1
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Chauvin SD, Ando S, Holley JA, Sugie A, Zhao FR, Poddar S, Kato R, Miner CA, Nitta Y, Krishnamurthy SR, Saito R, Ning Y, Hatano Y, Kitahara S, Koide S, Stinson WA, Fu J, Surve N, Kumble L, Qian W, Polishchuk O, Andhey PS, Chiang C, Liu G, Colombeau L, Rodriguez R, Manel N, Kakita A, Artyomov MN, Schultz DC, Coates PT, Roberson EDO, Belkaid Y, Greenberg RA, Cherry S, Gack MU, Hardy T, Onodera O, Kato T, Miner JJ. Inherited C-terminal TREX1 variants disrupt homology-directed repair to cause senescence and DNA damage phenotypes in Drosophila, mice, and humans. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4696. [PMID: 38824133 PMCID: PMC11144269 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related microangiopathy, also known as small vessel disease (SVD), causes damage to the brain, retina, liver, and kidney. Based on the DNA damage theory of aging, we reasoned that genomic instability may underlie an SVD caused by dominant C-terminal variants in TREX1, the most abundant 3'-5' DNA exonuclease in mammals. C-terminal TREX1 variants cause an adult-onset SVD known as retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy (RVCL or RVCL-S). In RVCL, an aberrant, C-terminally truncated TREX1 mislocalizes to the nucleus due to deletion of its ER-anchoring domain. Since RVCL pathology mimics that of radiation injury, we reasoned that nuclear TREX1 would cause DNA damage. Here, we show that RVCL-associated TREX1 variants trigger DNA damage in humans, mice, and Drosophila, and that cells expressing RVCL mutant TREX1 are more vulnerable to DNA damage induced by chemotherapy and cytokines that up-regulate TREX1, leading to depletion of TREX1-high cells in RVCL mice. RVCL-associated TREX1 mutants inhibit homology-directed repair (HDR), causing DNA deletions and vulnerablility to PARP inhibitors. In women with RVCL, we observe early-onset breast cancer, similar to patients with BRCA1/2 variants. Our results provide a mechanistic basis linking aberrant TREX1 activity to the DNA damage theory of aging, premature senescence, and microvascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Chauvin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- RVCL Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shoichiro Ando
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Joe A Holley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- RVCL Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Atsushi Sugie
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fang R Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Subhajit Poddar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- RVCL Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rei Kato
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Cathrine A Miner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- RVCL Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yohei Nitta
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Siddharth R Krishnamurthy
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rie Saito
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yue Ning
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- RVCL Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuya Hatano
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sho Kitahara
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shin Koide
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - W Alexander Stinson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jiayuan Fu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- RVCL Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nehalee Surve
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- RVCL Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay Kumble
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- RVCL Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oleksiy Polishchuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- RVCL Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prabhakar S Andhey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Guanqun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Ludovic Colombeau
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - David C Schultz
- High-throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Toby Coates
- Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service (CNARTS), The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Elisha D O Roberson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Roger A Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Basser Center for BRCA, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Tristan Hardy
- Genetics, Repromed, Monash IVF, Dulwich, South Australia, Australia
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Osamu Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Brain Science Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kato
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Brain Science Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Jonathan J Miner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- RVCL Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn Colton Center for Autoimmunity, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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GM-CSF Protects Macrophages from DNA Damage by Inducing Differentiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060935. [PMID: 35326386 PMCID: PMC8946476 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
At inflammatory loci, pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages produces large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce DNA breaks and apoptosis. Given that M-CSF and GM-CSF induce two different pathways in macrophages, one for proliferation and the other for survival, in this study we wanted to determine if these growth factors are able to protect against the DNA damage produced during macrophage activation. In macrophages treated with DNA-damaging agents we found that GM-CSF protects better against DNA damage than M-CSF. Treatment with GM-CSF resulted in faster recovery of DNA damage than treatment with M-CSF. The number of apoptotic cells induced after DNA damage was higher in the presence of M-CSF. Protection against DNA damage by GM-CSF is not related to its higher capacity to induce proliferation. GM-CSF induces differentiation markers such as CD11c and MHCII, as well as the pro-survival Bcl-2A1 protein, which make macrophages more resistant to DNA damage.
