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Nagai K. Co-inhibitory Receptor Signaling in T-Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Glomerulonephritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:584382. [PMID: 33251233 PMCID: PMC7672203 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.584382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune glomerulonephritis occurs as a consequence of autoantibodies and T-cell effector functions that target autoantigens. Co-signaling through cell surface receptors profoundly influences the optimal activation of T cells. The scope of this review is signaling mechanisms and the functional roles of representative T-cell co-inhibitory receptors in the regulation of autoimmune glomerulonephritis, along with current therapeutic challenges mainly on preclinical trials. Co-inhibitory receptors utilize both shared and unique signaling pathway, suggesting specialized functions that provide the rationale behind therapies for autoimmune glomerulonephritis by targeting these inhibitory receptors. These receptors largely suppress Th1 immunity, modify Th17 and Th2 immune response, and enhance Treg function. Anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) immunoglobulin (Ig), which is able to block both activating CD28 and inhibitory CTLA4 signaling, has been shown in preclinical and clinical investigations to have effects on glomerular disease. Other inhibitory receptors for treating glomerulonephritis have not been clinically tested, and efficacy of manipulating these pathways requires further preclinical investigation. While immune checkpoint inhibition using anti-CTLA4 antibodies and anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 antibodies has been approved for the treatment of several cancers, blockade of CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1 is associated with adverse effects that resemble autoimmune disorders, including systemic vasculitis. A renal autoimmune vasculitis model features an initial Th17 dominancy followed later by a Th1-dominant outcome and Treg cells that attenuate autoreactive T-cell function. Toward the development of effective therapies for T-cell-mediated autoimmune glomerulonephritis, it would be preferable to pay attention to the impact of the inhibitory pathways in immunological renal disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Biologics in the Treatment of Lupus Erythematosus: A Critical Literature Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8142368. [PMID: 31396534 PMCID: PMC6668536 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8142368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting multiple organ systems that runs an unpredictable course and may present with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Advances in treatment over the last decades, such as use of corticosteroids and conventional immunosuppressive drugs, have improved life expectancy of SLE sufferers. Unfortunately, in many cases effective management of SLE is still related to severe drug-induced toxicity and contributes to organ function deterioration and infective complications, particularly among patients with refractory disease and/or lupus nephritis. Consequently, there is an unmet need for drugs with a better efficacy and safety profile. A range of different biologic agents have been proposed and subjected to clinical trials, particularly dedicated to this subset of patients whose disease is inadequately controlled by conventional treatment regimes. Unfortunately, most of these trials have given unsatisfactory results, with belimumab being the only targeted therapy approved for the treatment of SLE so far. Despite these pitfalls, several novel biologic agents targeting B cells, T cells, or cytokines are constantly being evaluated in clinical trials. It seems that they may enhance the therapeutic efficacy when combined with standard therapies. These efforts raise the hope that novel drugs for patients with refractory SLE may be available in the near future. This article reviews the current biological therapies being tested in the treatment of SLE.
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Brodie EJ, Infantino S, Low MSY, Tarlinton DM. Lyn, Lupus, and (B) Lymphocytes, a Lesson on the Critical Balance of Kinase Signaling in Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:401. [PMID: 29545808 PMCID: PMC5837976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a progressive autoimmune disease characterized by increased sensitivity to self-antigens, auto-antibody production, and systemic inflammation. B cells have been implicated in disease progression and as such represent an attractive therapeutic target. Lyn is a Src family tyrosine kinase that plays a major role in regulating signaling pathways within B cells as well as other hematopoietic cells. Its role in initiating negative signaling cascades is especially critical as exemplified by Lyn-/- mice developing an SLE-like disease with plasma cell hyperplasia, underscoring the importance of tightly regulating signaling within B cells. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the function of the Src family tyrosine kinase Lyn in B lymphocytes and its contribution to positive and negative signaling pathways that are dysregulated in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J. Brodie
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simona Infantino
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael S. Y. Low
