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Ma Y, Zheng K, Zhao C, Chen J, Chen L, Zhang Y, Chen T, Yao X, Cai Y, Wu J. Microglia LILRB4 upregulation reduces brain damage after acute ischemic stroke by limiting CD8 + T cell recruitment. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:214. [PMID: 39217343 PMCID: PMC11366150 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4) plays a significant role in regulating immune responses. LILRB4 in microglia might influence the infiltration of peripheral T cells. However, whether and how LILRB4 expression aggravates brain damage after acute ischemic stroke remains unclear. This study investigates the role of LILRB4 in modulating the immune response and its potential protective effects against ischemic brain injury in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Microglia-specific LILRB4 conditional knockout (LILRB4-KO) and overexpression transgenic (LILRB4-TG) mice were constructed by a Cre-loxP system. Then, they were used to investigate the role of LILRB4 after ischemic stroke using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model. Spatial transcriptomics analysis revealed increased LILRB4 expression in the ischemic hemisphere. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) identified microglia-cluster3, an ischemia-associated microglia subcluster with elevated LILRB4 expression in the ischemic brain. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining showed increased CD8+ T cell infiltration into the brain in LILRB4-KO-tMCAO mice. Behavioral tests, cortical perfusion maps, and infarct size measurements indicated that LILRB4-KO-tMCAO mice had more severe functional deficits and larger infarct sizes compared to Control-tMCAO and LILRB4-TG-tMCAO mice. T cell migration assays demonstrated that LILRB4-KD microglia promoted CD8+ T cell recruitment and activation in vitro, which was mitigated by CCL2 inhibition and recombinant arginase-1 addition. The scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics identified CCL2 was predominantly secreted from activated microglia/macrophage and increased CCL2 expression in LILRB4-KD microglia, suggesting a chemokine-mediated mechanism of LILRB4. CONCLUSION LILRB4 in microglia plays a crucial role in modulating the post-stroke immune response by regulating CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation. Knockout of LILRB4 exacerbates ischemic brain injury by promoting CD8+ T cell recruitment. Overexpression of LILRB4, conversely, offers neuroprotection. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting LILRB4 and its downstream pathways to mitigate immune-mediated damage in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Ma
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuhua Yao
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jialing Wu
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Ogunlusi O, Sarkar M, Chakrabarti A, Boland DJ, Nguyen T, Sampson J, Nguyen C, Fails D, Jones-Hall Y, Fu L, Mallick B, Keene A, Jones J, Sarkar TR. Disruption of Circadian Clock Induces Abnormal Mammary Morphology and Aggressive Basal Tumorigenesis by Enhancing LILRB4 Signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585534. [PMID: 38562905 PMCID: PMC10983926 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) is associated with the risk of breast cancer. However, the role of CRD in mammary gland morphology and aggressive basal mammary tumorigenesis and the molecular mechanisms underlying CRD and cancer risk remain unknown. To investigate the effect of CRD on aggressive tumorigenesis, a genetically engineered mouse model that recapitulates the human basal type of breast cancer was used for this study. The effect of CRD on mammary gland morphology was investigated using wild-type mice model. The impact of CRD on the tumor microenvironment was investigated using the tumors from LD12:12 and CRD mice via scRNA seq. ScRNA seq was substantiated by multiplexing immunostaining, flow cytometry, and realtime PCR. The effect of LILRB4 immunotherapy on CRD-induced tumorigenesis was also investigated. Here we identified the impact of CRD on basal tumorigenesis and mammary gland morphology and identified the role of LILRB4 on CRD-induced lung metastasis. We found that chronic CRD disrupted mouse mammary gland morphology and increased tumor burden, and lung metastasis and induced an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by enhancing LILRB4a expression. Moreover, CRD increased the M2-macrophage and regulatory T-cell populations but decreased the M1-macrophage, and dendritic cell populations. Furthermore, targeted immunotherapy against LILRB4 reduced CRD-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment and lung metastasis. These findings identify and implicate LILRB4a as a link between CRD and aggressive mammary tumorigenesis. This study also establishes the potential role of the targeted LILRB4a immunotherapy as an inhibitor of CRD-induced lung metastasis.
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Li M, Zhao X. LILRB4 in acute myeloid leukemia: From prognostic biomarker to immunotherapeutic target. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024:00029330-990000000-01138. [PMID: 38973293 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LILR) B4 (also known as ILT3/CD85k) is an immune checkpoint protein that is highly expressed in solid tumors and hematological malignancies and plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of cancer. LILRB4 is highly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and this phenotype is associated with adverse patient outcomes. Its differential expression in tumors compared to normal tissues, its presence in tumor stem cells, and its multifaceted roles in tumorigenesis position it as a promising therapeutic target in AML. Currently, several immunotherapies targeting LILRB4 are undergoing clinical trials. This review summarizes advancements made in the study of LILRB4 in AML, focusing on its structure, ligands, expression, and significance in normal tissues and AML; its protumorigenic effects and mechanisms in AML; and the application of LILRB4-targeted therapies in AML. These insights highlight the potential advantages of LILRB4 as an immunotherapeutic target in the context of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing 100044, China
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Cao Z, Lu P, Li L, Geng Q, Lin L, Yan L, Zhang L, Shi C, Li L, Zhao N, He X, Tan Y, Lu C. Bioinformatics-led discovery of liver-specific genes and macrophage infiltration in acute liver injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287136. [PMID: 38130716 PMCID: PMC10733525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute liver injury (ALI) is an important global health concern, primarily caused by widespread hepatocyte cell death, coupled with a complex immune response and a lack of effective remedies. This study explores the underlying mechanisms, immune infiltration patterns, and potential targets for intervention and treatment ALI. Methods The datasets of acetaminophen (APAP), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI were obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were individually identified using the limma packages. Functional enrichment analysis was performed using KEGG, GO, and GSEA methods. The overlapping genes were extracted from the three datasets, and hub genes were identified using MCODE and CytoHubba algorithms. Additionally, PPI networks were constructed based on the String database. Immune cell infiltration analysis was conducted using ImmuCellAI, and the correlation between hub genes and immune cells was determined using the Spearman method. The relationship between hub genes, immune cells, and biochemical indicators of liver function (ALT, AST) was validated using APAP and triptolide (TP) -induced ALI mouse models. Results Functional enrichment analysis indicated that all three ALI models were enriched in pathways linked to fatty acid metabolism, drug metabolism, inflammatory response, and immune regulation. Immune analysis revealed a significant rise in macrophage infiltration. A total of 79 overlapping genes were obtained, and 10 hub genes were identified that were consistent with the results of the biological information analysis after screening and validation. Among them, Clec4n, Ms4a6d, and Lilrb4 exhibited strong associations with macrophage infiltration and ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Redondo-García S, Barritt C, Papagregoriou C, Yeboah M, Frendeus B, Cragg MS, Roghanian A. Human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors in health and disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1282874. [PMID: 38022598 PMCID: PMC10679719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors (LILR) are a family of 11 innate immunomodulatory receptors, primarily expressed on lymphoid and myeloid cells. LILRs are either activating (LILRA) or inhibitory (LILRB) depending on their associated signalling domains (D). With the exception of the soluble LILRA3, LILRAs mediate immune activation, while LILRB1-5 primarily inhibit immune responses and mediate tolerance. Abnormal expression and function of LILRs is associated with a range of pathologies, including immune insufficiency (infection and malignancy) and overt immune responses (autoimmunity and alloresponses), suggesting LILRs may be excellent candidates for targeted immunotherapies. This review will discuss the biology and clinical relevance of this extensive family of immune receptors and will summarise the recent developments in targeting LILRs in disease settings, such as cancer, with an update on the clinical trials investigating the therapeutic targeting of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Redondo-García
