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Fekrvand S, Khanmohammadi S, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R. B- and T-Cell Subset Abnormalities in Monogenic Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912826. [PMID: 35784324 PMCID: PMC9241517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of inborn errors of immunity characterized by reduced serum concentrations of different immunoglobulin isotypes. CVID is the most prevalent symptomatic antibody deficiency with a broad range of infectious and non-infectious clinical manifestations. Various genetic and immunological defects are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of CVID. Monogenic defects account for the pathogenesis of about 20-50% of CVID patients, while a variety of cases do not have a defined genetic background. Deficiencies in molecules of B cell receptor signaling or other pathways involving B-cell development, activation, and proliferation could be associated with monogenetic defects of CVID. Genetic defects damping different B cell developmental stages can alter B- and even other lymphocytes’ differentiation and might be involved in the clinical and immunologic presentations of the disorder. Reports concerning T and B cell abnormalities have been published in CVID patients, but such comprehensive data on monogenic CVID patients is few and no review article exists to describe the abrogation of lymphocyte subsets in these disorders. Hence, we aimed to review the role of altered B- and T-cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of CVID patients with monogenic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fekrvand
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Reza Yazdani, ;
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2
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Mattiola I, Mantovani A, Locati M. The tetraspan MS4A family in homeostasis, immunity, and disease. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:764-781. [PMID: 34384709 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-spanning 4A (MS4A) family includes 18 members with a tetraspan structure in humans. They are differentially and selectively expressed in immunocompetent cells, such as B cells (CD20/MS4A1) and macrophages (MS4A4A), and associate with, and modulate the signaling activity of, different classes of immunoreceptor, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and Ig receptors. Evidence from preclinical models and genetic evidence from humans suggest that members of the MS4A family have key roles in different pathological settings, including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, MS4A family members might serve as candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mattiola
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charitè - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy; The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translation Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
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3
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Li B, Yang J, He J, Peng X, Zeng Q, Song Y, Xu K, Ma H. Characterization of the whole transcriptome of spleens from Chinese indigenous breed Ningxiang pig reveals diverse coding and non-coding RNAs for immunity regulation. Genomics 2021; 113:2468-2482. [PMID: 34062231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The spatio-temporal expression patterns of RNA and comparisons between different developmental stages have been one of the useful techniques for studying animal physiology and functional gene regulations. A Chinese indigenous breed Ningxiang pig is known for its quality meat production, disease resistance and slow growth performances in pig industry. To gain a better understanding of pig immunity and disease resistance, we comprehensively analyzed the whole transcriptome of the spleens from three important developmental nodes of Ningxiang pig at 30, 90 and 210 days of age. By three ways of comparisons (30vs 90 days, 30 vs 210 days and 90 vs 210 days), a total of 364to 865 differentially expressed mRNAs, 37 to 98 differentially expressed miRNAs,220 to 278 lncRNAs, and 96 to 113 circRNAs were identified. Further analysis of expression patterns, potential function and interactions with miRNAs identified the potential non-coding RNAs related to immunomodulation such as ssc-miRNA-150, ssc-miRNA-497, MSTRG24160, MSTRG18646. The results revealed that miRNAs and circRNAs may have evolved to regulate a large set of biological processes of spleen function in Ningxiang pigs, and circRNAs play a role of miRNA sponges. The results from study is the first report of whole transcriptome analysis of Ningxiang pig spleen and provide new insights into the expression changes of RNAs during the spleen development, which contribute to the phenotypic formation of immunity and disease resistancesin Chinese indigenous pig breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA(.)
