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Fernández-Medarde A, Santos E. Ras GEF Mouse Models for the Analysis of Ras Biology and Signaling. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:361-395. [PMID: 33977490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have become in recent years a crucial tool to understand the physiological and pathological roles of many cellular proteins. They allow analysis of the functional consequences of [1] complete or partial (time- or organ-limited) removal of specific proteins (knockout animals), [2] the exchange of a wild-type allele for a mutant or truncated version found in human illnesses (knock-in), or [3] the effect of overexpression of a given protein in the whole body or in specific organs (transgenic mice). In this regard, the study of phenotypes in Ras GEF animal models has allowed researchers to find specific functions for otherwise very similar proteins, uncovering their role in physiological contexts such as memory formation, lymphopoiesis, photoreception, or body homeostasis. In addition, mouse models have been used to unveil the functional role of Ras GEFs under pathological conditions, including Noonan syndrome, skin tumorigenesis, inflammatory diseases, diabetes, or ischemia among others. In the following sections, we will describe the methodological approaches employed for Ras GEF animal model analyses, as well as the main discoveries made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca) and CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
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2
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RASGRP1 mutation in autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome-like disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:595-604.e16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Huang YH, Tsai K, Tan SY, Kang S, Ford ML, Harder KW, Priatel JJ. 2B4-SAP signaling is required for the priming of naive CD8 + T cells by antigen-expressing B cells and B lymphoma cells. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1267094. [PMID: 28344876 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1267094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SH2D1A gene that encodes SAP (SLAM-associated protein) result in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), a rare primary immunodeficiency disease defined by exquisite sensitivity to the B-lymphotropic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and B cell lymphomas. However, the precise mechanism of how the loss of SAP function contributes to extreme vulnerability to EBV and the development of B cell lymphomas remains unclear. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that SAP is critical for CD8+ T cell immune surveillance of antigen (Ag)-expressing B cells or B lymphoma cells under conditions of defined T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Sh2d1a-/- CD8+ T cells exhibited greatly diminished proliferation relative to wild type when Ag-presenting-B cells or -B lymphoma cells served as the primary Ag-presenting cell (APC). By contrast, Sh2d1a-/- CD8+ T cells responded equivalently to wild-type CD8+ T cells when B cell-depleted splenocytes, melanoma cells or breast carcinoma cells performed Ag presentation. Through application of signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptor blocking antibodies or SLAM family receptor-deficient CD8+ T cells and APCs, we found that CD48 engagement on the B cell surface by 2B4 is crucial for initiating SAP-dependent signaling required for the Ag-driven CD8+ T cell proliferation and differentiation. Altogether, a pivotal role for SAP in promoting the expansion and differentiation of B cell-primed viral-specific naive CD8+ T cells may explain the selective immune deficiency of XLP patients to EBV and B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Huang
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Tsai
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Y Tan
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sohyeong Kang
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth W Harder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John J Priatel
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Chen SS, Hu Z, Zhong XP. Diacylglycerol Kinases in T Cell Tolerance and Effector Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:130. [PMID: 27891502 PMCID: PMC5103287 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes that regulate the relative levels of diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) in cells by phosphorylating DAG to produce PA. Both DAG and PA are important second messengers cascading T cell receptor (TCR) signal by recruiting multiple effector molecules, such as RasGRP1, PKCθ, and mTOR. Studies have revealed important physiological functions of DGKs in the regulation of receptor signaling and the development and activation of immune cells. In this review, we will focus on recent progresses in our understanding of two DGK isoforms, α and ζ, in CD8 T effector and memory cell differentiation, regulatory T cell development and function, and invariant NKT cell development and effector lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley S Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhiming Hu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA