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Barritt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Lister Department of General Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Charys Papagregoriou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Muchaala Yeboah
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Frendeus
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Morse JW, Rios M, Ye J, Rios A, Zhang CC, Daver NG, DiNardo CD, Zhang N, An Z. Antibody therapies for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: exploring current and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:107-125. [PMID: 36762937 PMCID: PMC10031751 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2179482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common and deadly type of leukemia affecting adults. It is typically managed with rounds of non-targeted chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplants, but this is only possible in patients who can tolerate these harsh treatments and many are elderly and frail. With the identification of novel tumor-specific cell surface receptors, there is great conviction that targeted antibody therapies will soon become available for these patients. AREAS COVERED In this review, we describe the current landscape of known target receptors for monospecific and bispecific antibody-based therapeutics for AML. Here, we characterize each of the receptors and targeted antibody-based therapeutics in development, illustrating the rational design behind each therapeutic compound. We then discuss the bispecific antibodies in development and how they improve immune surveillance of AML. For each therapeutic, we also summarize the available pre-clinical and clinical data, including data from discontinued trials. EXPERT OPINION One antibody-based therapeutic has already been approved for AML treatment, the CD33-targeting antibody-drug conjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin. Many more are currently in pre-clinical and clinical studies. These antibody-based therapeutics can perform tumor-specific, elaborate cytotoxic functions and there is growing confidence they will soon lead to personalized, safe AML treatment options that induce durable remissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Morse
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Margarita Rios
- Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - John Ye
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adan Rios
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Naval G Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Effect of B7-H4 downregulation induced by Toxoplasma gondii infection on dysfunction of decidual macrophages contributes to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:464. [PMID: 36514159 PMCID: PMC9746109 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy can lead to fetal defect(s) or congenital complications. The inhibitory molecule B7-H4 expressed on decidual macrophages (dMφ) plays an important role in maternal-fetal tolerance. However, the effect of B7-H4 on the function of dMφ during T. gondii infection remains unclear. METHODS Changes in B7-H4 expression on dMφ after T. gondii infection were explored both in vivo and in vitro. B7-H4-/- pregnant mice (pregnant mice with B7-H4 gene knockout) and purified primary human dMφ treated with B7-H4 neutralizing antibody were used to explore the role of B7-H4 signaling on regulating the membrane molecules, synthesis of arginine metabolic enzymes and cytokine production by dMφ with T. gondii infection. Also, adoptive transfer of dMφ from wild-type (WT) pregnant mice or B7-H4-/- pregnant mice to infected B7-H4-/- pregnant mice was used to examine the effect of B7-H4 on adverse pregnancy outcomes induced by T. gondii infection. RESULTS The results illustrated that B7-H4-/- pregnant mice infected by T. gondii had poorer pregnancy outcomes than their wild-type counterparts. The expression of B7-H4 on dMφ significantly decreased after T. gondii infection, which resulted in the polarization of dMφ from the M2 toward the M1 phenotype by changing the expression of membrane molecules (CD80, CD86, CD163, CD206), synthesis of arginine metabolic enzymes (Arg-1, iNOS) and production of cytokines (IL-10, TNF-α) production. Also, we found that the B7-H4 downregulation after T. gondii infection increased iNOS and TNF-α expression mediated through the JAK2/STAT1 signaling pathway. In addition, adoptive transfer of dMφ from a WT pregnant mouse donor rather than from a B7-H4-/- pregnant mouse donor was able to improve adverse pregnancy outcomes induced by T. gondii infection. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that the downregulation of B7-H4 induced by T. gondii infection led to the dysfunction of decidual macrophages and contributed to abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, adoptive transfer of B7-H4+ dMφ could improve adverse pregnancy outcomes induced by T. gondii infection.
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Radojević D, Tomić S, Mihajlović D, Tolinački M, Pavlović B, Vučević D, Bojić S, Golić N, Čolić M, Đokić J. Fecal microbiota composition associates with the capacity of human peripheral blood monocytes to differentiate into immunogenic dendritic cells in vitro. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-20. [PMID: 33970783 PMCID: PMC8115579 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1921927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although promising for active immunization in cancer patients, dendritic cells (DCs) vaccines generated in vitro display high inter-individual variability in their immunogenicity, which mostly limits their therapeutic efficacy. Gut microbiota composition is a key emerging factor affecting individuals' immune responses, but it is unknown how it affects the variability of donors' precursor cells to differentiate into immunogenic DCs in vitro. By analyzing gut microbiota composition in 14 healthy donors, along with the phenotype and cytokines production by monocyte-derived DCs, we found significant correlations between immunogenic properties of DC and microbiota composition. Namely, donors who had higher α-diversity of gut microbiota and higher abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) and SCFA-producing bacteria in feces, displayed lower expression of CD1a on immature (im)DC and higher expression of ILT-3, costimulatory molecules (CD86, CD40) proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8) and IL-12p70/IL-10 ratio, all of which correlated with their lower maturation potential and immunogenicity upon stimulation with LPS/IFNγ, a well-known Th1 polarizing cocktail. In contrast, imDCs generated from donors with lower α-diversity and higher abundance of Bifidobacterium and Collinsella in feces displayed higher CD1a expression and higher potential to up-regulate CD86 and CD40, increase TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 production, and IL-12p70/IL-10 ratio upon stimulation. These results emphasize the important role of gut microbiota on the capacity of donor precursor cells to differentiate into immunogenic DCs suitable for cancer therapy, which could be harnessed for improving the actual and future DC-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Radojević
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sergej Tomić
- Department for Immunology and Immunoparasitology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Mihajlović
- Faculty of Medicine Foca, University of East Sarajevo, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Tolinački
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Dragana Vučević
- Department for Immunology and Immunoparasitology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nataša Golić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Čolić
- Faculty of Medicine Foca, University of East Sarajevo, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đokić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,CONTACT Jelena Đokić Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGE), University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, Belgrade11042, Serbia
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Deng M, Chen H, Liu X, Huang R, He Y, Yoo B, Xie J, John S, Zhang N, An Z, Zhang CC. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B: therapeutic targets in cancer. Antib Ther 2021; 4:16-33. [PMID: 33928233 PMCID: PMC7944505 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRBs 1–5) transduce signals via intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs that recruit phosphatases to negatively regulate immune activation. The activation of LILRB signaling in immune cells may contribute to immune evasion. In addition, the expression and signaling of LILRBs in cancer cells especially in certain hematologic malignant cells directly support cancer development. Certain LILRBs thus have dual roles in cancer biology—as immune checkpoint molecules and tumor-supporting factors. Here, we review the expression, ligands, signaling, and functions of LILRBs, as well as therapeutic development targeting them. LILRBs may represent attractive targets for cancer treatment, and antagonizing LILRB signaling may prove to be effective anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Deng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Heyu Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoye Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ryan Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yubo He
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Byounggyu Yoo
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Samuel John