| | - Jun He
- College of Animal Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xing Peng
- College of Animal Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Ningxiang pig farm of Dalong Livestock Technology Co. Ltd., Ningxiang, Hunan 410600, China
| | - Yukun Song
- College of Animal Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process of the State Key Laboratory of Agro ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Haiming Ma
- College of Animal Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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4
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Pavlasova G, Mraz M. The regulation and function of CD20: an "enigma" of B-cell biology and targeted therapy. Haematologica 2021; 105:1494-1506. [PMID: 32482755 PMCID: PMC7271567 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.243543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab, ofatumumab, or obinutuzumab improved the therapy of B-cell malignancies even though the precise physiological role and regulation of CD20 remains unclear. Furthermore, CD20 expression is highly variable between different B-cell malignancies, patients with the same malignancy, and even between intraclonal subpopulations in an individual patient. Several epigenetic (EZH2, HDAC1/2, HDAC1/4, HDAC6, complex Sin3A-HDAC1) and transcription factors (USF, OCT1/2, PU.1, PiP, ELK1, ETS1, SP1, NFκB, FOXO1, CREM, SMAD2/3) regulating CD20 expression (encoded by MS4A1) have been characterized. CD20 is induced in the context of microenvironmental interactions by CXCR4/SDF1 (CXCL12) chemokine signaling and the molecular function of CD20 has been linked to the signaling propensity of B-cell receptor (BCR). CD20 has also been shown to interact with multiple other surface proteins on B cells (such as CD40, MHCII, CD53, CD81, CD82, and CBP). Current efforts to combine anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies with BCR signaling inhibitors targeting BTK or PI3K (ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, idelalisib, duvelisib) or BH3-mimetics (venetoclax) lead to the necessity to better understand both the mechanisms of regulation and the biological functions of CD20. This is underscored by the observation that CD20 is decreased in response to the "BCR inhibitor" ibrutinib which largely prevents its successful combination with rituximab. Several small molecules (such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, DNA methyl-transferase inhibitors, aurora kinase A/B inhibitors, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, FOXO1 inhibitors, and bryostatin-1) are being tested to upregulate cell-surface CD20 levels and increase the efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Herein, we review the current understanding of CD20 function, and the mechanisms of its regulation in normal and malignant B cells, highlighting the therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pavlasova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Mraz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno .,Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Rubio T, Felipo V, Tarazona S, Pastorelli R, Escudero-García D, Tosca J, Urios A, Conesa A, Montoliu C. Multi-omic analysis unveils biological pathways in peripheral immune system associated to minimal hepatic encephalopathy appearance in cirrhotic patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1907. [PMID: 33479266 PMCID: PMC7820002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with liver cirrhosis may develop minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) which affects their quality of life and life span. It has been proposed that a shift in peripheral inflammation triggers the appearance of MHE. However, the mechanisms involved in this immune system shift remain unknown. In this work we studied the broad molecular changes involved in the induction of MHE with the goal of identifying (1) altered genes and pathways in peripheral blood cells associated to the appearance of MHE, (2) serum metabolites and cytokines with modified levels in MHE patients and (3) MHE-regulated immune response processes related to changes in specific serum molecules. We adopted a multi-omic approach to profile the transcriptome, metabolome and a panel of cytokines of blood samples taken from cirrhotic patients with or without MHE. Transcriptomic analysis supports the hypothesis of alternations in the Th1/Th2 and Th17 lymphocytes cell populations as major drivers of MHE. Cluster analysis of serum molecules resulted in six groups of chemically similar compounds, suggesting that functional modules operate during the induction of MHE. Finally, the multi-omic integrative analysis suggested a relationship between cytokines CCL20, CX3CL1, CXCL13, IL-15, IL-22 and IL-6 with alteration in chemotaxis, as well as a link between long-chain unsaturated phospholipids and the increased fatty acid transport and prostaglandin production. We found altered immune pathways that may collectively contribute to the mild cognitive impairment phenotype in MHE. Our approach is able to combine extracellular and intracellular information, opening new insights to the understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rubio
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonia Tarazona
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa Aplicadas y Calidad, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberta Pastorelli
- Protein and Metabolite Biomarkers Unit, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Desamparados Escudero-García
- Unidad de Digestivo, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Departamento Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Tosca
- Unidad de Digestivo, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Urios
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
- Neurological Impairment Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Conesa
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Carmina Montoliu
- Neurological Impairment Laboratory, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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6