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Monash Hospital, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David M. Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Huang C, Zhang L, Ling F, Wen S, Luo Y, Liu H, Liu J, Zheng W, Liang M, Sun J, Lin YK. Effect of immune tolerance induced by immature dendritic cells and CTLA4-Ig on systemic lupus erythematosus: An in vivo study. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2499-2506. [PMID: 29456655 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-organ autoimmune disease in which tissue damage is caused by autoantibodies. The induction of specific immune tolerance, including the utilization of immune regulatory cells, may enhance the therapeutic effects of organ transplantation in patients with SLE. Furthermore, inhibiting immune responses has been reported to be an effective treatment for SLE. However, few studies have explored the association between an increased immune tolerance and a decreased immune response in SLE treatment. Dendritic cells (DCs), which are highly efficient antigen-presenting cells, are able to induce specific tolerance, while cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig) inhibits the immune response. In the present study, interleukin (IL)-10-treated DCs and CTLA4-Ig were administered to mice with SLE alone or in combination and the therapeutic effects were investigated. IL-10 was added into the culture medium of bone marrow-derived DCs to prevent them from differentiating into mature cells. Low levels of major histocompatibility complex II, cluster of differentiation (CD)40, CD80 and CD86 were detected, which indicated that the immature state of DCs was maintained. IL-10-treated DCs were subsequently injected into the caudal vein of B6.MRL-Faslpr/J lupus mice, which are an established animal model of SLE. To amplify the tolerance effect, mice were simultaneously injected with CTLA4-Ig. Compared with the IL-10-treated DC and CTLA4-Ig groups, combined treatment with IL-10-treated DCs and CTLA4-Ig strongly induced immune tolerance in mice with SLE, as indicated by the significantly reduced levels of urine protein, anti-nuclear antibody, double-stranded DNA and IL-17A. A significant decrease in the proportion of T helper cells and an increase in the proportion of CD4+ forkhead box protein P3+ Treg cells was also observed, further confirming the induction of immune tolerance. These results suggest that combined treatment with IL-10-DCs and CTLA4-Ig may be a promising novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuili Huang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Lidan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Fang Ling
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Sijian Wen
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Liu
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ming Liang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - You-Kun Lin
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Mok CC. Biological and targeted therapies of systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence and the state of the art. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:677-692. [PMID: 28443384 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1323635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Regulation of mitochondrial functions by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:25. [PMID: 27087918 PMCID: PMC4832502 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They generate most of the cell’s energy supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are critical mechanisms in the regulation of cell signaling networks and are essential for almost all the cellular functions. For many decades, mitochondria were considered autonomous organelles merely functioning to generate energy for cells to survive and proliferate, and were thought to be independent of the cellular signaling networks. Consequently, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes of mitochondrial kinases and phosphatases were largely neglected. However, evidence accumulated in recent years on mitochondria-localized kinases/phosphatases has changed this longstanding view. Mitochondria are increasingly recognized as a hub for cell signaling, and many kinases and phosphatases have been reported to localize in mitochondria and play important functions. However, the strength of the evidence on mitochondrial localization and the activities of the reported kinases and phosphatases vary greatly, and the detailed mechanisms on how these kinases/phosphatases translocate to mitochondria, their subsequent function, and the physiological and pathological implications of their localization are still poorly understood. Here, we provide an updated perspective on the recent advancement in this area, with an emphasis on the implications of mitochondrial kinases/phosphatases in cancer and several other diseases.
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Zhou H, Xiong L, Wang Y, Ding L, Hu S, Zhao M, Zhou L. Treatment of murine lupus with PD-LIg. Clin Immunol 2016; 162:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Jones SA, Toh AEJ, Odobasic D, Oudin MAV, Cheng Q, Lee JPW, White SJ, Russ BE, Infantino S, Light A, Tarlinton DM, Harris J, Morand EF. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) inhibits B cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:739-47. [PMID: 26612340 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a serious multisystem autoimmune disease, mediated by disrupted B cell quiescence and typically treated with glucocorticoids. We studied whether B cells in SLE are regulated by the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) protein, an endogenous mediator of anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. METHODS We conducted a study of GILZ expression in blood mononuclear cells of patients with SLE, performed in vitro analyses of GILZ function in mouse and human B cells, assessed the contributions of GILZ to autoimmunity in mice, and used the nitrophenol coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin model of immunisation in mice. RESULTS Reduced B cell GILZ was observed in patients with SLE and lupus-prone mice, and