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Feldhahn N, Arutyunyan A, Stoddart S, Zhang B, Schmidhuber S, Yi SJ, Kim YM, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N. Environment-mediated drug resistance in Bcr/Abl-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:618-629. [PMID: 22934254 PMCID: PMC3429566 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cure rates for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have increased, development of resistance to drugs and patient relapse are common. The environment in which the leukemia cells are present during the drug treatment is known to provide significant survival benefit. Here, we have modeled this process by culturing murine Bcr/Abl-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in the presence of stroma while treating them with a moderate dose of two unrelated drugs, the farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib. This results in an initial large reduction in cell viability of the culture and inhibition of cell proliferation. However, after a number of days, cell death ceases and the culture becomes drug-tolerant, enabling cell division to resume. Using gene expression profiling, we found that the development of drug resistance was accompanied by massive transcriptional upregulation of genes that are associated with general inflammatory responses such as the metalloproteinase MMP9. MMP9 protein levels and enzymatic activity were also increased in ALL cells that had become nilotinib-tolerant. Activation of p38, Akt and Erk correlated with the development of environment-mediated drug resistance (EMDR), and inhibitors of Akt and Erk in combination with nilotinib reduced the ability of the cells to develop resistance. However, inhibition of p38 promoted increased resistance to nilotinib. We conclude that development of EMDR by ALL cells involves changes in numerous intracellular pathways. Development of tolerance to drugs such as nilotinib may therefore be circumvented by simultaneous treatment with other drugs having divergent targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Feldhahn
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis; Division of Hematology/Oncology and The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital; Los Angeles, CA USA
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Xu Z, Lin CC, Ho S, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by ILT3.Fc. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:554-565. [PMID: 33361206 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS that is characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, gliosis, and inflammation. The murine model of MS is the experimental autoimmune encephalopathy (EAE) induced by immunization of mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3) is an inhibitory cell surface receptor expressed by tolerogenic human dendritic cells. In this study, we show that the recombinant human ILT3.Fc protein binds to murine immune cells and inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause the neuroinflammatory process that result in paralysis. Administration of ILT3.Fc prevents the rapid evolution of the disease in C57BL/6 mice and is associated with a profound reduction of proliferation of MOG35-55-specific Th1 and Th17 cells. Inhibition of IFN-γ and IL-17A in mice treated with ILT3.Fc is associated with delayed time of onset of the disease and its evolution to a peak clinical score. Neuropathological analysis shows a reduction in inflammatory infiltrates and demyelinated areas in the brains and spinal cords of treated mice. These results indicate that inhibition of Th1 and Th17 development provides effective suppression of EAE and suggests the feasibility of a clinical approach based on the use of ILT3.Fc for treatment of MS. Furthermore, our results open the way to further studies on the effect of the human ILT3.Fc protein in murine experimental models of autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Chun-Chieh Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sophey Ho
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - George Vlad
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Nicole Suciu-Foca
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
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12
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Zhou H, Li N, Yuan Y, Jin YG, Wu Q, Yan L, Bian ZY, Deng W, Shen DF, Li H, Tang QZ. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 protects against cardiac hypertrophy via SHP-2-dependent inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:691-705. [PMID: 32280997 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is a complex pathological process, and the molecular mechanisms underlying hypertrophic remodeling have not been clearly elucidated. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (lilrb4) is an inhibitory transmembrane protein that is necessary for the regulation of various cellular signaling pathways. To investigate whether lilrb4 plays a role in cardiac hypertrophy, we performed aortic banding in lilrb4 knockout mice, lilrb4 cardiac-specific transgenic mice, and their wild-type littermates. Cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by echocardiographic, hemodynamic, pathological, and molecular analyses. We found that lilrb4 was expressed both in myocardial tissue and on cultured cardiomyocytes under basal conditions, but the expression was obviously decreased in mouse hearts following aortic banding and in cardiomyocytes treated with angiotensin II. Lilrb4 disruption aggravated cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction in response to pressure overload. Conversely, the cardiac overexpression of lilrb4 led to the opposite effects. Moreover, lilrb4 overexpression inhibited angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Mechanistically, we determined that the cardioprotective effect of lilrb4 was mediated through an interaction with SHP-2, the preservation of phosphorylated SHP-2, and the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. In addition, SHP-2 knockdown in cardiomyocytes eliminated the inhibitory effects of lilrb4 on angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy and NF-κB activation. Our results suggest that lilrb4 protects against pathological cardiac hypertrophy via the SHP-2-dependent inhibition of the NF-κB pathway and may act as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy. KEY MESSAGES: Lilrb4 expression is decreased by hypertrophic stimuli. Lilrb4 protects against pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Lilrb4 interacts with SHP-2 and inhibits NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ge Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou-Yan Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Di-Fei Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Inflammatory biomarker profiling in classical orthostatic hypotension: Insights from the SYSTEMA cohort. Int J Cardiol 2018; 259:192-197. [PMID: 29579600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Dobrovolskienė N, Pašukonienė V, Darinskas A, Kraśko JA, Žilionytė K, Mlynska A, Gudlevičienė Ž, Mišeikytė-Kaubrienė E, Schijns V, Lubitz W, Kudela P, Strioga M. Tumor lysate-loaded Bacterial Ghosts as a tool for optimized production of therapeutic dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 36:4171-4180. [PMID: 29895501 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines has been used to treat various malignancies for more than two decades, however generally showed a limited clinical success. Among various factors responsible for their modest clinical activity is the lack of universally applied, standardized protocols for the generation of clinical-grade DC vaccines, capable of inducing effective anti-tumor immune responses. We investigated Bacterial Ghosts (BGs) - empty envelopes of Gram-negative bacteria - as a tool for optimized production of DC vaccines. BGs possess various intact cell surface structures, exhibiting strong adjuvant properties required for the induction of DC maturation, whereas their empty internal space can be easily filled with a source tumor antigens, e.g. tumor lysate. Hence BGs emerge as an excellent platform for both the induction of immunogenic DC maturation and loading with tumor antigens in a single-step procedure. We compared the phenotype, cytokine secretion profile, functional activity and ability to induce immunogenic T-cell responses in vitro of human monocyte-derived DCs generated using BG platform and DCs matured with widely used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ cocktail and loaded with tumor lysate. Both approaches induced DC maturation, however BG-based protocol was superior to LPS-based protocol in terms of the ability to induce DCs with a lower tolerogenic potential, resulting in a more robust CD8+ T cell activation and their functional activity as well as significantly lower induction of regulatory T cells. These superior parameters are attributed, at least in part, to the ability of BG-matured DCs to resist potential immunosuppressive and pro-tolerogenic activity of various tumor cell lysates, including melanoma, renal carcinoma and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dobrovolskienė
- National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - V Pašukonienė
- National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - A Darinskas
- National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania; JSC "Froceth", Linkmenų g. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - J A Kraśko
- National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania; JSC "Froceth", Linkmenų g. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - K Žilionytė
- National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - A Mlynska
- National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ž Gudlevičienė
- National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - E Mišeikytė-Kaubrienė
- National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania; Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio g. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - V Schijns
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; Epitopoietic Research Corporation (ERC), ERC-The Netherlands, 5374 RE Schaijk, The Netherlands.