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Tur J, Farrera C, Sánchez-Tilló E, Vico T, Guerrero-Gonzalez P, Fernandez-Elorduy A, Lloberas J, Celada A. Induction of CIITA by IFN-γ in macrophages involves STAT1 activation by JAK and JNK. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152114. [PMID: 34303919 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The induction of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in macrophages play an important role during immune responses. Here we explore the signaling pathways involved in the induction by IFN-γ of the MHC II transactivator (CIIta) required for MHC II transcriptional activation. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is required for IFN-γ-dependent induction of MHC II in macrophages, but not when it is mediated by GM-CSF. The effect of CypA appears to be specific because it does not affect the expression of other molecules or genes triggered by IFN-γ, such as FcγR, NOS2, Lmp2, and Tap1. We found that CypA inhibition blocked the IFN-γ-induced expression of CIIta at the transcriptional level in two phases. In an early phase, during the first 2 h of IFN-γ treatment, STAT1 is phosphorylated at Tyrosine 701 and Serine 727, residues required for the induction of the transcription factor IRF1. In a later phase, STAT1 phosphorylation and JNK activation are required to trigger CIIta expression. CypA is needed for STAT1 phosphorylation in this last phase and to bind the CIIta promoter. Our findings demonstrate that STAT1 is required in a two-step induction of CIIta, once again highlighting the significance of cross talk between signaling pathways in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tur
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Consol Farrera
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Sánchez-Tilló
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Vico
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Guerrero-Gonzalez
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Fernandez-Elorduy
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Lloberas
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Celada
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Simpson SR, Hemphill WO, Hudson T, Perrino FW. TREX1 - Apex predator of cytosolic DNA metabolism. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 94:102894. [PMID: 32615442 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic Three prime Repair EXonuclease 1 (TREX1) is a powerful DNA-degrading enzyme required for clearing cytosolic DNA to prevent aberrant inflammation and autoimmunity. In the absence of TREX1 activity, cytosolic DNA pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system are constitutively activated by undegraded TREX1 substrates. This triggers a chronic inflammatory response in humans expressing mutant TREX1 alleles, eliciting a spectrum of rare autoimmune diseases dependent on the nature of the mutation. The precise origins of cytosolic DNA targeted by TREX1 continue to emerge, but DNA emerging from the nucleus or taken up by the cell could represent potential sources. In this Review, we explore the biochemical and immunological data supporting the role of TREX1 in suppressing cytosolic DNA sensing, and discuss the possibility that TREX1 may contribute to maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Wayne O Hemphill
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Teesha Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Fred W Perrino
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.
