1
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Kitamura D. Mechanisms for the regulation of memory B-cell recall responses in mice. Int Immunol 2021; 33:791-796. [PMID: 34279036 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection by pathogens or vaccination, the adaptive immune system rapidly but transiently produces antibodies. Some weeks later, however, long-lasting immunity is established that protects the host against the same pathogens almost for life through continuous production of antibodies on one hand and the maintenance of cytotoxic T cells on the other, collectively called immunological memory. The antibody-mediated arm, also called serological memory, is mainly exerted by long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells (MBCs). MBCs express receptors for the specific pathogens and circulate to survey the body for almost a life-long period. Upon recognizing the pathogen, MBCs clonally expand and produce a large amount of the specific antibodies to stop the infection, the process called a (memory) recall response. Although such a function of MBCs has long been known, the mechanism of how their performance is regulated has been obscure. This is due to their paucity in the body, lack of definitive surface markers and obscure ontogeny. However, recent studies have revealed the multifold mechanisms by which the recall response of MBCs is regulated: Rapid and enhanced antibody production is due to a mechanism intrinsic to MBCs; namely, upregulated expression levels of surface molecules interacting with T cells and the property of IgG-class antigen receptors; to a property of the responsible subset of MBCs; and to co-stimulation through innate receptors and cytokines. It has also been unveiled that the recall response is negatively regulated by an inhibitory receptor on MBCs and by antigens with repetitive epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences,Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Daly CA, Spurrier MA, Jennings-Gee JE, Haas KM. B Cell Subsets Differentially Contribute to the T Cell-Independent Memory Pool. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2362-2374. [PMID: 32978280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The roles distinct B cell subsets play in clonal expansion, isotype switching, and memory B cell differentiation in response to T cell-independent type 2 Ags (TI-2 Ags) has been understudied. Using sorted B cells from VHB1-8 knock-in mice, we evaluated B-1b, marginal zone, and follicular B cell responses to the TI-2 Ag, NP-Ficoll. All subsets extensively divided in response to NP-Ficoll. Nonetheless, B-1b cells exhibited significantly increased IgG switching and differentiation into Ab-secreting cells (ASC)-a finding that coincided with increased AgR signaling capacity and Blimp1 expression by B-1b cells. All subsets formed memory cells and expressed markers previously identified for T cell-dependent memory B cells, including CD80, PDL2, and CD73, although B-1b cells generated the greatest number of memory cells with higher frequencies of IgG- and CD80-expressing cells. Despite memory formation, secondary immunization 4 wk after primary immunization did not increase NP-specific IgG. However, boosting occurred in B-1b cell-recipient mice when IgG levels declined. CD80+ memory B-1b cells divided, class switched, and differentiated into ASC in response to Ag in vivo, but this was inhibited in the presence of NP-specific IgG. Furthermore, CD80 blockade significantly increased memory B-1b cell division and differentiation to ASC upon Ag restimulation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate B-1b, marginal zone B, and follicular B subsets significantly contribute to the TI-2 Ag-specific memory B cell pool. In particular, we show B-1b cells generate a functional CD80-regulated memory population that can be stimulated to divide and differentiate into ASC upon Ag re-encounter when Ag-specific IgG levels decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - M Ariel Spurrier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Jamie E Jennings-Gee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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3
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Dhenni R, Phan TG. The geography of memory B cell reactivation in vaccine-induced immunity and in autoimmune disease relapses. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:62-86. [PMID: 32472583 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (Bmem) provide an active second layer of defense against re-infection by pathogens that have bypassed the passive first layer provided by neutralizing antibodies. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of Bmem heterogeneity in terms of their origin (germinal center-dependent vs center-independent), phenotype (canonical vs atypical vs age-associated B cells), trafficking (recirculating vs tissue-resident), and fate (plasma cell vs germinal center differentiation). The development of transgenic models and intravital imaging technologies has made it possible to track the cellular dynamics of Bmem reactivation by antigen, their interactions with follicular memory T cells, and differentiation into plasma cells in subcapsular proliferative foci in the lymph nodes of immune animals. Such in situ studies have reinforced the importance of geography in shaping the outcome of the secondary antibody response. We also review the evidence for Bmem reactivation and differentiation into short-lived plasma cells in the pathogenesis of disease flares in relapsing-remitting autoimmune diseases. Elucidating the mechanisms that control the Bmem fate decision to differentiate into plasma cells or germinal center B cells will aid future efforts to more precisely engineer fit-for-purpose vaccines as well as to treat antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Dhenni
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Takatsuka S, Yamada H, Haniuda K, Saruwatari H, Ichihashi M, Renauld JC, Kitamura D. IL-9 receptor signaling in memory B cells regulates humoral recall responses. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1025-1034. [PMID: 30082831 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (Bmem cells) are the basis of long-lasting humoral immunity. They respond to re-encountered antigens by rapidly producing specific antibodies and forming germinal centers (GCs), a recall response that has been known for decades but remains poorly understood. We found that the receptor for the cytokine IL-9 (IL-9R) was induced selectively on Bmem cells after primary immunization and that IL-9R-deficient mice exhibited a normal primary antibody response but impaired recall antibody responses, with attenuated population expansion and plasma-cell differentiation of Bmem cells. In contrast, there was augmented GC formation, possibly due to defective downregulation of the ligand for the co-stimulatory receptor ICOS on Bmem cells. A fraction of Bmem cells produced IL-9. These findings indicate that IL-9R signaling in Bmem cells regulates humoral recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Takatsuka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kei Haniuda
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saruwatari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Marina Ichihashi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Experimental Medicine Unit, Universite catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.