| | - W Lubitz
- BIRD-C GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Bohrgasse 2-8/14/1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - P Kudela
- BIRD-C GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Bohrgasse 2-8/14/1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Strioga
- National Cancer Institute, Santariškių g. 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania; Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio g. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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15
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Zhan S, Zheng J, Zhang H, Zhao M, Liu X, Jiang Y, Yang C, Ren L, Liu Z, Hu X. LILRB4 Decrease on uDCs Exacerbate Abnormal Pregnancy Outcomes Following Toxoplasma gondii Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:588. [PMID: 29643846 PMCID: PMC5882840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in early pregnancy can result in miscarriage, dead fetus, and other abnormalities. The LILRB4 is a central inhibitory receptor in uterine dendritic cells (uDCs) that plays essential immune-regulatory roles at the maternal–fetal interface. In this study, T. gondii-infected human primary uDCs and T. gondii-infected LILRB4-/- pregnant mice were utilized. The immune mechanisms underlying the role of LILRB4 on uDCs were explored in the development of abnormal pregnancy outcomes following T. gondii infection in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that the expression levels of LILRB4 on uDCs from normal pregnant mice were obviously higher than non-pregnant mice, and peaked in mid-gestation. The LILRB4 expression on uDC subsets, especially tolerogenic subsets, from mid-gestation was obviously down-regulated after T. gondii infection and LILRB4 decrease could further regulate the expression of functional molecules (CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR or MHC II) on uDCs, contributing to abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Our results will shed light on the molecular immune mechanisms of uDCs in abnormal pregnancy outcomes by T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Zhan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Binzhou Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Department of Medicine & Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Mingdong Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Binzhou Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Xianbing Liu
- Department of Immunology, Department of Medicine & Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuzhu Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Department of Medicine & Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Department of Medicine & Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Liqin Ren
- Department of Immunology, Department of Medicine & Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Binzhou Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Hu
- Department of Immunology, Department of Medicine & Pharmacy Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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16
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Xu Z, Chang CC, Li M, Zhang QY, Vasilescu ERM, D’Agati V, Floratos A, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. ILT3.Fc–CD166 Interaction Induces Inactivation of p70 S6 Kinase and Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1207-1219. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Mann EH, Ho TR, Pfeffer PE, Matthews NC, Chevretton E, Mudway I, Kelly FJ, Hawrylowicz CM. Vitamin D Counteracts an IL-23-Dependent IL-17A +IFN-γ + Response Driven by Urban Particulate Matter. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:355-366. [PMID: 28463086 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0409oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban particulate matter (UPM) air pollution and vitamin D deficiency are detrimentally associated with respiratory health. This is hypothesized to be due in part to regulation of IL-17A, which UPM is reported to promote. Here, we used a myeloid dendritic cell (DC)-memory CD4+ T cell co-culture system to characterize UPM-driven IL-17A+ cells, investigate the mechanism by which UPM-primed DCs promote this phenotype, and address evidence for cross-regulation by vitamin D. CD1c+ myeloid DCs were cultured overnight with or without a reference source of UPM and/or active vitamin D (1,25[OH]2D3) before they were co-cultured with autologous memory CD4+ T cells. Supernatants were harvested for cytokine analysis on Day 5 of co-culture, and intracellular cytokine staining was performed on Day 7. UPM-primed DCs increased the proportion of memory CD4+ T cells expressing the T helper 17 cell (Th17)-associated cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22, as well as IFN-γ, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and granzyme B. Notably, a large proportion of the UPM-driven IL-17A+ cells co-expressed these cytokines, but not IL-10, indicative of a proinflammatory Th17 profile. UPM-treated DCs expressed elevated levels of il23 mRNA and increased secretion of IL-23p40. Neutralization of IL-23 in culture reduced the frequency of IL-17A+IFN-γ+ cells without affecting cell proliferation. 1,25(OH)2D3 counteracted the UPM-driven DC maturation and inhibited the frequency of IL-17A+IFN-γ+ cells, most prominently when DCs were co-treated with the corticosteroid dexamethasone, while maintaining antiinflammatory IL-10 synthesis. These data indicate that UPM might promote an inflammatory milieu in part by inducing an IL-23-driven proinflammatory Th17 response. Restoring vitamin D sufficiency may counteract these UPM-driven effects without obliterating important homeostatic immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Mann
- 1 MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, and
| | - Tzer-Ren Ho
- 1 MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, and
| | - Paul E Pfeffer
- 1 MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, and
| | - Nick C Matthews
- 1 MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, and
| | - Elfy Chevretton
- 2 Department of ENT Services, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Mudway
- 3 Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Frank J Kelly
- 1 MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, and.,3 Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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18
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LILRB4 deficiency aggravates the development of atherosclerosis and plaque instability by increasing the macrophage inflammatory response via NF-κB signaling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2275-2288. [PMID: 28743735 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. LILRB4 is associated with the pathological processes of various inflammatory diseases. However, the potential function and underlying mechanisms of LILRB4 in atherogenesis remain to be investigated. In this study, LILRB4 expression was examined in both human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques. The effects and possible mechanisms of LILRB4 in atherogenesis and plaque instability were evaluated in LILRB4-/-ApoE-/- and ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet. We found that LILRB4 was located primarily in macrophages, and its expression was up-regulated in atherosclerotic lesions from human coronary arteries and mouse aortic roots. LILRB4 deficiency significantly accelerated the development of atherosclerotic lesions and increased the instability of plaques, as evidenced by the increased infiltration of lipids, decreased amount of collagen components and smooth muscle cells. Moreover, LILRB4 deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells promoted the development of atherosclerosis. In vivo and in vitro analyses revealed that the pro-inflammatory effects of LILRB4 deficiency were mediated by the increased activation of NF-κB signaling due to decreased Shp1 phosphorylation. In conclusion, the present study indicates that LILRB4 deficiency promotes atherogenesis, at least partly, through reduced Shp1 phosphorylation, which subsequently enhances the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response. Thus, targeting the "LILRB4-Shp1" axis may be a novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis.
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19
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Xu Z, Ho S, Chang CC, Zhang QY, Vasilescu ER, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. Molecular and Cellular Characterization of Human CD8 T Suppressor Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:549. [PMID: 27965674 PMCID: PMC5127796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional interactions between dendritic cells and Ag-experienced T cells initiate either a tolerogenic or immunogenic pathway. The outcome of these interactions is of crucial importance in malignancy, transplantation, and autoimmune diseases. Blockade of costimulation results in the induction of T helper cell anergy and subsequent differentiation of antigen-specific CD8+ T suppressor/regulatory cells (Ts). Ts, primed in the presence of inhibitory signals, exert their inhibitory function in an antigen-specific manner, a feature with tremendous clinical potential. In transplantation or autoimmunity, antigen-specific Ts can enforce tolerance to auto- or allo-antigens, while otherwise leaving the immune response to pathogens uninhibited. Alternatively, blockade of inhibitory receptors results in the generation of cytolytic CD8+ T cells, which is vital toward defense against tumors and viral diseases. Because CD8+ T cells are MHC Class I restricted, they are able to recognize HLA-bound antigenic peptides presented not only by APC but also on parenchymal cells, thus eliciting or suppressing auto- or allo-immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Sophey Ho
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Chih-Chao Chang
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Qing-Yin Zhang
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Elena-Rodica Vasilescu
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - George Vlad
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Nicole Suciu-Foca
- Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
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20
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Kang X, Kim J, Deng M, John S, Chen H, Wu G, Phan H, Zhang CC. Inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors: Immune checkpoint proteins and tumor sustaining factors. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:25-40. [PMID: 26636629 PMCID: PMC4825776 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRBs 1-5) transduce signals via intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that recruit protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 6 (PTPN6 or SHP-1), protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11 or SHP-2), or Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase (SHIP), leading to negative regulation of immune cell activation. Certain of these receptors also play regulatory roles in neuronal activity and osteoclast development. The activation of LILRBs on immune cells by their ligands may contribute to immune evasion by tumors. Recent studies found that several members of LILRB family are expressed by tumor cells, notably hematopoietic cancer cells, and may directly regulate cancer development and relapse as well as the activity of cancer stem cells. LILRBs thus have dual concordant roles in tumor biology - as immune checkpoint molecules and as tumor-sustaining factors. Importantly, the study of knockout mice indicated that LILRBs do not affect hematopoiesis and normal development. Therefore LILRBs may represent ideal targets for tumor treatment. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on expression patterns, ligands, signaling, and functions of LILRB family members in the context of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunlei Kang
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Jaehyup Kim
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Mi Deng
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Samuel John
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Heyu Chen
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Guojin Wu