impaired induction of GILZ in patients with SLE receiving glucocorticoids was associated with increased disease activity. GILZ was downregulated in naïve B cells upon stimulation in vitro and in germinal centre B cells, which contained less enrichment of H3K4me3 at the GILZ promoter compared with naïve and memory B cells. Mice lacking GILZ spontaneously developed lupus-like autoimmunity, and GILZ deficiency resulted in excessive B cell responses to T-dependent stimulation. Accordingly, loss of GILZ in naïve B cells allowed upregulation of multiple genes that promote the germinal centre B cell phenotype, including lupus susceptibility genes and genes involved in cell survival and proliferation. Finally, treatment of human B cells with a cell-permeable GILZ fusion protein potently suppressed their responsiveness to T-dependent stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that GILZ is a non-redundant regulator of B cell activity, with important potential clinical implications in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Jones
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew E J Toh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dragana Odobasic
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marie-Anne Virginie Oudin
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacinta P W Lee
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stefan J White
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden Genome Technology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brendan E Russ
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Doherty Institute at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simona Infantino
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Light
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Harris
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Mayeux J, Skaug B, Luo W, Russell LM, John S, Saelee P, Abbasi H, Li QZ, Garrett-Sinha LA, Satterthwaite AB. Genetic Interaction between Lyn, Ets1, and Btk in the Control of Antibody Levels. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209625 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tight control of B cell differentiation into plasma cells (PCs) is critical for proper immune responses and the prevention of autoimmunity. The Ets1 transcription factor acts in B cells to prevent PC differentiation. Ets1(-/-) mice accumulate PCs and produce autoantibodies. Ets1 expression is downregulated upon B cell activation through the BCR and TLRs and is maintained by the inhibitory signaling pathway mediated by Lyn, CD22 and SiglecG, and SHP-1. In the absence of these inhibitory components, Ets1 levels are reduced in B cells in a Btk-dependent manner. This leads to increased PCs, autoantibodies, and an autoimmune phenotype similar to that of Ets1(-/-) mice. Defects in inhibitory signaling molecules, including Lyn and Ets1, are associated with human lupus, although the effects are more subtle than the complete deficiency that occurs in knockout mice. In this study, we explore the effect of partial disruption of the Lyn/Ets1 pathway on B cell tolerance and find that Lyn(+/-)Ets1(+/-) mice demonstrate greater and earlier production of IgM, but not IgG, autoantibodies compared with Lyn(+/-) or Ets1(+/-) mice. We also show that Btk-dependent downregulation of Ets1 is important for normal PC homeostasis when inhibitory signaling is intact. Ets1 deficiency restores the decrease in steady state PCs and Ab levels observed in Btk(-/-) mice. Thus, depending on the balance of activating and inhibitory signals to Ets1, there is a continuum of effects on autoantibody production and PC maintenance. This ranges from full-blown autoimmunity with complete loss of Ets1-maintaining signals to reduced PC and Ab levels with impaired Ets1 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mayeux
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Brian Skaug
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203; and
| | - Lisa M Russell
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203; and
| | - Shinu John
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203; and
| | - Prontip Saelee
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203; and
| | - Hansaa Abbasi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203; and
| | - Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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10
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Zhan Y, Carrington EM, Ko HJ, Vikstrom IB, Oon S, Zhang JG, Vremec D, Brady JL, Bouillet P, Wu L, Huang DCS, Wicks IP, Morand EF, Strasser A, Lew AM. Bcl-2 Antagonists Kill Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells From Lupus-Prone Mice and Dampen Interferon-α Production. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:797-808. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhan
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Emma M. Carrington
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Hyun-Ja Ko
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Ingela B. Vikstrom
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Shereen Oon
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - David Vremec
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Jamie L. Brady
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Li Wu
- Tsinghua University and Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences and Tsinghua University School of Medicine; Beijing China
| | - David C. S. Huang
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Ian P. Wicks
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
| | - Eric F. Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Andrew M. Lew
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and University of Melbourne, Parkville; Victoria Australia