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Ghazawi FM, Lim M, Dutz JP, Kirchhof MG. Infection risk of dermatologic therapeutics during the COVID-19 pandemic: an evidence-based recalibration. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:1043-1056. [PMID: 32621284 PMCID: PMC7361427 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recommendations were made recently to limit or stop the use of oral and systemic immunotherapies for skin diseases due to potential risks to the patients during the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we attempt to identify potentially safe immunotherapies that may be used in the treatment of cutaneous diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic. We performed a literature review to approximate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including available data on the roles of relevant cytokines, cell subsets, and their mediators in eliciting an optimal immune response against respiratory viruses in murine gene deletion models and humans with congenital deficiencies were reviewed for viral infections risk and if possible coronaviruses specifically. Furthermore, reported risk of infections of biologic and non-biologic therapeutics for skin diseases from clinical trials and drug data registries were evaluated. Many of the immunotherapies used in dermatology have data to support their safe use during the COVID-19 pandemic including the biologics that target IgE, IL-4/13, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-12, and IL-23. Furthermore, we provide evidence to show that oral immunosuppressive medications such as methotrexate and cyclosporine do not significantly increase the risk to patients. Most biologic and conventional immunotherapies, based on doses and indications in dermatology, do not appear to increase risk of viral susceptibility and are most likely safe for use during the COVID-19 pandemic. The limitation of this study is availability of data on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras M Ghazawi
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Lim
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jan P Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark G Kirchhof
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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7
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Mohammed AD, Khan MAW, Chatzistamou I, Chamseddine D, Williams-Kang K, Perry M, Enos R, Murphy A, Gomez G, Aladhami A, Oskeritzian CA, Jolly A, Chang Y, He S, Pan Z, Kubinak JL. Gut Antibody Deficiency in a Mouse Model of CVID Results in Spontaneous Development of a Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2484. [PMID: 31708923 PMCID: PMC6820504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies are heritable disorders of immune function. CD19 is a B cell co-receptor important for B cell development, and CD19 deficiency is a known genetic risk factor for a rare form of primary immunodeficiency known as “common variable immunodeficiency” (CVID); an antibody deficiency resulting in low levels of serum IgG and IgA. Enteropathies are commonly observed in CVID patients but the underlying reason for this is undefined. Here, we utilize CD19−/− mice as a model of CVID to test the hypothesis that antibody deficiency negatively impacts gut physiology under steady-state conditions. As anticipated, immune phenotyping experiments demonstrate that CD19−/− mice develop a severe B cell deficiency in gut-associated lymphoid tissues that result in significant reductions to antibody concentrations in the gut lumen. Antibody deficiency was associated with defective anti-commensal IgA responses and the outgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the gut. Expansion of anaerobic bacteria coincides with the development of a chronic inflammatory condition in the gut of CD19−/− mice that results in an intestinal malabsorption characterized by defects in lipid metabolism and transport. Administration of the antibiotic metronidazole to target anaerobic members of the microbiota rescues mice from disease indicating that intestinal malabsorption is a microbiota-dependent phenomenon. Finally, intestinal malabsorption in CD19−/− mice is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy as exposure to a gluten-free diet also significantly reduces disease severity in CD19−/− mice. Collectively, these results support an effect of antibody deficiency on steady-state gut physiology that compliment emerging data from human studies linking IgA deficiency with non-infectious complications associated with CVID. They also demonstrate that CD19−/− mice are a useful model for studying the role of B cell deficiency and gut dysbiosis on gluten-sensitive enteropathies; a rapidly emerging group of diseases in humans with an unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Dawood Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Md A Wadud Khan
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Ioulia Chatzistamou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Douja Chamseddine
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Katie Williams-Kang
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Mason Perry
- Biology Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Reilly Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Gregorio Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed Aladhami
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Carole A Oskeritzian
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Amy Jolly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Yan Chang
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Shuqian He
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Zui Pan
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Jason L Kubinak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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Mahdaviani SA, Rezaei N. Pulmonary Manifestations of Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies. PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONS OF PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123456 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-00880-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Predominantly antibody deficiencies (PADs) are the most frequent forms of primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs). Commonly accompanied with complications involving several body systems, immunoglobulin substitution therapy along with prophylactic antibiotics remained the cornerstone of treatment for PADs and related complications. Patients with respiratory complications should be prescribed an appropriate therapy as soon as possible and have to be adhering to more and longer medical therapies. Recent studies identified a gap for screening protocols to monitor respiratory manifestations in patients with PADs. In the present chapter, the pulmonary manifestations of different PADs for each have been discussed. The chapter is mainly focused on X-linked agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, activated PI3K-δ syndrome, LRBA deficiency, CD19 complex deficiencies, CD20 deficiency, other monogenic defects associated with hypogammaglobulinemia, immunoglobulin class switch recombination deficiencies affecting B-cells, transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, and selective IgA deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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9