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Furmanski AL, Barbarulo A, Solanki A, Lau CI, Sahni H, Saldana JI, D'Acquisto F, Crompton T. The transcriptional activator Gli2 modulates T-cell receptor signalling through attenuation of AP-1 and NFκB activity. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2085-95. [PMID: 25908851 PMCID: PMC4450292 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.165803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Different tissues contain diverse and dynamic cellular niches, providing distinct signals to tissue-resident or migratory infiltrating immune cells. Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are secreted inter-cellular signalling molecules, which are essential during development and are important in cancer, post-natal tissue homeostasis and repair. Hh signalling mediated by the Hh-responsive transcription factor Gli2 also has multiple roles in T-lymphocyte development and differentiation. Here, we investigate the function of Gli2 in T-cell signalling and activation. Gene transcription driven by the Gli2 transcriptional activator isoform (Gli2A) attenuated T-cell activation and proliferation following T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Expression of Gli2A in T-cells altered gene expression profiles, impaired the TCR-induced Ca2+ flux and nuclear expression of NFAT2, suppressed upregulation of molecules essential for activation, and attenuated signalling pathways upstream of the AP-1 and NFκB complexes, leading to reduced activation of these important transcription factors. Inhibition of physiological Hh-dependent transcription increased NFκB activity upon TCR ligation. These data are important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of immunomodulation, particularly in tissues where Hh proteins or other Gli-activating ligands such as TGFβ are upregulated, including during inflammation, tissue damage and repair, and in tumour microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Furmanski
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alessandro Barbarulo
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Anisha Solanki
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ching-In Lau
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Hemant Sahni
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jose Ignacio Saldana
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, QMUL, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tessa Crompton
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Maliniemi P, Hahtola S, Ovaska K, Jeskanen L, Väkevä L, Jäntti K, Stadler R, Michonneau D, Fraitag S, Hautaniemi S, Ranki A. Molecular characterization of subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma reveals upregulation of immunosuppression- and autoimmunity-associated genes. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:160. [PMID: 25928531 PMCID: PMC4320460 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T cell lymphomas represent a rare and difficult to diagnose entity of cutaneous T cell lymphomas. SPTL affects predominantly young adults and presents with multifocal subcutaneous nodules and frequently associated autoimmune features. The pathogenesis of SPTL is not completely understood. Methods The aim of this study was to unravel molecular pathways critical to the SPTL pathogenesis. Therefore, we analyzed 23 skin samples from 20 newly diagnosed SPTL patients and relevant control samples of adipose and non-malignant panniculitis tissue by using gene expression microarray, quantitative PCR, and two-colour immunohistochemistry. Results Interestingly, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1), an immunotolerance-inducing enzyme, was among the most highly overexpressed genes in all comparisons. The expression of Th1-specific cytokines, known to be associated with autoimmune inflammation (i.e. IFNG, CXCR3, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5), were also significantly increased. Confirmed using immunohistochemistry, the morphologically malignant lymphocytes expressed CXCR3 and CXCL9. IDO-1 expression was found both in some morphologically malignant lymphocytes rimming the adipocytes and in surrounding CD11c− CD68− cells but not in CD11c+ dendritic cells in the microenvironment. The proportion of FoxP3+ cells in SPTL exceeded that in the benign panniculitis samples. Conclusions Our results indicate that the up regulation of the tolerogenic IDO-1 together with the up regulation of IFNG, CXCR3 ligands, and CCL5 are features of SPTL lesions. We anticipate that the IFNG-inducible IDO-1 expression contributes to the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment, favorable for the malignant T cells. This study provides a relevant molecular basis for further studies exploring novel therapeutic means for subcutaneous T cell lymphoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0160-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilvi Maliniemi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sonja Hahtola
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kristian Ovaska
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine and Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Leila Jeskanen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Liisa Väkevä
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kirsi Jäntti
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Rudolf Stadler
- Johannes-Wesling-Klinikum Minden, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover, Minden, Germany.