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5
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Valverde-Estrella L, López-Serrat M, Sánchez-Sànchez G, Vico T, Lloberas J, Celada A. Induction of Samhd1 by interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide in murine macrophages requires IRF1. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1321-1334. [PMID: 32270872 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SAMHD1 is an enzyme with phosphohydrolase activity. Mutations in SAMHD1 have been linked to the development of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome in humans. This enzyme also has the capacity to restrict HIV virus replication in macrophages. Here, we report that Samhd1 is highly expressed in murine macrophages and is regulated by proinflammatory (IFN-γ and LPS) but not by anti-inflammatory (IL-4 or IL-10) activators. The induction of Samhd1 follows the pattern of an intermediate gene that requires protein synthesis. In transient transfection experiments using the Samhd1 promoter, we found that a fragment of 27 bps of this gene, falling between -937 and -910 bps relative to the transcription start site, is required for IFN-γ-dependent activation. Using EMSAs, we determined that IFN-γ treatment led to the elimination of a protein complex. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and siRNA experiments revealed that IRF1 is required for IFN-γ- or LPS-induced Samhd1 expression. Therefore, our results indicate that Samhd1 is stimulated by proinflammatory agents IFN-γ and LPS. Moreover, they reveal that these two agents, via IRF1, eliminate a protein complex that may be related to a repressor, thereby, triggering Samhd1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Valverde-Estrella
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí López-Serrat
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Sánchez-Sànchez
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Vico
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Lloberas
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Celada
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Kothari PH, Kolar GR, Jen JC, Hajj-Ali R, Bertram P, Schmidt RE, Atkinson JP. TREX1 is expressed by microglia in normal human brain and increases in regions affected by ischemia. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:806-821. [PMID: 30062819 PMCID: PMC6404532 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the three‐prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) gene have been associated with neurological diseases, including Retinal Vasculopathy with Cerebral Leukoencephalopathy (RVCL). However, the endogenous expression of TREX1 in human brain has not been studied. Methods We produced a rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb) to TREX1 to characterize TREX1 by Western blotting (WB) of cell lysates from normal controls and subjects carrying an RVCL frame‐shift mutation. Dual staining was performed to determine cell types expressing TREX1 in human brain tissue. TREX1 distribution in human brain was further evaluated by immunohistochemical analyses of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded samples from normal controls and patients with RVCL and ischemic stroke. Results After validating the specificity of our anti‐TREX1 rabbit pAb, WB analysis was utilized to detect the endogenous wild‐type and frame‐shift mutant of TREX1 in cell lysates. Dual staining in human brain tissues from patients with RVCL and normal controls localized TREX1 to a subset of microglia and macrophages. Quantification of immunohistochemical staining of the cerebral cortex revealed that TREX1+ microglia were primarily in the gray matter of normal controls (22.7 ± 5.1% and 5.5 ± 1.9% of Iba1+ microglia in gray and white matter, respectively) and commonly in association with the microvasculature. In contrast, in subjects with RVCL, the TREX1+ microglia were predominantly located in the white matter of normal appearing cerebral cortex (11.8 ± 3.1% and 38.9 ± 5.8% of Iba1+ microglia in gray and white matter, respectively). The number of TREX1+ microglia was increased in ischemic brain lesions in central nervous system of RVCL and stroke patients. Conclusions TREX1 is expressed by a subset of microglia in normal human brain, often in close proximity to the microvasculature, and increases in the setting of ischemic lesions. These findings suggest a role for TREX1+ microglia in vessel homeostasis and response to ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul H Kothari
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Sciences Human & Statistical Genetics Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Grant R Kolar
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Joanna C Jen
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.,Departments of Neurology, Otolaryngology, Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rula Hajj-Ali
- Center for Vasculitis Care and Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Paula Bertram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert E Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John P Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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7