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Casan JML, Wong J, Northcott MJ, Opat S. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: reviewing a revolution. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2820-2841. [PMID: 30096012 PMCID: PMC6343614 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1508624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the inception of rituximab in the 1990s, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have revolutionised the treatment of B cell hematological malignancies and have become a cornerstone of modern gold-standard practice. Additionally, the potent efficacy of these agents in depleting the B cell compartment has been used in the management of a broad array of autoimmune diseases. Multiple iterations of these agents have been investigated and are routinely used in clinical practice. In this review, we will discuss the physiology of CD20 and its attractiveness as a therapeutic target, as well as the pharmacology, pre-clinical and clinical data for the major anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: rituximab, obinutuzumab and ofatumumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. L. Casan
- Haematology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne Australia
| | - J. Wong
- Haematology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne Australia
| | - M. J. Northcott
- Rheumatology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S. Opat
- Haematology Department, Monash Health, Melbourne Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Rituximab primarily targets an intra-clonal BCR signaling proficient CLL subpopulation characterized by high CD20 levels. Leukemia 2018; 32:2028-2031. [DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Soe ZN, Allsup D. The use of ofatumumab in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Future Oncol 2017; 13:2611-2628. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ofatumumab has been extensively studied in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Currently, it has been approved for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a number of different situations. However, there is still no compelling evidence confirming the superiority of ofatumumab over rituximab in vivo. In this article, we summarize the currently available clinical data supporting the use of ofatumumab in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. The clinical studies were searched from clinicaltrials.gov with the key words ofatumumab, HuMax-CD20. Out of 115 trials available, studies for B-cell malignancies were selected, followed by selection of completed studies with results and active ongoing studies. The results from completed studies were thoroughly analyzed and active ongoing studies were listed in tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zar Ni Soe
- Department of Haematology, Hull & East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, East Yorkshire, England, UK
| | - David Allsup
- Department of Haematology, Hull & East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, East Yorkshire, England, UK
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12
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Marshall MJE, Stopforth RJ, Cragg MS. Therapeutic Antibodies: What Have We Learnt from Targeting CD20 and Where Are We Going? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1245. [PMID: 29046676 PMCID: PMC5632755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the fastest growing classes of drugs in recent years and are approved for the treatment of a wide range of indications, from cancer to autoimmune disease. Perhaps the best studied target is the pan B-cell marker CD20. Indeed, the first mAb to receive approval by the Food and Drug Administration for use in cancer treatment was the CD20-targeting mAb rituximab (Rituxan®). Since its approval for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 1997, rituximab has been licensed for use in the treatment of numerous other B-cell malignancies, as well as autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis. Despite having a significant impact on the treatment of these patients, the exact mechanisms of action of rituximab remain incompletely understood. Nevertheless, numerous second- and third-generation anti-CD20 mAbs have since been developed using various strategies to enhance specific effector functions thought to be key for efficacy. A plethora of knowledge has been gained during the development and testing of these mAbs, and this knowledge can now be applied to the design of novel mAbs directed to targets beyond CD20. As we enter the "post-rituximab" era, this review will focus on the lessons learned thus far through investigation of anti-CD20 mAb. Also discussed are current and future developments relating to enhanced effector function, such as the ability to form multimers on the target cell surface. These strategies have potential applications not only in oncology but also in the improved treatment of autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases. Finally, potential approaches to overcoming mechanisms of resistance to anti-CD20 therapy are discussed, chiefly involving the combination of anti-CD20 mAbs with various other agents to resensitize patients to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. E. Marshall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Mokhtarzadeh A, Hassanpour S, Vahid ZF, Hejazi M, Hashemi M, Ranjbari J, Tabarzad M, Noorolyai S, de la Guardia M. Nano-delivery system targeting to cancer stem cell cluster of differentiation biomarkers. J Control Release 2017; 266:166-186. [PMID: 28941992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are one of the most important origins of cancer progression and metastasis. CSCs have unique self-renewal properties and diverse cell membrane receptors that induced the resistance to the conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, the