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Tsantikos E, Gottschalk TA, Maxwell MJ, Hibbs ML. Role of the Lyn tyrosine kinase in the development of autoimmune disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.14.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Infantino S, Jones SA, Walker JA, Maxwell MJ, Light A, O'Donnell K, Tsantikos E, Peperzak V, Phesse T, Ernst M, Mackay F, Hibbs ML, Fairfax KA, Tarlinton DM. The tyrosine kinase Lyn limits the cytokine responsiveness of plasma cells to restrict their accumulation in mice. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra77. [PMID: 25118329 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of an appropriate number of plasma cells, long-lived antibody-producing cells that are derived from B cells, is essential for maintaining immunological memory while limiting disease. Plasma cell survival relies on extrinsic factors, the limited availability of which determines the size of the plasma cell population. Mice deficient in the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Lyn are prone to an autoimmune disease that is characterized by inflammation and an excess of plasma cells (plasmacytosis). We demonstrated that the plasmacytosis was intrinsic to B cells and independent of inflammation. We also showed that Lyn attenuated signaling by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 in response to the cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-3, respectively, in two previously uncharacterized plasma cell signaling pathways. Thus, in the absence of Lyn, the survival of plasma cells was improved, which enabled the plasma cells to become established in excess numbers in niches in vivo. These data identify Lyn as a key regulator of survival signaling in plasma cells, limiting plasma cell accumulation and autoimmune disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Infantino
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah A Jones
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Walker
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mhairi J Maxwell
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Amanda Light
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kristy O'Donnell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Victor Peperzak
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Toby Phesse
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Kirsten A Fairfax
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Immunology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with unpredictable disease course, intermingled with periods of remission and exacerbation. Current therapies for SLE are not ideal in terms of efficacy and toxicity. Although the prognosis of the disease has improved in the past decades, further improvement is hindered by the occurrence of organ damage as a result of persistent disease activity and treatment-related complications. Novel biological therapies targeting at higher treatment efficacy and fewer adverse effects are being developed. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes recent data on novel biological therapies for SLE. The pitfalls of clinical trial design and future directions of the development of SLE therapeutics are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The variable therapeutic response observed in SLE reflects the clinical and immunological heterogeneity of the disease. The treatment plan of SLE patients should be individualized, with the target of quenching out disease activity, minimizing disease flares, and treatment related morbidities. Despite the disappointment of recent clinical trials, avenues are being opened for novel agents that intervene at different levels of the pathophysiological cascade of SLE. With the availability of a new treatment armamentarium, it is hoped that the survival rate and quality of life of SLE patients can continue to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Tuen Mun Hospital, Department of Medicine , Tsing Chung Koon Road, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR , China +852 2468 5386 ; +852 2456 9100 ;
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14
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Hua Z, Gross AJ, Lamagna C, Ramos-Hernández N, Scapini P, Ji M, Shao H, Lowell CA, Hou B, DeFranco AL. Requirement for MyD88 signaling in B cells and dendritic cells for germinal center anti-nuclear antibody production in Lyn-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:875-85. [PMID: 24379120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular tyrosine kinase Lyn mediates inhibitory receptor function in B cells and myeloid cells, and Lyn(-/-) mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune and inflammatory disease that closely resembles human systemic lupus erythematosus. TLR-signaling pathways have been implicated in the production of anti-nuclear Abs in systemic lupus erythematosus and mouse models of it. We used a conditional allele of Myd88 to determine whether the autoimmunity of Lyn(-/-) mice is dependent on TLR/MyD88 signaling in B cells and/or in dendritic cells (DCs). The production of IgG anti-nuclear Abs, as well as the deposition of these Abs in the glomeruli of the kidneys, leading to glomerulonephritis in Lyn(-/-) mice, were completely abolished by selective deletion of Myd88 in B cells, and autoantibody production and glomerulonephritis were delayed or decreased by deletion of Myd88 in DCs. The reduced autoantibody production in mice lacking MyD88 in B cells or DCs was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the spontaneous germinal center (GC) response, suggesting that autoantibodies in Lyn(-/-) mice may depend on GC responses. Consistent with this view, IgG anti-nuclear Abs were absent if T cells were deleted (TCRβ(-/-) TCRδ(-/-) mice) or if T cells were unable to contribute to GC responses as the result of mutation of the adaptor molecule SAP. Thus, the autoimmunity of Lyn(-/-) mice was dependent on T cells and on TLR/MyD88 signaling in B cells and in DCs, supporting a model in which DC hyperactivity combines with defects in tolerance in B cells to lead to a T cell-dependent systemic autoimmunity in Lyn(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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15