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Takahashi A, Loo TM, Okada R, Kamachi F, Watanabe Y, Wakita M, Watanabe S, Kawamoto S, Miyata K, Barber GN, Ohtani N, Hara E. Downregulation of cytoplasmic DNases is implicated in cytoplasmic DNA accumulation and SASP in senescent cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 29593264 PMCID: PMC5871854 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) contributes to many aspects of physiology and disease. Thus, controlling the SASP will have tremendous impacts on our health. However, our understanding of SASP regulation is far from complete. Here, we show that cytoplasmic accumulation of nuclear DNA plays key roles in the onset of SASP. Although both DNase2 and TREX1 rapidly remove the cytoplasmic DNA fragments emanating from the nucleus in pre-senescent cells, the expression of these DNases is downregulated in senescent cells, resulting in the cytoplasmic accumulation of nuclear DNA. This causes the aberrant activation of cGAS-STING cytoplasmic DNA sensors, provoking SASP through induction of interferon-β. Notably, the blockage of this pathway prevents SASP in senescent hepatic stellate cells, accompanied by a decline of obesity-associated hepatocellular carcinoma development in mice. These findings provide valuable new insights into the roles and mechanisms of SASP and possibilities for their control. Activation of DNA damage response induces the acquisition of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) in senescent cells, but precise mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the authors show that the cytoplasmic accumulation of nuclear DNA activated cytoplasmic DNA sensors to provoke SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takahashi
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.,PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tze Mun Loo
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.,Faculty of Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Okada
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kamachi
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Watanabe
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Wakita
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sugiko Watanabe
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shimpei Kawamoto
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichi Miyata
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Naoko Ohtani
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Eiji Hara
- The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan. .,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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8
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Xu X, Chai K, Chen Y, Lin Y, Zhang S, Li X, Qiao W, Tan J. Interferon activates promoter of Nmi gene via interferon regulator factor-1. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 441:165-171. [PMID: 28913576 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-Myc interactor (Nmi) is reported to participate in many activities, such as signaling transduction, transcription regulation, and antiviral responses. As Nmi may play important roles in interferon (IFN)-induced responses, we investigated the mechanism how Nmi protein is regulated. We identified and cloned the promoter of Nmi gene. Sequence analysis and luciferase assays shown that an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and a GC box in the promoter were essential for the basal transcription activity of Nmi gene. We also found that interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) could activate transcription of Nmi by binding to the ISRE in the promoter. Knockdown of IRF-1 decreases IFN-induced Nmi transcription. These results revealed that IRF-1 is involved in the IFN-inducible expression of Nmi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Keli Chai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yongquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Suzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xin Li
- Biological Experiment Center, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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9
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Schott K, Riess M, König R. Role of Innate Genes in HIV Replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 419:69-111. [PMID: 28685292 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cells use an elaborate innate immune surveillance and defense system against virus infections. Here, we discuss recent studies that reveal how HIV-1 is sensed by the innate immune system. Furthermore, we present mechanisms on the counteraction of HIV-1. We will provide an overview how HIV-1 actively utilizes host cellular factors to avoid sensing. Additionally, we will summarize effectors of the innate response that provide an antiviral cellular state. HIV-1 has evolved passive mechanism to avoid restriction and to regulate the innate response. We review in detail two prominent examples of these cellular factors: (i) NLRX1, a negative regulator of the innate response that HIV-1 actively usurps to block cytosolic innate sensing; (ii) SAMHD1, a restriction factor blocking the virus at the reverse transcription step that HIV-1 passively avoids to escape sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schott
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Riess
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Renate König
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225, Langen, Germany. .,Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 63225, Langen, Germany.
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10
