrogate GzmM-induced activation of casp-8 and apoptosis as well as significantly inhibit lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. FADD processing by GzmM can potentiate killing efficacy against tumor cells and intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- CAS key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity and Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Abstract
Granzyme-mediated cell death is the main pathway for cytotoxic lymphocytes to kill virus-infected and tumour cells. A major player in this process is GrB (granzyme B), which triggers apoptosis in both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. A caspase-independent substrate of GrB is the highly conserved transmembrane receptor Notch1. The GrB cleavage sites in Notch1 and functional consequences of Notch1 cleavage by GrB were unknown. In the present study, we confirmed that Notch1 is a direct and caspase-independent substrate of GrB. We demonstrate that GrB cleaved the intracellular Notch1 domain at least twice at two distinct aspartic acids, Asp1860 and Asp1961. GrB cleavage of Notch1 can occur in all subcellular compartments, during maturation of the receptor, at the membrane, and in the nucleus. GrB also displayed perforin-independent functions by cleaving the extracellular domain of Notch1. Overall, cleavage of Notch1 by GrB resulted in a loss of transcriptional activity, independent of Notch1 activation. We conclude that GrB disables Notch1 function, probably resulting in anti-cellular proliferation and cell death signals.
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17
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Nakayama D, Ben Ammar Y, Miyata T, Takeda S. Structural basis of coagulation factor V recognition for cleavage by RVV-V. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3020-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Human and mouse granzyme M display divergent and species-specific substrate specificities. Biochem J 2011; 437:431-42. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20110210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocyte protease GrM (granzyme M) is a potent inducer of tumour cell death and a key regulator of inflammation. Although hGrM (human GrM) and mGrM (mouse GrM) display extensive sequence homology, the substrate specificity of mGrM remains unknown. In the present study, we show that hGrM and mGrM have diverged during evolution. Positional scanning libraries of tetrapeptide substrates revealed that mGrM is preferred to cleave after a methionine residue, whereas hGrM clearly favours a leucine residue at the P1 position. The kinetic optimal non-prime subsites of both granzymes were also distinct. Gel-based and complementary positional proteomics showed that hGrM and mGrM have a partially overlapping set of natural substrates and a diverged prime and non-prime consensus cleavage motif with leucine and methionine residues being major P1 determinants. Consistent with positional scanning libraries of tetrapeptide substrates, P1 methionine was more frequently used by mGrM as compared with hGrM. Both hGrM and mGrM cleaved α-tubulin with similar kinetics. Strikingly, neither hGrM nor mGrM hydrolysed mouse NPM (nucleophosmin), whereas human NPM was hydrolysed efficiently by GrM from both species. Replacement of the putative P1′–P2′ residues in mouse NPM with the corresponding residues of human NPM restored cleavage of mouse NPM by both granzymes. This further demonstrates the importance of prime sites as structural determinants for GrM substrate specificity. GrM from both species efficiently triggered apoptosis in human but not in mouse tumour cells. These results indicate that hGrM and mGrM not only exhibit divergent specificities but also trigger species-specific functions.
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Madala PK, Tyndall JDA, Nall T, Fairlie DP. Update 1 of: Proteases Universally Recognize Beta Strands In Their Active Sites. Chem Rev 2011; 110:PR1-31. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K. Madala
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2005, 105 (3), 973−1000; Published (Web) Feb. 16, 2005. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Joel D. A. Tyndall
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2005, 105 (3), 973−1000; Published (Web) Feb. 16, 2005. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Tessa Nall
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2005, 105 (3), 973−1000; Published (Web) Feb. 16, 2005. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2005, 105 (3), 973−1000; Published (Web) Feb. 16, 2005. Updates to the text appear in red type
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Guo Y, Chen J, Shi L, Fan Z. Valosin-containing protein cleavage by granzyme K accelerates an endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to caspase-independent cytotoxicity of target tumor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5348-59. [PMID: 20876349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme K (GzmK) highly expressed in NK and NKT cells. We recently demonstrated that GzmK induces rapid caspase-independent cell death with ssDNA nicks. Little is known about its molecular mechanisms to mediate caspase-independent cell death. In this study, we found the valosin-containing protein (VCP) is a physiological substrate of GzmK. GzmK cleaves VCP at residue Arg(713) in the D2 domain and abrogates its ATPase activity. GzmK can also target other endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation complex components Ufd1 and Npl4. Disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway after GzmK treatment initiates ubiquitinated protein accumulation leading to xbp1 splicing. These indicate that ubiquitinated protein accumulation triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress in target cells. In support of this, target tumor cells with silenced VCP expression are more sensitive, whereas cells overexpressing VCP are more resistant to GzmK-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are armed with granules that are released in the granule-exocytosis pathway to kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells. Cytotoxic granules contain the pore-forming protein perforin and a family of structurally homologues serine proteases called granzymes. While perforin facilitates the entry of granzymes into a target cell, the latter initiate distinct apoptotic routes. Granzymes are also implicated in extracellular functions such as extracellular matrix degradation, immune regulation, and inflammation. The family of human granzymes consists of five members, of which granzyme A and B have been studied most extensively. Recently, elucidation of the specific characteristics of the other three human granzymes H, K, and M, also referred to as orphan granzymes, have started. In this review, we summarize and discuss what is currently known about the biology of the human orphan granzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Bovenschen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Hu D, Liu S, Shi L, Li C, Wu L, Fan Z. Cleavage of survivin by Granzyme M triggers degradation of the survivin-X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) complex to free caspase activity leading to cytolysis of target tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18326-35. [PMID: 20406824 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.083170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzyme M (GzmM) is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease that preferentially cuts its substrates after Met or Leu. GzmM is constitutively expressed in activated innate effector natural killer (NK) cells. GzmM-induced cell death is consistent with the kinetics of cytotoxicity of NK cells. These suggest that GzmM may play an important role in innate immunity. Our previous work demonstrated that GzmM induces caspase-dependent apoptosis. However, it is unknown about how GzmM causes caspase activation. Here, we showed that the inhibitor of the apoptosis gene family member Survivin is a physiological substrate for GzmM. GzmM hydrolyzes Survivin at Leu-138 to remove the last four C-terminal residues. The truncated form (sur-TF) is more rapidly hydrolyzed through proteasome-mediated degradation. In addition, Survivin is in complex with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) to inhibit caspase activation as an endogenous inhibitor. Survivin cleavage by GzmM abolishes the stability of the Survivin-XIAP complex and enhances XIAP hydrolysis, which amplifies caspase-9 and 3 activation of target tumor cells. The noncleavable L138A Survivin overexpression can significantly inhibit GzmM-mediated XIAP degradation, caspase activation, and GzmM- and NK cell-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, Survivin silencing promotes XIAP degradation and enhances GzmM-induced caspase activation as well as GzmM- and NK cell-induced cytolysis of target tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules and Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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