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Mittal AK, Chaturvedi NK, Rohlfsen RA, Gupta P, Joshi AD, Hegde GV, Bociek RG, Joshi SS. Role of CTLA4 in the proliferation and survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70352. [PMID: 23936412 PMCID: PMC3731360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier, we reported that CTLA4 expression is inversely correlated with CD38 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. However, the specific role of CTLA4 in CLL pathogenesis remains unknown. Therefore, to elucidate the possible role of CTLA4 in CLL pathogenesis, CTLA4 was down-regulated in primary CLL cells. We then evaluated proliferation/survival in these cells using MTT, (3)H-thymidine uptake and Annexin-V apoptosis assays. We also measured expression levels of downstream molecules involved in B-cell proliferation/survival signaling including STAT1, NFATC2, c-Fos, c-Myc, and Bcl-2 using microarray, PCR, western blotting analyses, and a stromal cell culture system. CLL cells with CTLA4 down-regulation demonstrated a significant increase in proliferation and survival along with an increased expression of STAT1, STAT1 phosphorylation, NFATC2, c-Fos phosphorylation, c-Myc, Ki-67 and Bcl-2 molecules. In addition, compared to controls, the CTLA4-downregulated CLL cells showed a decreased frequency of apoptosis, which also correlated with increased expression of Bcl-2. Interestingly, CLL cells from lymph node and CLL cells co-cultured on stroma expressed lower levels of CTLA4 and higher levels of c-Fos, c-Myc, and Bcl-2 compared to CLL control cells. These results indicate that microenvironment-controlled-CTLA4 expression mediates proliferation/survival of CLL cells by regulating the expression/activation of STAT1, NFATC2, c-Fos, c-Myc, and/or Bcl-2.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CTLA-4 Antigen/deficiency
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Prognosis
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Mittal
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Nagendra K. Chaturvedi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Rae A. Rohlfsen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Payal Gupta
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Avadhut D. Joshi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ganapati V. Hegde
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - R. Gregory Bociek
- Internal Medicine, Section of Oncology/Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shantaram S. Joshi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Abatacept is a selective T-cell co-stimulation modulator that inhibits full T-cell activation and subsequent antibody production by B cells. Despite the efficacy of abatacept in murine lupus, randomized controlled trials in human SLE do not reveal benefit of abatacept in non-renal and renal lupus. While problems in the study design and the primary efficacy end points may contribute to the negative results of these trials, post hoc analyses using alternative definitions for clinical response suggest the possibility that abatacept may have beneficial effects in active lupus arthritis and proliferative nephritis. Future clinical trials of abatacept should target on defined subsets of SLE patients, utilize multiple pre-defined outcomes based on experience from previous studies and determine the best timing of adding abatacept on a background of minimal immunosuppressive therapies.
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Seah SGK, Carrington EM, Ng WC, Belz GT, Brady JL, Sutherland RM, Hancock MS, La Gruta NL, Brown LE, Turner SJ, Zhan Y, Lew AM. Unlike CD4+ T-cell help, CD28 costimulation is necessary for effective primary CD8+ T-cell influenza-specific immunity. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1744-54. [PMID: 22585421 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The importance of costimulation on CD4(+) T cells has been well documented. However, primary CTLs against many infections including influenza can be generated in the absence of CD4(+) T-cell help. The role of costimulation under such "helpless" circumstances is not fully elucidated. Here, we investigated such a role for CD28 using CTLA4Ig transgenic (Tg) mice. To ensure valid comparison across the genotypes, we showed that all mice had similar naïve precursor frequencies and similar peak viral loads. In the absence of help, viral clearance was significantly reduced in CTLA4Ig Tg mice compared with WT mice. CD44(+) BrdU(+) influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells were diminished in CTLA4Ig Tg mice at days 5 and 8 postinfection. Adoptive transfer of ovalbumin-specific transgenic CD8(+) T cells (OT-I)-I cells into WT or CTLA4Ig Tg mice revealed that loss of CD28 costimulation resulted in impairment in OT-I cell division. As shown previously, neither viral clearance nor the generation of influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells was affected by the absence of CD4(+) T cells alone. In contrast, both were markedly impaired by CD28 blockade of "helpless" CD8(+) T cells. We suggest that direct CD28 costimulation of CD8(+) T cells is more critical in their priming during primary influenza infection than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley G K Seah
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Australia
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18