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Hiep Phan
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- a Department of Physiology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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21
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Dáňová K, Klapetková A, Kayserová J, Šedivá A, Špíšek R, Jelínková LP. NF-κB, p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, mTOR, STAT3 and increased glycolysis regulate stability of paricalcitol/dexamethasone-generated tolerogenic dendritic cells in the inflammatory environment. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14123-38. [PMID: 26053099 PMCID: PMC4546455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) may offer an intervention therapy in autoimmune diseases or transplantation. Stable immaturity and tolerogenic function of tDCs after encountering inflammatory environment are prerequisite for positive outcome of immunotherapy. However, the signaling pathways regulating their stable tolerogenic properties are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that human monocyte-derived tDCs established by using paricalcitol (analogue of vitamin D2), dexamethasone and monophosphoryl lipid A exposed for 24h to LPS, cytokine cocktail, polyI:C or CD40L preserved reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules, increased levels of inhibitory molecules ILT-3, PDL-1 and TIM-3, increased TLR-2, increased secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β, reduced IL-12 and TNF-α secretion and reduced T cell stimulatory capacity. tDCs further induced IL-10-producing T regulatory cells that suppressed the proliferation of responder T cells. In the inflammatory environment, tDCs maintained up-regulated indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase but abrogated IκB-α phosphorylation and reduced transcriptional activity of p65/RelA, RelB and c-Rel NF-κB subunits except p50. Mechanistically, p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, mTOR, STAT3 and mTOR-dependent glycolysis regulated expression of ILT-3, PDL-1 and CD86, secretion of IL-10 and T cell stimulatory capacity of tDCs in the inflammatory environment. Stability of tDCs in the inflammatory environment is thus regulated by multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Dáňová
- Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Klapetková
- Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kayserová
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Šedivá
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Špíšek
- Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Palová Jelínková
- Sotio a.s., Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
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Analysis of the Expression and Function of Immunoglobulin-Like Transcript 4 (ILT4, LILRB2) in Dendritic Cells from Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4163094. [PMID: 27057555 PMCID: PMC4779820 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4163094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play an important role in the development and maintenance of immune tolerance. Although the inhibitory receptor ILT4/LILRB2 has been related with the tolerogenic phenotype of DC, the possible role of this receptor in the breakdown of DC tolerogenic function in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has not been elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the expression and function of the inhibitory receptor ILT4 in DC from SLE patients. We found that the percentage of ILT4 positive plasmacytoid DC and myeloid DC is significantly diminished in SLE patients. Interestingly, ligation of ILT4 did not affect the maturation or immunogenic capability of DC in healthy controls. In contrast, in SLE patients we observed an inhibitory effect of ILT4 on the immunogenic capability of DC. ILT4 was shown not to have a crucial role in regulating the maturation and function of DC from healthy controls but is partially involved in the maturation process and immunogenic capability of DC from SLE patients, suggesting that other inhibitory receptors, involved in the regulation of DC tolerogenic function, may be impaired in this autoimmune disease.
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Waschbisch A, Sanderson N, Krumbholz M, Vlad G, Theil D, Schwab S, Mäurer M, Derfuss T. Interferon beta and vitamin D synergize to induce immunoregulatory receptors on peripheral blood monocytes of multiple sclerosis patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115488. [PMID: 25551576 PMCID: PMC4281069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) 3 and 4 are inhibitory receptors that modulate immune responses. Their expression has been reported to be affected by interferon, offering a possible mechanism by which this cytokine exerts its therapeutic effect in multiple sclerosis, a condition thought to involve excessive immune activity. To investigate this possibility, we measured expression of ILT3 and ILT4 on immune cells from multiple sclerosis patients, and in post-mortem brain tissue. We also studied the ability of interferon beta, alone or in combination with vitamin D, to induce upregulation of these receptors in vitro, and compared expression levels between interferon-treated and untreated multiple sclerosis patients. In vitro interferon beta treatment led to a robust upregulation of ILT3 and ILT4 on monocytes, and dihydroxyvitamin D3 increased expression of ILT3 but not ILT4. ILT3 was abundant in demyelinating lesions in postmortem brain, and expression on monocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid was higher than in peripheral blood, suggesting that the central nervous system milieu induces ILT3, or that ILT3 positive monocytes preferentially enter the brain. Our data are consistent with involvement of ILT3 and ILT4 in the modulation of immune responsiveness in multiple sclerosis by both interferon and vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Waschbisch
- Dept. of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicholas Sanderson
- Dept. of Neurology and Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - George Vlad
- Dept. of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Diethilde Theil
- Dept. of Neurology, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwab
- Dept. of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Mäurer
- Dept. of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Dept. of Neurology and Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Xu Z, Ho S, Chang CC, Liu Z, Li M, Vasilescu ER, Clynes RA, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. ILT3.Fc inhibits the production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA in supernatants of alloactivated T cells. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:756-9. [PMID: 24862932 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune activation needs to be tightly regulated to control immune-mediated tissue damage. Inhibitory pathways serve to terminate an immune response and resolve inflammation. Persistent exposure to antigens can drive development of adaptive regulatory cells. Similarly exposure of activated T cells to the recombinant ILT3-Fc molecule during priming triggers the differentiation of CD8 T suppressor cells and the induction of CD4 T helper anergy. Ts express high levels of immunoregulatory signature genes together with low levels of microRNA which control their function. Analysis of microRNA contained by exosomes from cultures in which T cells were alloactivated in the presence or absence of ILT3.Fc, demonstrated that this agent inhibits the release of inflammatory microRNA. The source of such inflammatory microRNA was found to reside in alloactivated CD4 T cells, since exosomes from MLC primed CD4 T cells were shown to diminish the suppressive activity of ILT3-Fc-induced CD8(+) Ts at high effector to suppressor T cell ratios. This indicates that inflammatory exosomes can swing the balance between effector and regulatory T cells in favor of immunity. These data suggest that isolation and characterization of micro-RNA containing exosomes in patients' circulation may be of use for treatment, prevention and monitoring of immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sophey Ho
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chih-Chao Chang
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhuoru Liu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Muyang Li
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elena R Vasilescu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Raphael A Clynes
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - George Vlad
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nicole Suciu-Foca
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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25
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Bergamini A, Chimenti MS, Baffari E, Guarino MD, Gigliucci G, Perricone C, Perricone R. Downregulation of immunoglobulin-like transcript-4 (ILT4) in patients with psoriatic arthritis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92018. [PMID: 24676037 PMCID: PMC3967997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The immunoglobulin-like transcript-4 (ILT4) is an inhibitory receptor that modulates the activity of innate immune agents. We determined the expression of ILT4 and analysed the relationship with the expression of costimulatory proteins and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in monocytes from patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) starting anti-TNF treatment. METHODS Peripheral blood monocytes from 15 healthy controls and from 16 patients with PsA were activated in vitro by CD40 ligand (CD40L) and analyzed for ILT4, CD40, CD80 and CD86 expression, and spontaneous lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α production by flow cytometry, before and after treatment with adalimumab. RESULTS The percentage of ILT4-negative monocytes was greater in PsA patients compared to controls and negatively correlated with DAS44. Normal monocytes treated with sera of PsA patients showed a reduced expression of ILT4 compared with monocytes exposed to sera from controls. CD40, CD80 and CD86 expression was higher in patients compared to controls. Both spontaneous and LPS-induced TNF-α production was restricted to ILT4-negative monocytes and was greater in PsA patients compared to controls. Finally, twelve weeks-treatment with adalimumab resulted in a significant increase of ILT4 expression and a decrease of costimulatory molecules expression in PsA patients, compared to pre-therapy levels. CONCLUSIONS These data support the possibility that changes in the immunophenotype of monocytes play a role in the pathogenesis of PSA. Thus, modulation of the expression of ILT4 may represent an enticing new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bergamini
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Chimenti
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Baffari
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Domenica Guarino
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gigliucci
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Perricone
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Roberto Perricone
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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26
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Tolerogenic dendritic cells and induction of T suppressor cells in transplant recipients. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1034:359-71. [PMID: 23775751 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-493-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Tolerogenic antigen presenting cells (APC), primarily dendritic cells (DC), are essential to the induction and maintenance of immunologic tolerance in clinical transplantation. They induce the differentiation of CD8+ T suppressor (Ts) and CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) or anergic cells, which prevent transplant rejection maintaining a state of quiescence. Tolerogenic APC express high levels of inhibitory receptors such as Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)3 and 4 which inhibit the effector function of T cells that recognize HLA-peptide complexes on APC. Here, we describe the methods for detection of tolerogenic APC induced by allospecific Ts/Treg cells.