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Xu J, Zoltick PW, Gamero AM, Gallucci S. TLR ligands up-regulate Trex1 expression in murine conventional dendritic cells through type I Interferon and NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:93-103. [PMID: 24598055 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0713-393rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Trex1 are associated with a spectrum of type I IFN-dependent autoimmune diseases. Trex1 plays an essential role in preventing accumulation of excessive cytoplasmic DNA, avoiding cell-intrinsic innate DNA sensor activation and suppressing activation of type I IFN-stimulated and -independent antiviral genes. Trex1 also helps HIV to escape cytoplasmic detection by DNA sensors. However, regulation of Trex1 in innate immune cells remains elusive. We report that murine cDCs have high constitutive expression of Trex1 in vitro and in vivo in the spleen. In resting bone marrow-derived cDCs, type I IFNs up-regulate Trex1 expression via the IFNAR-mediated signaling pathway (STAT1- and STAT2-dependent). DC activation induced by TLR3, -4, -7, and -9 ligands also augments Trex1 expression through autocrine IFN-β production and triggering of the IFN signaling pathway, whereas TLR4 ligand LPS also stimulates an early expression of Trex1 through IFN-independent NF-κB-dependent signaling pathway. Furthermore, retroviral infection also induces Trex1 up-regulation in cDCs, as we found that a gene therapy HIV-1-based lentiviral vector induces significant Trex1 expression, suggesting that Trex1 may affect local and systemic administration of gene-therapy vehicles. Our data indicate that Trex1 is induced in cDCs during activation upon IFN and TLR stimulation through the canonical IFN signaling pathway and suggest that Trex1 may play a role in DC activation during infection and autoimmunity. Finally, these results suggest that HIV-like viruses may up-regulate Trex1 to increase their ability to escape immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Philip W Zoltick
- Department of Surgery, The Children's Center for Fetal Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
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11
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) is a major component of the human innate immune response against African trypanosomes. Although the mechanism of the trypanolytic activity of circulating APOL1 has been recently clarified, the intracellular function(s) of APOL1 in human cells remains poorly defined. Like that of many genes linked to host immunity, APOL1 expression is induced by proinflammatory cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Additionally, IFN-γ-polarized macrophages that potently restrict HIV-1 replication express APOL1, which suggests that APOL1 may contribute to HIV-1 suppression. Here, we report that APOL1 inhibits HIV-1 replication by multiple mechanisms. We found that APOL1 protein targeted HIV-1 Gag for degradation by the endolysosomal pathway. Interestingly, we found that APOL1 stimulated both endocytosis and lysosomal biogenesis by promoting nuclear localization of transcription factor EB (TFEB) and expression of TFEB target genes. Moreover, we demonstrated that APOL1 depletes cellular viral accessory protein Vif, which counteracts the host restriction factor APOBEC3G, via a pathway involving degradation of Vif in lysosomes and by secretion of Vif in microvesicles. As a result of Vif depletion by APOL1, APOBEC3G was not degraded and reduced infectivity of progeny virions. In support of this model, we also showed that endogenous expression of APOL1 in differentiated U937 monocytic cells stimulated with IFN-γ resulted in a reduced production of virus particles. This finding supports the hypothesis that induction of APOL1 contributes to HIV-1 suppression in differentiated monocytes. Deciphering the precise mechanism of APOL1-mediated HIV-1 restriction may facilitate the design of unique therapeutics to target HIV-1 replication.
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12
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Christmann M, Kaina B. Transcriptional regulation of human DNA repair genes following genotoxic stress: trigger mechanisms, inducible responses and genotoxic adaptation. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:8403-20. [PMID: 23892398 PMCID: PMC3794595 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is the first barrier in the defense against genotoxic stress. In recent years, mechanisms that recognize DNA damage and activate DNA repair functions through transcriptional upregulation and post-translational modification were the focus of intensive research. Most DNA repair pathways are complex, involving many proteins working in discrete consecutive steps. Therefore, their balanced expression is important for avoiding erroneous repair that might result from excessive base removal and DNA cleavage. Amelioration of DNA repair requires both a fine-tuned system of lesion recognition and transcription factors that regulate repair genes in a balanced way. Transcriptional upregulation of DNA repair genes by genotoxic stress is counteracted by DNA damage that blocks transcription. Therefore, induction of DNA repair resulting in an adaptive response is only visible through a narrow window of dose. Here, we review transcriptional regulation of DNA repair genes in normal and cancer cells and describe mechanisms of promoter activation following genotoxic exposures through environmental carcinogens and anticancer drugs. The data available to date indicate that 25 DNA repair genes are subject to regulation following genotoxic stress in rodent and human cells, but for only a few of them, the data are solid as to the mechanism, homeostatic regulation and involvement in an adaptive response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Christmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Tomicic MT, Aasland D, Nikolova T, Kaina B, Christmann M. Human three prime exonuclease TREX1 is induced by genotoxic stress and involved in protection of glioma and melanoma cells to anticancer drugs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1832-43. [PMID: 23578789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To counteract