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5
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Re-educating immunity in respiratory allergies: the potential for hematopoietic stem cell-mediated gene therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 96:21-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Abstract
We comprehensively review memory B cells (MBCs), covering the definition of MBCs and their identities and subsets, how MBCs are generated, where they are localized, how they are maintained, and how they are reactivated. Whereas naive B cells adopt multiple fates upon stimulation, MBCs are more restricted in their responses. Evolving work reveals that the MBC compartment in mice and humans consists of distinct subpopulations with differing effector functions. We discuss the various approaches to define subsets and subset-specific roles. A major theme is the need to both deliver faster effector function upon reexposure and readapt to antigenically variant pathogens while avoiding burnout, which would be the result if all MBCs generated only terminal effector function. We discuss cell-intrinsic differences in gene expression and signaling that underlie differences in function between MBCs and naive B cells and among MBC subsets and how this leads to memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ,
| | - Mark Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ,
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7
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Qin Q, Yin Z, Wu X, Haas KM, Huang X. Valency and density matter: Deciphering impacts of immunogen structures on immune responses against a tumor associated carbohydrate antigen using synthetic glycopolymers. Biomaterials 2016; 101:189-98. [PMID: 27294537 PMCID: PMC4921287 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For successful carbohydrate based anti-cancer vaccines, it is critical that B cells are activated to secret antibodies targeting the tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). Despite the availability of many TACA based constructs, systematic understanding of the effects of structural features on anti-glycan antibody responses is lacking. In this study, a series of defined synthetic glyco-polymers bearing a representative TACA, i.e., the Thomsen-nouveau (Tn) antigen, have been prepared to probe the induction of early B cell activation and antibody production via a T cell independent mechanism. Valency and density of the antigen in the polymers turned out to be critical. An average of greater than 6 Tn per chain was needed to induce antibody production. Glycopolymers with 40 antigens per chain and backbone molecular weight of 450 kDa gave the strongest stimulation to B cells in vitro, which correlated well with its in vivo activity. Deviations from the desired valency and density led to decreased antibody production or even antigen specific B cell non-responsiveness. These findings provide important insights on how to modulate anti-TACA immune responses facilitating the development of TACA based anti-cancer vaccines using glycopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qin
- Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Xuanjun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen M Haas
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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8
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Pone EJ, Lou Z, Lam T, Greenberg ML, Wang R, Xu Z, Casali P. B cell TLR1/2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 interact in induction of class switch DNA recombination: modulation by BCR and CD40, and relevance to T-independent antibody responses. Autoimmunity 2015; 48:1-12. [PMID: 25536171 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.993027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ig class switch DNA recombination (CSR) in B cells is crucial to the maturation of antibody responses. It requires IgH germline IH-CH transcription and expression of AID, both of which are induced by engagement of CD40 or dual engagement of a Toll-like receptor (TLR) and B cell receptor (BCR). Here, we have addressed cross-regulation between two different TLRs or between a TLR and CD40 in CSR induction by using a B cell stimulation system involving lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS-mediated long-term primary class-switched antibody responses and memory-like antibody responses in vivo and induced generation of class-switched B cells and plasma cells in vitro. Consistent with the requirement for dual TLR and BCR engagement in CSR induction, LPS, which engages TLR4 through its lipid A moiety, triggered cytosolic Ca2+ flux in B cells through its BCR-engaging polysaccharidic moiety. In the presence of BCR crosslinking, LPS synergized with a TLR1/2 ligand (Pam3CSK4) in CSR induction, but much less efficiently with a TLR7 (R-848) or TLR9 (CpG) ligand. In the absence of BCR crosslinking, R-848 and CpG, which per se induced marginal CSR, virtually abrogated CSR to IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and/or IgA, as induced by LPS or CD154 (CD40 ligand) plus IL-4, IFN-γ or TGF-β, and reduced secretion of class-switched Igs, without affecting B cell proliferation or IgM expression. The CSR inhibition by TLR9 was associated with the reduction in AID expression and/or IgH germline IH-S-CH transcription, and required co-stimulation of B cells by CpG with LPS or CD154. Unexpectedly, B cells also failed to undergo CSR or plasma cell differentiation when co-stimulated by LPS and CD154. Overall, by addressing the interaction of TLR1/2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 in the induction of CSR and modulation of TLR-dependent CSR by BCR and CD40, our study suggests the complexity of how different stimuli cross-regulate an important B cell differentiation process and an important role of TLRs in inducing effective T-independent antibody responses to microbial pathogens, allergens and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egest J Pone