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27
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López-Álvarez MR, Jones DC, Jiang W, Traherne JA, Trowsdale J. Copy number and nucleotide variation of the LILR family of myelomonocytic cell activating and inhibitory receptors. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:73-83. [PMID: 24257760 PMCID: PMC3894450 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) are cell surface molecules that regulate the activities of myelomonocytic cells through the balance of inhibitory and activation signals. LILR genes are located within the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) on chromosome 19q13.4 adjacent to KIR genes, which are subject to allelic and copy number variation (CNV). LILRB3 (ILT5) and LILRA6 (ILT8) are highly polymorphic receptors with similar extracellular domains. LILRB3 contains inhibitory ITIM motifs and LILRA6 is coupled to an adaptor with activating ITAM motifs. We analysed the sequences of the extracellular immunoglobulin domain-encoding regions of LILRB3 and LILRA6 in 20 individuals, and determined the copy number of these receptors, in addition to those of other members of the LILR family. We found 41 polymorphic sites within the extracellular domains of LILRB3 and LILRA6. Twenty-four of these sites were common to both receptors. LILRA6, but not LILRB3, exhibited CNV. In 20 out of 48 human cell lines from the International Histocompatibility Working Group, LILRA6 was deleted or duplicated. The only other LILR gene exhibiting genomic aberration was LILRA3, in this case due to a partial deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- María R. López-Álvarez
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Des C. Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP UK
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - James A. Traherne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- Immunology Division, Pathology Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP UK
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28
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Bakdash G, Sittig SP, van Dijk T, Figdor CG, de Vries IJM. The nature of activatory and tolerogenic dendritic cell-derived signal II. Front Immunol 2013; 4:53. [PMID: 23450201 PMCID: PMC3584294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central in maintaining the intricate balance between immunity and tolerance by orchestrating adaptive immune responses. Being the most potent antigen presenting cells, DCs are capable of educating naïve T cells into a wide variety of effector cells ranging from immunogenic CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells to tolerogenic regulatory T cells. This education is based on three fundamental signals. Signal I, which is mediated by antigen/major histocompatibility complexes binding to antigen-specific T cell receptors, guarantees antigen specificity. The co-stimulatory signal II, mediated by B7 family molecules, is crucial for the expansion of the antigen-specific T cells. The final step is T cell polarization by signal III, which is conveyed by DC-derived cytokines and determines the effector functions of the emerging T cell. Although co-stimulation is widely recognized to result from the engagement of T cell-derived CD28 with DC-expressed B7 molecules (CD80/CD86), other co-stimulatory pathways have been identified. These pathways can be divided into two groups based on their impact on primed T cells. Whereas pathways delivering activatory signals to T cells are termed co-stimulatory pathways, pathways delivering tolerogenic signals to T cells are termed co-inhibitory pathways. In this review, we discuss how the nature of DC-derived signal II determines the quality of ensuing T cell responses and eventually promoting either immunity or tolerance. A thorough understanding of this process is instrumental in determining the underlying mechanism of disorders demonstrating distorted immunity/tolerance balance, and would help innovating new therapeutic approaches for such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Bakdash
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Nijmegen, Netherlands
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29
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Downregulation of key early events in the mobilization of antigen-bearing dendritic cells by leukocyte immunoglobulin-like Receptor B4 in a mouse model of allergic pulmonary inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57007. [PMID: 23431396 PMCID: PMC3576413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptor B4 (LILRB4) null mice have an exacerbated T helper cell type 2 (Th2) immune response and pulmonary inflammation compared with Lilrb4(+/+) animals when sensitized intranasally with ovalbumin (OVA) and low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by challenge with OVA. Moreover, OVA-challenged Lilrb4(-/-) mice exhibit greater migration of antigen (Ag)-bearing dendritic cells (DCs) to lymph nodes and accumulation of interleukin 4- and interleukin 5-producing lymph node lymphocytes. The main objective of this study was to determine how the absence of LILRB4 leads to a greater number of DCs in the lymph nodes of Ag-challenged mice and increased lung Th2 inflammation. Mice were sensitized intranasally with PBS alone or containing OVA and LPS; additional cohorts were subsequently challenged with OVA. Expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) in the lung was assessed immunohistologically. OVA ingestion and expression of LILRB4 and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7) were quantified by flow cytometry. Inhalation of OVA and LPS induced upregulation of LILRB4 selectively on lung Ag-bearing DCs. After sensitization and challenge, the lung lymphatic vessels of Lilrb4(-/-) mice expressed more CCL21, a chemokine that directs the migration of DCs from peripheral tissue to draining lymph nodes, compared with Lilrb4(+/+) mice. In addition, lung DCs of challenged Lilrb4(-/-) mice expressed more CCR7, the CCL21 receptor. The lungs of challenged Lilrb4(-/-) mice also contained significantly greater numbers of CD4+ cells expressing interleukin-4 or interleukin-5, consistent with the greater number of Ag-bearing DCs and Th2 cells in lymph nodes and the attendant exacerbated Th2 lung pathology. Our data establish a new mechanism by which LILRB4 can downregulate the development of pathologic allergic inflammation: reduced upregulation of key molecules needed for DC migration leading to decreases in Th2 cells in lymph nodes and their target tissue.
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30
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Dobrowolska H, Gill KZ, Serban G, Ivan E, Li Q, Qiao P, Suciu-Foca N, Savage D, Alobeid B, Bhagat G, Colovai AI. Expression of immune inhibitory receptor ILT3 in acute myeloid leukemia with monocytic differentiation. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2012; 84:21-9. [PMID: 23027709 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of AML with monocytic differentiation is limited by the lack of highly sensitive and specific monocytic markers. Immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3) is an immune inhibitory receptor expressed by myelomonocytic cells and at high levels by tolerogenic dendritic cells. METHODS Using flow cytometry, we analyzed the expression of ILT3 in 37 patients with AML and 20 patients with no detectable disease. RESULTS We showed that ILT3 was expressed in all cases of AML displaying monocytic differentiation (FAB M4/M5; N = 18), but not in AML M1/M2 and M3 (N = 19; P < 0.0001). Co-expression of ILT3 and immature cell markers, such as CD34 and CD117, was observed in monoblastic leukemia. ILT3 expression was preserved after treatment in M4/M5 patients with refractory or relapsed disease. ILT3 expression was associated with the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities linked to an intermediate prognosis (P = 0.001). Rare CD45dimCD34+CD117+ILT3+ cells were identified in noninvolved bone marrow, suggesting that ILT3 expression is acquired at an early stage by normal myelomonocytic precursors. CONCLUSIONS ILT3 is a highly sensitive and specific marker which distinguishes AML with monocytic differentiation from other types of AML. Testing of ILT3 expression should be incorporated into the initial diagnostic work-up and monitoring of patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dobrowolska
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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31
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Induction of antigen-specific human T suppressor cells by membrane and soluble ILT3. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:294-301. [PMID: 23018130 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD8 suppressor T cells (CD8(+) Ts) are adaptive regulatory T cells that are induced in vivo and in vitro by chronic antigenic stimulation of human T cells. CD8(+) Ts induce the upregulation of the inhibitory receptors ILT3 and ILT4 on monocytes and dendritic cells rendering these antigen presenting cells (APCs) tolerogenic. Tolerogenic APCs induce CD4(+) T helper anergy and elicit the differentiation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T regulatory/suppressor cells. Overexpression of membrane ILT3 in APC results in inhibition of NF-κB activation, transcription of inflammatory cytokines and costimulatory molecules. Soluble ILT3-Fc which contains only the extracellular, Ig-like domain linked to mutated IgG1 Fc, is strongly immunosuppressive. ILT3-Fc, induces the differentiation of human CD8(+) Ts which inhibit CD4(+) Th and CD8(+) CTL effector function both in vitro and in vivo. The acquisition of Ts' function by primed CD8(+) T cells treated with ILT3-Fc was demonstrated to be the effect of the significant upregulation of BCL6, a transcriptional repressor of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-5 and granzyme B. The upregulated expression of BCL6, SOCS1 and DUSP10 is integral to the signature of ILT3-Fc-induced CD8(+) Ts. These genes are known inhibitors of cytokine production and TCR signaling and are targeted by miRNAs which are suppressed by ILT3-Fc. ILT3-Fc induces tolerance to allogeneic human islets and reverses rejection after its onset in a humanized NOD/SCID mouse model. Based on these findings we postulate that ILT3-Fc may become an important new agent for treatment of autoimmunity and transplant rejection.