genotoxic stress, DNA repair functions are in effect. Most of them are constitutively expressed while some of them can be up-regulated depending on the level of DNA damage. In human cells, only few DNA repair functions are subject of induction following DNA damage, and thus there is a need to identify and characterize inducible repair functions more thoroughly. Here, we provide evidence that the "three prime exonuclease I" (TREX1) is up-regulated in human fibroblasts and cancer cells on mRNA and protein level. Transcriptional upregulation of TREX1 was observed upon exposure to ultraviolet light and various anticancer drugs in glioma and malignant melanoma cells. Induction of TREX1 was found following treatment with the crosslinking alkylating agents nimustine, carmustine, fotemustine and the topoisomerase I inhibitor topotecan, but not following temozolomide, etoposide and ionizing radiation. Induction of TREX1 following DNA damage requires the AP-1 components c-Jun and c-Fos, as shown by siRNA knockdown, EMSA experiments, ChIP analysis and reporter assays with the TREX1 promoter and constructs harboring mutations in the AP-1 binding site. To analyze whether TREX1 expression impacts the sensitivity of cancer cells to therapeutics, TREX1 expression was down-regulated by siRNA in malignant glioma and melanoma cells. TREX1 knockdown resulted in enhanced cell death following nimustine, fotemustine and topotecan and to a reduced recovery from the anticancer drug induced block to replication. The data revealed that induction of TREX1 is a survival response evoked by various genotoxic anticancer drugs and identified TREX1 as a potential therapeutic target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja T Tomicic
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Sans-Fons MG, Yeramian A, Pereira-Lopes S, Santamaría-Babi LF, Modolell M, Lloberas J, Celada A. Arginine transport is impaired in C57Bl/6 mouse macrophages as a result of a deletion in the promoter of Slc7a2 (CAT2), and susceptibility to Leishmania infection is reduced. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1684-93. [PMID: 23460752 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic factors play a crucial role in immune response. To determine whether the differences between C57Bl/6 and BALB-C mice are due only to the production of cytokines by T-helper 1 cells or T-helper 2 cells, we obtained bone marrow-derived macrophages from both strains and incubated them with these cytokines. Although the induction of Nos2 and Arg1 was similar in the 2 strains, infectivity to Leishmania major differed, as did macrophage uptake of arginine, which was higher in BALB-C macrophages. The levels of interferon γ- and interleukin 4-dependent induction of the cationic amino acid transporter SLC7A2 (also known as "cationic amino acid transporter 2," or "CAT2") were decreased in macrophages from C57Bl/6 mice. This reduction was a result of a deletion in the promoter of one of the 4 AGGG repeats. These results demonstrate that the availability of arginine controls critical aspects of macrophage activation and reveal a factor for susceptibility to Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gloria Sans-Fons
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Roles of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of SLE. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:347141. [PMID: 22500087 PMCID: PMC3303597 DOI: 10.1155/2012/347141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SLE is an autoimmune inflammatory disease in which various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including TGF-β, IL-10, BAFF, IL-6, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-23, play crucial pathogenic roles. Virtually, all these cytokines can be generated by both innate and adaptive immune cells and exert different effects depending on specific local microenvironment. They can also interact with each other, forming a complex network to maintain delicate immune homeostasis. In this paper, we elaborate on the abnormal secretion and functions of these cytokines in SLE, analyze their potential pathogenic roles, and probe into the possibility of them being utilized as targets for therapy.
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Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by early onset progressive encephalopathy, concomitant with an increase in interferon-α levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Although it was initially mistaken for intrauterine viral infections, AGS has now been genetically attributed to a lack of adequate processing of cellular nucleic acid debris, which culminates in the perpetual trigger of the innate and acquired immune responses. Although the exact mechanisms governing AGS are not fully understood, significant strides have been recently achieved in better characterizing the disorder and the molecular functions of the five known proteins found mutated in AGS. Studies have now uncovered that AGS is tightly linked with the predisposition to other autoimmune disorders such as familial chilblain lupus and systemic lupus erythematosus. Moreover, at least two of the proteins mutated in AGS, namely TREX1 and SAMHD1, also seem to have antagonistic roles in safeguarding humans from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. We hereby synthesize the current developments into the greater framework of AGS and suggest that a better understanding of AGS might help usher a better treatment not only for some autoimmune disorders but also possibly for patients suffering from HIV infections, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chahwan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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