- Institute for Immunology, University of California , Irvine, CA , USA
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9
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He XS, Holmes TH, Sanyal M, Albrecht RA, García-Sastre A, Dekker CL, Davis MM, Greenberg HB. Distinct patterns of B-cell activation and priming by natural influenza virus infection versus inactivated influenza vaccination. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1051-9. [PMID: 25336731 PMCID: PMC4366605 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human B-cell response to natural influenza virus infection has not been extensively investigated at the polyclonal level. METHODS The overall B-cell response of patients acutely infected with the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) was analyzed by determining the reactivity of plasmablast-derived polyclonal antibodies (PPAbs) to influenza proteins. Recipients of inactivated influenza vaccine containing the same A(H1N1)pdm09 strain were studied for comparison. RESULTS During acute infection, robust plasmablast responses to the infecting virus were detected, characterized by a greater PPAb reactivity to the conserved influenza virus nuclear protein and to heterovariant and heterosubtypic hemagglutinins, in comparison to responses to the inactivated A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine. In A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccinees, the presence of baseline serum neutralizing antibodies against A(H1N1)pdm09, suggesting previous exposure to natural A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, did not affect the plasmablast response to vaccination, whereas repeated immunization with inactivated A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine resulted in significantly reduced vaccine-specific and cross-reactive PPAb responses. CONCLUSIONS Natural A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and inactivated A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination result in very distinct patterns of B-cell activation and priming. These differences are likely to be associated with differences in protective immunity, especially cross-protection against heterovariant and heterosubtypic influenza virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Song He
- Department of Medicine VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California
| | | | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Department of Medicine VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Immunology VA Palo Alto Health Care System, California
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Fukao S, Haniuda K, Nojima T, Takai T, Kitamura D. gp49B-mediated negative regulation of antibody production by memory and marginal zone B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:635-44. [PMID: 24935931 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rapid Ab responses observed after primary and secondary immunizations are mainly derived from marginal zone (MZ) and memory B cells, respectively, but it is largely unknown how these responses are negatively regulated. Several inhibitory receptors have been identified and their roles have been studied, but mainly on follicular B cells and much less so on MZ B, and never on memory B cells. gp49B is an Ig superfamily member that contains two ITIMs in its cytoplasmic tail, and it has been shown to negatively regulate mast cell, macrophage, and NK cell responses. In this study, we demonstrate that gp49B is preferentially expressed on memory and MZ B cells. We show that gp49B(-/-) mice produce more IgM after a primary immunization and more IgM and IgG1 after a secondary immunization than gp49B(+/+) mice in T cell-dependent immune responses. Memory and MZ B cells from gp49B(-/-) mice also produce more Abs upon in vitro stimulation with CD40 than those from gp49B(+/+) mice. The in vitro IgM production by MZ B cells from gp49B(+/+), but not gp49B(-/-), mice is suppressed by interaction with a putative gp49B ligand, the integrin αvβ3 heterodimer. In addition, gp49B(-/-) mice exhibited exaggerated IgE production in the memory recall response. These results suggest that plasma cell development from memory and MZ B cells, as well as subsequent Ab production, are suppressed via gp49B. In memory B cells, this suppression also prevents excessive IgE production, thus curtailing allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Fukao
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Kei Haniuda
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Takuya Nojima
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
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11
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Hyporesponsiveness to the infecting serotype after vaccination of children with seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine following invasive pneumococcal disease. Vaccine 2014; 32:1444-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Pfrengle F, Macauley MS, Kawasaki N, Paulson JC. Copresentation of antigen and ligands of Siglec-G induces B cell tolerance independent of CD22. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1724-31. [PMID: 23836061 PMCID: PMC3735655 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of self from nonself is indispensable for maintaining B cell tolerance in peripheral tissues. CD22 and Siglec-G (sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin G) are two inhibitory coreceptors of the BCR that are implicated in maintenance of tolerance to self Ags. Enforced ligation of CD22 and the BCR by a nanoparticle displaying both Ag and CD22 ligands induces a tolerogenic circuit resulting in apoptosis of the Ag-reactive B cell. Whether Siglec-G also has this property has not been investigated in large part owing to the lack of a selective Siglec-G ligand. In this article, we report the development of a selective high-affinity ligand for Siglec-G and its application as a chemical tool to investigate the tolerogenic potential of Siglec-G. We find that liposomal nanoparticles decorated with Ag and Siglec-G ligand inhibit BCR signaling in both B1 and B2 B cells compared with liposomes displaying Ag alone. Not only is inhibition of B cell activation observed by ligating the BCR with Siglec-G, but robust tolerance toward T-independent and T-dependent Ags is also induced in mice. The ability of Siglec-G to inhibit B cell activation equally in both B1 and B2 subsets is consistent with our observation that Siglec-G is expressed at a relatively constant level throughout numerous B cell subsets. These results suggest that Siglec-G may contribute to maintenance of B cell tolerance toward self Ags in various B cell compartments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Calcium Signaling
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunologic Memory
- Lectins/biosynthesis
- Lectins/genetics
- Lectins/immunology
- Ligands
- Liposomes
- Lymphopoiesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Organ Specificity
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/immunology
- Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Norihito Kawasaki
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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13
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Fuquay R, Renner B, Kulik L, McCullough JW, Amura C, Strassheim D, Pelanda R, Torres R, Thurman JM. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury amplifies the humoral immune response. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1063-72. [PMID: 23641055 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012060560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal transplant recipients who experience delayed graft function have increased risks of rejection and long-term graft failure. Ischemic damage is the most common cause of delayed graft function, and although it is known that tissue inflammation accompanies renal ischemia, it is unknown whether renal ischemia affects the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes, which may lead to chronic humoral rejection and allograft failure. Here, mice immunized with a foreign antigen 24-96 hours after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury developed increased levels of antigen-specific IgG1 compared with sham-treated controls. This amplified IgG1 response did not follow unilateral ischemia, and it did not occur in response to a T-independent antigen. To test whether innate immune activation in the kidney after ischemia affects the systemic immune response to antigen, we repeated the immunization experiment using mice deficient in factor B that lack a functional alternative pathway of complement. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury did not cause amplification of the antigen-specific antibodies in these mice, suggesting that the increased immune response requires a functional alternative pathway of complement. Taken together, these data suggest that ischemic renal injury leads to a rise in antibody production, which may be harmful to renal allografts, possibly explaining a mechanism underlying the link between delayed graft function and long-term allograft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Fuquay
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver Health Science Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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14
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A method for inducing antigen-specific IgG production by in vitro immunization. J Immunol Methods 2012; 386:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Antibody Response Against Betaferon® in Immune Tolerant Mice: Involvement of Marginal Zone B-cells and CD4+ T-cells and Apparent Lack of Immunological Memory. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33:255-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Pone EJ, Xu Z, White CA, Zan H, Casali P. B cell TLRs and induction of immunoglobulin class-switch DNA recombination. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2012; 17:2594-615. [PMID: 22652800 DOI: 10.2741/4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Engagement of B cell TLRs by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) induces T-independent (TI) antibody responses and plays an important role in the early stages of T-dependent (TD) antibody responses before specific T cell help becomes available. The role of B cell TLRs in the antibody response is magnified by the synergy of B cell receptor (BCR) crosslinking and TLR engagement in inducing immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch DNA recombination (CSR), which crucially diversifies the antibody biological effector functions. Dual BCR/TLR engagement induces CSR to all Ig isotypes, as directed by cytokines, while TLR engagement alone induces marginal CSR. Integration of BCR and TLR signaling results in activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways, induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and germline transcription of IgH switch (S) regions. A critical role of B cell TLRs in CSR and the antibody response is emphasized by the emergence of several TLR ligands as integral components of vaccines that greatly boost humoral immunity in a B cell-intrinsic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egest J Pone
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4120, USA
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