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Antoniu SA. Discontinued drugs 2011: pulmonary, allergy, gastrointestinal and arthritis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1607-18. [PMID: 22839355 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.712112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This is the annual perspective paper on the discontinued drugs in the field of pulmonary allergy, gastrointestinal, and arthritis conditions. It is part of series of papers discussing drugs discontinued from clinical development in the previous year and presented according to therapeutic indication. Specifically, this paper presents the 23 compounds developed for various inflammatory conditions and 10 pulmonary drugs which were discontinued in 2011. Information for this perspective was derived from a search of the Pharmaprojects database for drugs discontinued after reaching Phase-I - III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina A Antoniu
- Gr.T.Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Pulmonary Disease University Hospital, Pulmonary Disease Department, 30 Dr I Cihac Str, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
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Buonaguro L, Petrizzo A, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Innate immunity and hepatitis C virus infection: a microarray's view. Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:7. [PMID: 22448617 PMCID: PMC3511806 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces a chronic infection in more than two-thirds of HCV infected subjects. The inefficient innate and adaptive immune responses have been shown to play a major pathogenetic role in the development and persistence of HCV chronic infection. Several aspects of the interactions between the virus and the host immune system have been clarified and, in particular, mechanisms have been identified which underlie the ability of HCV to seize and subvert innate as well as adaptive immune responses. The present review summarizes recent findings on the interaction between HCV infection and innate immune response whose final effect is the downstream inefficient development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity, thereby contributing to virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fond, G, Pascale", 80131, Naples, Italy.
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34
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Chang CC, Zhang QY, Liu Z, Clynes RA, Suciu-Foca N, Vlad G. Downregulation of inflammatory microRNAs by Ig-like transcript 3 is essential for the differentiation of human CD8(+) T suppressor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3042-52. [PMID: 22387553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the mechanism underlying the immunoregulatory function of membrane Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3) and soluble ILT3Fc. microRNA (miRNA) expression profile identified genes that were downregulated in ILT3-induced human CD8(+) T suppressor cells (Ts) while upregulated in T cells primed in the absence of ILT3. We found that miR-21, miR-30b, and miR-155 target the 3'-untranslated region of genes whose expression was strongly increased in ILT3Fc-induced Ts, such as dual specificity phosphatase 10, B cell CLL/lymphoma 6, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, respectively. Transfection of miRNA mimics or inhibitors and site-specific mutagenesis of their 3'-untranslated region binding sites indicated that B cell CLL/lymphoma 6, dual specificity phosphatase 10, and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 are direct targets of miR-30b, miR-21, and miR-155. Primed CD8(+) T cells transfected with miR-21&30b, miR-21&155, or miR-21&30b&155 inhibitors displayed suppressor activity when added to autologous CD3-triggered CD4 T cells. Luciferase reporter assays of miR-21 and miR-155 indicated that their transcription is highly dependent on AP-1. Analysis of activated T cells showed that ILT3Fc inhibited the translocation to the nucleus of the AP-1 subunits, FOSB and c-FOS, and the phosphorylation of ZAP70 and phospholipase C-γ 1. In conclusion, ILT3Fc inhibits T cell activation and induces the generation of Ts targeting multiple inflammatory miRNA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Chang
- Division of Immunogenetics and Cellular Immunology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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35
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental problems in immunology is the seemingly schizophrenic ability of the immune system to launch robust immunity against pathogens, while acquiring and maintaining a state of tolerance to the body's own tissues and the trillions of commensal microorganisms and food antigens that confront it every day. A fundamental role for the innate immune system, particularly dendritic cells (DCs), in orchestrating immunological tolerance has been appreciated, but emerging studies have highlighted the nature of the innate receptors and the signaling pathways that program DCs to a tolerogenic state. Furthermore, several studies have emphasized the major role played by cellular interactions and the microenvironment in programming tolerogenic DCs. Here, we review these studies and suggest that the innate control of tolerogenic responses can be viewed as different hierarchies of organization, in which DCs, their innate receptors and signaling networks, and their interactions with other cells and local microenvironments represent different levels of the hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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36
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Pharmacological manipulation of dendritic cells in the pursuit of transplantation tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2011; 16:372-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283484b42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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37
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Strioga M, Pasukoniene V, Characiejus D. CD8+ CD28- and CD8+ CD57+ T cells and their role in health and disease. Immunology 2011; 134:17-32. [PMID: 21711350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic antigenic stimulation leads to gradual accumulation of late-differentiated, antigen-specific, oligoclonal T cells, particularly within the CD8(+) T-cell compartment. They are characterized by critically shortened telomeres, loss of CD28 and/or gain of CD57 expression and are defined as either CD8(+) CD28(-) or CD8(+) CD57(+) T lymphocytes. There is growing evidence that the CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T-cell population plays a significant role in various diseases or conditions, associated with chronic immune activation such as cancer, chronic intracellular infections, chronic alcoholism, some chronic pulmonary diseases, autoimmune diseases, allogeneic transplantation, as well as has a great influence on age-related changes in the immune system status. CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T-cell population is heterogeneous and composed of various functionally competing (cytotoxic and immunosuppressive) subsets thus the overall effect of CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T-cell-mediated immunity depends on the predominance of a particular subset. Many articles claim that CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T cells have lost their proliferative capacity during process of replicative senescence triggered by repeated antigenic stimulation. However recent data indicate that CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T cells can transiently up-regulate telomerase activity and proliferate under certain stimulation conditions. Similarly, conflicting data is provided regarding CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T-cell sensitivity to apoptosis, finally leading to the conclusion that this T-cell population is also heterogeneous in terms of its apoptotic potential. This review provides a comprehensive approach to the CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T-cell population: we describe in detail its origins, molecular and functional characteristics, subsets, role in various diseases or conditions, associated with persistent antigenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Strioga
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Turnis ME, Rooney CM. Enhancement of dendritic cells as vaccines for cancer. Immunotherapy 2011; 2:847-62. [PMID: 21091116 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cells known; owing to their ability to stimulate antigen-specific cytolytic and memory T-cell responses, their use as cancer vaccines is rapidly increasing. While clinical trials provide evidence that dendritic cells vaccines are safe and elicit immunological responses in most patients, few complete tumor remissions have been reported and further technological advances are required. An effective dendritic cell vaccine must possess and maintain several characteristics: it must migrate to lymph nodes, have a mature, Th1-polarizing phenotype expressed stably after infusion and present antigen for sufficient time to produce a T-cell response capable of eliminating a tumor. While dendritic cells are readily matured ex vivo, their phenotype and fate after infusion are rarely evaluable; therefore, strategies to ensure that dendritic cells access lymphoid tissues and retain an immunostimulatory phenotype are required. In order to best exploit dendritic cells as vaccines, they may require genetic modification and combination with other strategies including adoptive T-cell transfer, inhibition of regulatory T cells or modulation of inflammatory pathways.