| | - David Michonneau
- Institut Pasteur, Département d'immunologie, Equipe Dynamique des réponses immunes, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Fraitag
- Service d'anatomie et de cytologie pathologiques, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine and Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Identifying regulatory mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis using locus expression signature analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:5747-52. [PMID: 24706889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309293111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral insertional mutagenesis is a powerful tool for identifying putative cancer genes in mice. To uncover the regulatory mechanisms by which common insertion loci affect downstream processes, we supplemented genotyping data with genome-wide mRNA expression profiling data for 97 tumors induced by retroviral insertional mutagenesis. We developed locus expression signature analysis, an algorithm to construct and interpret the differential gene expression signature associated with each common insertion locus. Comparing locus expression signatures to promoter affinity profiles allowed us to build a detailed map of transcription factors whose protein-level regulatory activity is modulated by a particular locus. We also predicted a large set of drugs that might mitigate the effect of the insertion on tumorigenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of a locus-specific signature approach for identifying mammalian regulatory mechanisms in a cancer context.
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Krishna S, Zhong XP. Regulation of Lipid Signaling by Diacylglycerol Kinases during T Cell Development and Function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:178. [PMID: 23847619 PMCID: PMC3701226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) are bioactive lipids synthesized when the T cell receptor binds to a cognate peptide-MHC complex. DAG triggers signaling by recruiting Ras guanyl-releasing protein 1, PKCθ, and other effectors, whereas PA binds to effector molecules that include mechanistic target of rapamycin, Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1, and Raf1. While DAG-mediated pathways have been shown to play vital roles in T cell development and function, the importance of PA-mediated signals remains less clear. The diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) family of enzymes phosphorylates DAG to produce PA, serving as a molecular switch that regulates the relative levels of these critical second messengers. Two DGK isoforms, α and ζ, are predominantly expressed in T lineage cells and play an important role in conventional αβ T cell development. In mature T cells, the activity of these DGK isoforms aids in the maintenance of self-tolerance by preventing T cell hyper-activation and promoting T cell anergy. In this review, we discuss the roles of DAG-mediated pathways, PA-effectors, and DGKs in T cell development and function. We also highlight recent work that has uncovered previously unappreciated roles for DGK activity, for instance in invariant NKT cell development, anti-tumor and anti-viral CD8 responses, and the directional secretion of soluble effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Krishna
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA ; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA
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9
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Kortum RL, Rouquette-Jazdanian AK, Samelson LE. Ras and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in thymocytes and T cells. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:259-68. [PMID: 23506953 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation is important for both thymocyte development and T cell function. Classically, signal transduction from the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) to ERK is thought to be regulated by signaling from Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), through the small G protein Ras, to the three-tiered Raf-MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-ERK kinase cascade. Developing and mature T cells express four members of two RasGEF families, RasGRP1, RasGRP4, son of sevenless 1 (Sos1), and Sos2, and several models describing combined signaling from these RasGEFs have been proposed. However, recent studies suggest that existing models need revision to include both distinct and overlapping roles of multiple RasGEFs during thymocyte development and novel, Ras-independent signals to ERK that have been identified in peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Kortum
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Reedquist KA, Tak PP. Signal transduction pathways in chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease: small GTPases. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:259-72. [PMID: 23028410 PMCID: PMC3460313 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras superfamily small GTPases represent a wide and diverse class of intracellular signaling proteins that are highly conserved during evolution. These enzymes serve as key checkpoints in coupling antigen receptor, growth factor, cytokine and chemokine stimulation to cellular responses. Once activated, via their ability to regulate multiple downstream signaling pathways, small GTPases amplify and diversify signaling cascades which regulate cellular proliferation, survival, cytokine expression, trafficking and retention. Small GTPases, particularly members of the Ras, Rap, and Rho family, critically coordinate the function and interplay of immune and stromal cells during inflammatory respones, and increasing evidence indicates that alterations in small GTPase signaling contribute to the pathological behavior of these cell populations in human chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we review how Ras, Rap, and Rho family GTPases contribute to the biology of cell populations relevant to human chronic inflammatory disease, highlight recent advances in understanding how alterations in these pathways contribute to pathology in RA and SLE, and discuss new therapeutic strategies that may allow specific targeting of small GTPases in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A Reedquist
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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TCR-mediated Erk activation does not depend on Sos and Grb2 in peripheral human T cells. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:386-91. [PMID: 22344067 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sos proteins are ubiquitously expressed activators of Ras. Lymphoid cells also express RasGRP1, another Ras activator. Sos and RasGRP1 are thought to cooperatively control full Ras activation upon T-cell receptor triggering. Using RNA interference, we evaluated whether this mechanism operates in primary human T cells. We found that T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated Erk activation requires RasGRP1, but not Grb2/Sos. Conversely, Grb2/Sos—but not RasGRP1—are required for IL2-mediated Erk activation. Thus, RasGRP1 and Grb2/Sos are insulators of signals that lead to Ras activation induced by different stimuli, rather than cooperating downstream of the TCR.