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Attenuation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ signaling restrains autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:381-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Pham T, Bachelez H, Berthelot JM, Blacher J, Claudepierre P, Constantin A, Fautrel B, Gaujoux-Viala C, Goëb V, Gossec L, Goupille P, Guillaume-Czitrom S, Hachulla E, Lequerré T, Marolleau JP, Martinez V, Masson C, Mouthon L, Puéchal X, Richette P, Saraux A, Schaeverbeke T, Soubrier M, Viguier M, Vittecoq O, Wendling D, Mariette X, Sibilia J. Abatacept therapy and safety management. Joint Bone Spine 2012; 79 Suppl 1:3-84. [DOI: 10.1016/s1297-319x(12)70011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Jones SA, White CA, Robb L, Alexander WS, Tarlinton DM. SOCS3 deletion in B cells alters cytokine responses and germinal center output. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6318-26. [PMID: 22075701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
B cell behavior is fine-tuned by internal regulatory mechanisms and external cues such as cytokines and chemokines. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) is a key regulator of STAT3-dependent cytokine responses in many cell types and has been reported to inhibit CXCL12-induced retention of immature B cells in the bone marrow. Using mice with SOCS3 exclusively deleted in the B cell lineage (Socs3(Δ/Δ)mb1cre(+)), we analyzed the role of SOCS3 in the response of these cells to CXCL12 and the STAT3-inducing cytokines IL-6 and IL-21. Our findings refute a B cell-intrinsic role for SOCS3 in B cell development, because SOCS3 deletion in the B lineage did not affect B cell populations in naive mice. SOCS3 was strongly induced in B cells stimulated with IL-21 and in plasma cells exposed to IL-6. Its deletion permitted excessive and prolonged STAT3 signaling following IL-6 stimulation of plasma cells and, in a T cell-dependent immunization model, reduced the number of germinal center B cells formed and altered the production of Ag-specific IgM and IgE. These data demonstrate a novel regulatory signal transduction circuit in plasma cells, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence of how these long-lived, sessile cells respond to the external signals that mediate their longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Jones
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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21
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McCarthy DD, Kujawa J, Wilson C, Papandile A, Poreci U, Porfilio EA, Ward L, Lawson MAE, Macpherson AJ, McCoy KD, Pei Y, Novak L, Lee JY, Julian BA, Novak J, Ranger A, Gommerman JL, Browning JL. Mice overexpressing BAFF develop a commensal flora-dependent, IgA-associated nephropathy. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3991-4002. [PMID: 21881212 DOI: 10.1172/jci45563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell activation factor of the TNF family (BAFF) is a potent B cell survival factor. BAFF overexpressing transgenic mice (BAFF-Tg mice) exhibit features of autoimmune disease, including B cell hyperplasia and hypergammaglobulinemia, and develop fatal nephritis with age. However, basal serum IgA levels are also elevated, suggesting that the pathology in these mice may be more complex than initially appreciated. Consistent with this, we demonstrate here that BAFF-Tg mice have mesangial deposits of IgA along with high circulating levels of polymeric IgA that is aberrantly glycosylated. Renal disease in BAFF-Tg mice was associated with IgA, because serum IgA was highly elevated in nephritic mice and BAFF-Tg mice with genetic deletion of IgA exhibited less renal pathology. The presence of commensal flora was essential for the elevated serum IgA phenotype, and, unexpectedly, commensal bacteria-reactive IgA antibodies were found in the blood. These data illustrate how excess B cell survival signaling perturbs the normal balance with the microbiota, leading to a breach in the normal mucosal-peripheral compartmentalization. Such breaches may predispose the nonmucosal system to certain immune diseases. Indeed, we found that a subset of patients with IgA nephropathy had elevated serum levels of a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL), a cytokine related to BAFF. These parallels between BAFF-Tg mice and human IgA nephropathy may provide a new framework to explore connections between mucosal environments and renal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D McCarthy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:271694. [PMID: 21403825 PMCID: PMC3042628 DOI: 10.1155/2011/271694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disorder. The study of diverse mouse models of lupus has provided clues to the etiology of SLE. Spontaneous mouse models of lupus have led to identification of numerous susceptibility loci from which several candidate genes have emerged. Meanwhile, induced models of lupus have provided insight into the role of environmental factors in lupus pathogenesis as well as provided a better understanding of cellular mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of disease. The SLE-like phenotypes present in these models have also served to screen numerous potential SLE therapies. Due to the complex nature of SLE, it is necessary to understand the effect specific targeted therapies have on immune homeostasis. Furthermore, knowledge gained from mouse models will provide novel therapy targets for the treatment of SLE.
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23
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Oracki SA, Walker JA, Hibbs ML, Corcoran LM, Tarlinton DM. Plasma cell development and survival. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:140-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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