therapeutic removal of CSCs could result in the cancer cure with lack of recurrence and metastasis. In this regard, targeting CSCs in accordance to their specific biomarkers is a talented attitude in cancer therapy. Various CSCs surface biomarkers have been described, which some of them exhibited similarities on different cancer cell types, while the others are cancer specific and have just been reported on one or a few types of cancers. In this review, the importance of CSCs in cancer development and therapeutic response has been stated. Different CSCs cluster of differentiation (CD) biomarkers and their specific function and applications in the treatment of cancers have been discussed, Special attention has been made on targeted nano-delivery systems. In this regard, several examples have been illustrated concerning specific natural and artificial ligands against CSCs CD biomarkers that could be decorated on various nanoparticulated drug delivery systems to enhance therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents or anticancer gene therapy. The outlook of CSCs biomarkers discovery and therapeutic/diagnostic applications was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Hassanpour
- Department of Biochemistry, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Maryam Hashemi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Ranjbari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Noorolyai
- Department of Biochemistry, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Roselli G, Martini E, Lougaris V, Badolato R, Viola A, Kallikourdis M. CXCL12 Mediates Aberrant Costimulation of B Lymphocytes in Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, Myelokathexis Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1068. [PMID: 28928741 PMCID: PMC5591327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, Myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is an immunodeficiency caused by mutations in chemokine receptor CXCR4. WHIM patient adaptive immunity defects remain largely unexplained. We have previously shown that WHIM-mutant T cells form unstable immunological synapses, affecting T cell activation. Here, we show that, in WHIM patients and WHIM CXCR4 knock-in mice, B cells are more apoptosis prone. Intriguingly, WHIM-mutant B cells were also characterized by spontaneous activation. Searching for a mechanistic explanation for these observations, we uncovered a novel costimulatory effect of CXCL12, the CXCR4 ligand, on WHIM-mutant but not wild-type B cells. The WHIM CXCR4-mediated costimulation led to increased B-cell activation, possibly involving mTOR, albeit without concurrently promoting survival. A reduction in antigenic load during immunization in the mouse was able to circumvent the adaptive immunity defects. These results suggest that WHIM-mutant CXCR4 may lead to spontaneous aberrant B-cell activation, via CXCL12-mediated costimulation, impairing B-cell survival and thus possibly contributing to the WHIM syndrome defects in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Roselli
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elisa Martini
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Molecular Medicine Angelo Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Molecular Medicine Angelo Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
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15
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Nguyen A, Gresle M, Marshall T, Butzkueven H, Field J. Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: emergence of B-cell-targeted therapies. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1895-1907. [PMID: 28319650 PMCID: PMC5466523 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS, and one of the most common causes of disability in young adults. Over the last decade, new disease-modifying therapies have emerged, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that provide highly targeted therapies with greater efficacy than platform therapies. In particular, monoclonal antibodies directed against CD20-positive B cells have shown remarkable results in recent clinical trials and renewed interest in the mechanism of B cell-depleting therapies to ameliorate relapse activity and progression in MS. Here, we review the mechanisms of action and clinical evidence of approved and emerging mAbs, with a focus on B cell-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai‐Lan Nguyen
- Melbourne Brain Centre and Department of Medicine at the Royal Melbourne HospitalUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Melissa Gresle
- Melbourne Brain Centre and Department of Medicine at the Royal Melbourne HospitalUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Tessa Marshall
- Multiple Sclerosis DivisionThe Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Melbourne Brain Centre and Department of Medicine at the Royal Melbourne HospitalUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
- Eastern HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Judith Field
- Multiple Sclerosis DivisionThe Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkvilleVic.Australia
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
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16
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Hu Y, Wang D, Zhai K, Tong Z. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Significant B Lymphocyte Suppression in Corticosteroid-Treated Hosts with Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:322-331. [PMID: 27788015 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0356oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic, infectious disease that is prevalent in immunosuppressed hosts. Corticosteroid treatment is the most significant risk factor for patients with PCP who are human immunodeficiency virus negative, although little is known about how corticosteroids alter the host defense against Pneumocystis infection. In the present study, we used transcriptome analysis to examine the immune response in the lungs of corticosteroid-treated PCP mice. The results showed down-regulation in the genes related to both native immunity, such as antigen processing and presentation, inflammatory response, and phagocytosis, as well as B and T lymphocyte immunity. The repression of gene expression, corresponding to B cell immunity, including B cell signaling, homeostasis, and Ig production, was prominent. The finding was confirmed by quantitative PCR of mouse lungs and the peripheral blood of patients with PCP. Flow cytometry also revealed a significant depletion of B cells in corticosteroid-treated PCP mice. Our study has highlighted that corticosteroid treatment suppresses the B cell immunity in the PCP host, which is likely one of the main reasons that corticosteroid treatment may stimulate PCP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Dong Wang