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Abstract
Ras guanyl nucleotide releasing proteins (RasGRPs) are guanyl nucleotide exchange factors that activate Ras and related GTPases such as Rap. Like Sos proteins, RasGRPs have a catalytic region composed of a Ras exchange motif (REM) and a CDC25 domain. RasGRPs also possess a pair of atypical EF hands that may bind calcium in vivo and a C1 domain resembling the diacylglycerol (DAG)-binding domain of protein kinase C. DAG directly activates RasGRPs by a membrane recruitment mechanism as well as indirectly by PKC-mediated phosphorylation. RasGRPs are prominently expressed in blood cells. RasGRP1 acts downstream of TCR, while RasGRP1 and RasGRP3 both act downstream of BCR. Together, they regulate Ras in adaptive immune cells. RasGRP2, through Rap, plays a role in controlling platelet adhesion, while RasGRP4 controls Ras activation in mast cells. RasGRP malfunction likely contributes to autoimmunity and may contribute to blood malignancies. RasGRPs might prove to be viable drug targets. The intracellular site of RasGRP action and the relationship between RasGRPs and other Ras regulatory mechanisms are subjects of lively debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Shen S, Chen Y, Gorentla BK, Lu J, Stone JC, Zhong XP. Critical roles of RasGRP1 for invariant NKT cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4467-73. [PMID: 21957144 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The invariant NKT (iNKT) cell lineage contains CD4(+) and CD4(-) subsets. The mechanisms that control such subset differentiation and iNKT cell maturation in general have not been fully understood. RasGRP1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for TCR-induced activation of the Ras-ERK1/2 pathway, is critical for conventional αβ T cell development but dispensable for generating regulatory T cells. Its role in iNKT cells has been unknown. In this study, we report severe decreases of iNKT cells in RasGRP1(-/-) mice through cell intrinsic mechanisms. In the remaining iNKT cells in RasGRP1(-/-) mice, there is a selective absence of the CD4(+) subset. Furthermore, RasGRP1(-/-) iNKT cells are defective in TCR-induced proliferation in vitro. These observations establish that RasGRP1 is not only important for early iNKT cell development but also for the generation/maintenance of the CD4(+) iNKT cells. Our data provide genetic evidence that the CD4(+) and CD4(-) iNKT cells are distinct sublineages with differential signaling requirements for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Shen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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14
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Zhong XP, Shin J, Gorentla BK, O'Brien T, Srivatsan S, Xu L, Chen Y, Xie D, Pan H. Receptor signaling in immune cell development and function. Immunol Res 2011; 49:109-23. [PMID: 21128010 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell development and function must be tightly regulated through cell surface receptors to ensure proper responses to pathogen and tolerance to self. In T cells, the signal from the T-cell receptor is essential for T-cell maturation, homeostasis, and activation. In mast cells, the high-affinity receptor for IgE transduces signal that promotes mast cell survival and induces mast cell activation. In dendritic cells and macrophages, the toll-like receptors recognize microbial pathogens and play critical roles for both innate and adaptive immunity against pathogens. Our research explores how signaling from these receptors is transduced and regulated to better understand these immune cells. Our recent studies have revealed diacylglycerol kinases and TSC1/2-mTOR as critical signaling molecules/regulators in T cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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15
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Beyer T, Busse M, Hristov K, Gurbiel S, Smida M, Haus UU, Ballerstein K, Pfeuffer F, Weismantel R, Schraven B, Lindquist JA. Integrating signals from the T-cell receptor and the interleukin-2 receptor. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002121. [PMID: 21829342 PMCID: PMC3150289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells orchestrate the adaptive immune response, making them targets for immunotherapy. Although immunosuppressive therapies prevent disease progression, they also leave patients susceptible to opportunistic infections. To identify novel drug targets, we established a logical model describing T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. However, to have a model that is able to predict new therapeutic approaches, the current drug targets must be included. Therefore, as a next step we generated the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) signaling network and developed a tool to merge logical models. For IL-2R signaling, we show that STAT activation is independent of both Src- and PI3-kinases, while ERK activation depends upon both kinases and additionally requires novel PKCs. In addition, our merged model correctly predicted TCR-induced STAT activation. The combined network also allows information transfer from one receptor to add detail to another, thereby predicting that LAT mediates JNK activation in IL-2R signaling. In summary, the merged model not only enables us to unravel potential cross-talk, but it also suggests new experimental designs and provides a critical step towards designing strategies to reprogram T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Beyer
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Busse
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kroum Hristov
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Slavyana Gurbiel
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michal Smida
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Utz-Uwe Haus
- Institute of Mathematical Optimization, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Ballerstein
- Institute of Mathematical Optimization, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Pfeuffer
- Institute of Mathematical Optimization, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Weismantel
- Institute of Mathematical Optimization, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Immune Control, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jonathan A. Lindquist
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kil DY, Vester Boler BM, Apanavicius CJ, Schook LB, Swanson KS. Age and diet affect gene expression profiles in canine liver tissue. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13319. [PMID: 20967283 PMCID: PMC2953517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver plays a central role in nutrient and xenobiotic metabolism, but its functionality declines with age. Senior dogs suffer from many of the chronic hepatic diseases as elderly humans, with age-related alterations in liver function influenced by diet. However, a large-scale molecular analysis of the liver tissue as affected by age and diet has not been reported in dogs. Methodology/Principal Findings Liver tissue samples were collected from six senior (12-year old) and six young adult (1-year old) female beagles fed an animal protein-based diet (APB) or a plant protein-based diet (PPB) for 12 months. Total RNA in the liver tissue was extracted and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChip® Canine Genome Arrays. Using a 2.0-fold cutoff and false discovery rate <0.10, our results indicated that expression of 234 genes was altered by age, while 137 genes were differentially expressed by diet. Based on functional classification, genes affected by age and/or diet were involved in cellular development, nutrient metabolism, and signal transduction. In general, gene expression suggested that senior dogs had an increased risk of the progression of liver disease and dysfunction, as observed in aged humans and rodents. In particular for aged liver, genes related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and glycolysis were up-regulated, whereas genes related to regeneration, xenobiotic metabolism, and cholesterol trafficking were down-regulated. Diet-associated changes in gene expression were more common in young adult dogs (33 genes) as compared to senior dogs (3 genes). Conclusion Our results provide molecular insight pertaining to the aged canine liver and its predisposition to disease and abnormalities. Therefore, our data may aid in future research pertaining to age-associated alterations in hepatic function or identification of potential targets for nutritional management as a means to decrease incidence of age-dependent liver dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yong Kil
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brittany M. Vester Boler
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carolyn J. Apanavicius
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chow MT, Teh H. H2‐M3‐restricted CD8
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T cells augment CD4
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T‐cell responses by promoting DC maturation. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1408-17. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hung‐Sia Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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