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Folkers ME, Delker DA, Maxwell CI, Nelson CA, Schwartz JJ, Nix DA, Hagedorn CH. ENCODE tiling array analysis identifies differentially expressed annotated and novel 5' capped RNAs in hepatitis C infected liver. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14697. [PMID: 21359205 PMCID: PMC3040182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microarray studies of chronic hepatitis C infection have provided valuable
information regarding the host response to viral infection. However, recent
studies of the human transcriptome indicate pervasive transcription in
previously unannotated regions of the genome and that many RNA transcripts have
short or lack 3′ poly(A) ends. We hypothesized that using ENCODE tiling
arrays (1% of the genome) in combination with affinity purifying Pol II
RNAs by their unique 5′ m7GpppN cap would identify previously
undescribed annotated and unannotated genes that are differentially expressed in
liver during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Both 5′-capped and
poly(A)+ populations of RNA were analyzed using ENCODE tiling arrays.
Sixty-four annotated genes were significantly increased in HCV cirrhotic as
compared to control liver; twenty-seven (42%) of these genes were
identified only by analyzing 5′ capped RNA. Thirty-one annotated genes
were significantly decreased; sixteen (50%) of these were identified only
by analyzing 5′ capped RNA. Bioinformatic analysis showed that capped RNA
produced more consistent results, provided a more extensive expression profile
of intronic regions and identified upregulated Pol II transcriptionally active
regions in unannotated areas of the genome in HCV cirrhotic liver. Two of these
regions were verified by PCR and RACE analysis. qPCR analysis of liver biopsy
specimens demonstrated that these unannotated transcripts, as well as IRF1,
TRIM22 and MET, were also upregulated in hepatitis C with mild inflammation and
no fibrosis. The analysis of 5′ capped RNA in combination with ENCODE
tiling arrays provides additional gene expression information and identifies
novel upregulated Pol II transcripts not previously described in HCV infected
liver. This approach, particularly when combined with new RNA sequencing
technologies, should also be useful in further defining Pol II transcripts
differentially regulated in specific disease states and in studying RNAs
regulated by changes in pre-mRNA splicing or 3′ polyadenylation
status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan E. Folkers
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Don A. Delker
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Christopher I. Maxwell
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Cassie A. Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jason J. Schwartz
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - David A. Nix
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Curt H. Hagedorn
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Experimental Pathology,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vlad G, King J, Chang CC, Liu Z, Friedman RA, Torkamani AA, Suciu-Foca N. Gene profile analysis of CD8(+) ILT3-Fc induced T suppressor cells. Hum Immunol 2010; 72:107-14. [PMID: 20974207 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene profile analysis of ILT3-Fc-induced Ts revealed a significant upregulation of Zink finger proteins, most of which act as transcriptional repressors. Included among these repressors is BCL6, which was shown to play a critical role in the differentiation of ILT3-Fc-induced T suppressor (Ts) cells. Genes implicated in cell cycle progression were downregulated. Genes encoding numerous inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were also downregulated. In contrast, antiapoptotic genes, as well as members of the WNT and transforming growth factor-β pathways, were upregulated. This study elucidates certain important aspects of Ts differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Vlad
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Chang CC, Vlad G, D'Agati VD, Liu Z, Zhang QY, Witkowski P, Torkamani AA, Stokes MB, Ho EK, Cortesini R, Suciu-Foca N. BCL6 is required for differentiation of Ig-like transcript 3-Fc-induced CD8+ T suppressor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5714-22. [PMID: 20935202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3) is an inhibitory receptor expressed by tolerogenic dendritic cells. When human CD8(+) T cells are allostimulated in the presence of recombinant ILT3-Fc protein, they differentiate into antigenic specific T suppressor (Ts) cells that inhibit CD4 and CD8 T cell effector function both in vitro and in vivo. ILT3-Fc-induced CD8(+) Ts cells express high amounts of BCL6 that are crucial to their function. Knockdown of BCL6 from unprimed human T cells prevents their differentiation into Ts cells, whereas ex vivo overexpression of BCL6 converts CD8(+) T cells into Ts cells. NOD/SCID mice transplanted with human pancreatic islets and humanized by injection of human PBMCs tolerate the graft and develop BCL6(high) CD8(+) Ts cells when treated with ILT3-Fc before or after the onset of rejection. This indicates that ILT3-Fc acts through BCL6 and is a potent immunosuppressive agent for reversing the onset of allo- or possibly autoimmune attacks against pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Chang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Vlad G, Chang CC, Colovai AI, Vasilescu ER, Cortesini R, Suciu-Foca N. Membrane and soluble ILT3 are critical to the generation of T suppressor cells and induction of immunological tolerance. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 29:119-32. [PMID: 20132030 DOI: 10.3109/08830180903281185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The tolerogenic phenotype of human dendritic cells is characterized by high cell surface expression of the inhibitory receptor ILT3. ILT3 signals both intracellularly inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation, NF-kappaB and MAPK p38 activity, transcription of certain co-stimulatory molecules, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and extracellularly into the T cells with which the dendritic cells interact. Both ILT3(high) tolerogenic dendritic cells and soluble ILT3 induce CD4 Th anergy and differentiation of antigen specific CD8 T suppressor cells. Recombinant ILT3-Fc protein has important immunotherapeutic potential acting directly on activated T cells and promoting the induction of immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Vlad
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Valero T, Steele S, Neumüller K, Bracher A, Niederleithner H, Pehamberger H, Petzelbauer P, Loewe R. Combination of dacarbazine and dimethylfumarate efficiently reduces melanoma lymph node metastasis. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:1087-94. [PMID: 19940857 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylfumarate (DMF) has been shown to reduce melanoma growth and metastasis in animal models. We addressed the question of whether DMF is as effective in its antitumor activity as the US Food and Drug Administration-approved alkylating agent dacarbazine (DTIC). We also tested the possibility of an improved antitumoral effect when both therapeutics were used together. Using our severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model, in which xenografted human melanoma cells metastasize from primary skin sites to sentinel nodes, we show that these treatments, alone or in combination, reduce tumor growth at primary sites. Our main finding was that metastasis to sentinel nodes is significantly delayed only in mice treated with a combination of DTIC and DMF. Subsequent experiments were able to show that a combination of DTIC/DMF significantly reduced lymph vessel density in primary tumors as examined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In addition, DTIC/DMF treatment significantly impaired melanoma cell migration in vitro. In vivo, DTIC/DMF therapy significantly reduced mRNA expression and protein concentration of the promigratory chemokines CXCL2 and CXCL11. In addition, our data suggest that this xenotransplantation model is suitable for preclinical testing of various combinations of antimelanoma agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Valero
- Skin and Endothelial Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Vlad G, Stokes MB, Liu Z, Chang CC, Sondermeijer H, Vasilescu ER, Colovai AI, Berloco P, D'Agati VD, Ratner L, Cortesini R, Suciu-Foca N. Suppression of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease by treatment with immunoglobulin-like transcript 3-Fc. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:663-9. [PMID: 19501624 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation represents an important therapy for certain malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The search for agents that can efficiently suppress GVHD has been going on for more than half a century. GVHD is particularly strong in xenogeneic donor-recipient combinations, given the unlimited number of potentially immunogenic antigens donor lymphocytes encounter in the host. Using a hu-nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (hu-NOD/SCID) gamma-null model of xenogeneic GVHD, we have demonstrated that treatment with recombinant immunoglobulin-like transcript 3-Fc protein induces the differentiation of CD8(+) T suppressor cells and blocks the cellular and humoral arm of the GVH reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Vlad
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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