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Kan Zhai
- 2 Department of Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, and
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17
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Sanyal R, Polyak MJ, Zuccolo J, Puri M, Deng L, Roberts L, Zuba A, Storek J, Luider JM, Sundberg EM, Mansoor A, Baigorri E, Chu MP, Belch AR, Pilarski LM, Deans JP. MS4A4A: a novel cell surface marker for M2 macrophages and plasma cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:611-619. [PMID: 28303902 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MS4A4A is a member of the membrane-spanning, four domain family, subfamily A (MS4A) that includes CD20 (MS4A1), FcRβ (MS4A2) and Htm4 (MS4A3). Like the first three members of this family, transcription of MS4A4A appears to be limited to hematopoietic cells. To evaluate expression of the MS4A4A protein in hematopoietic cell lineages and subsets we generated monoclonal antibodies against extracellular epitopes for use in flow cytometry. In human peripheral blood we found that MS4A4A is expressed at the plasma membrane in monocytes but not in granulocytes or lymphocytes. In vitro differentiation of monocytes demonstrated that MS4A4A is expressed in immature but not activated dendritic cells, and in macrophages generated in the presence of interleukin-4 ('alternatively activated' or M2 macrophages) but not by interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide ('classically' activated or M1 macrophages). MS4A4A was expressed in the U937 monocytic cell line only after differentiation. In normal bone marrow, MS4A4A was expressed in mature monocytes but was undetected, or detected at only a low level, in myeloid/monocytic precursors, as well as their malignant counterparts in patients with various subtypes of myeloid leukemia. Although MS4A4A was not expressed in healthy B lymphocytes, it was highly expressed in normal plasma cells, CD138+ cells from multiple myeloma patients, and bone marrow B cells from a patient with mantle cell lymphoma. These findings suggest immunotherapeutic potential for MS4A4A antibodies in targeting alternatively activated macrophages such as tumor-associated macrophages, and in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria J Polyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan Zuccolo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mandip Puri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lili Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luc Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ania Zuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jan Storek
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joanne M Luider
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ellen M Sundberg
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adnan Mansoor
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eva Baigorri
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael P Chu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew R Belch
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda M Pilarski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julie P Deans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Sorensen PS, Blinkenberg M. The potential role for ocrelizumab in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: current evidence and future prospects. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2016; 9:44-52. [PMID: 26788130 DOI: 10.1177/1756285615601933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells play a central role in the pathogenesis in multiple sclerosis (MS), being involved in the activation of proinflammatory T cells, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and production of autoantibodies directed against myelin. Hence, the usage of B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibodies as therapy for autoimmune diseases including MS lay near at hand. Rituximab was the first therapeutic B-cell-depleting chimeric monoclonal antibody to be used successfully in MS. Ocrelizumab, a second-generation humanized anti-CD20 antibody, was explored in a large phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled multicentre trial in patients with relapsing-remitting disease. Compared with placebo, two doses of ocrelizumab (600 and 2000 mg on days 1 and 15) showed a pronounced effect on disease activity seen in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as gadolinium-enhanced lesions (89% and 96% relative reduction, both p < 0.001) and also had a significant effect on relapses. In exploratory analyses, both doses of ocrelizumab had better effect on gadolinium-enhanced lesions than interferon beta-1a intramuscularly that was used as a reference arm. Adverse effects were mainly infusion-related reactions, in particular during the first infusion. Serious infections occurred at similar rates in ocrelizumab and placebo-treated patients, and no opportunistic infections were reported. However, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has been reported in patients treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies for other indications. Other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have been tested as treatments for MS, including ofatumumab that has shown beneficial results in placebo-controlled phase II trials in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Ocrelizumab is now in phase III development for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS, as well as primary progressive MS, and the results of ongoing clinical trials are eagerly awaited and will determine the place of ocrelizumab in the armamentarium of MS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Soelberg Sorensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Blinkenberg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Desensitization, a term loosely referring to a collection of antibody reduction and B-cell depletional therapies aimed at improving rates of transplantation in highly HLA and ABO-incompatible transplant recipients, has seen significant growth in the last decade. Advancements relate to an increasing unmet medical need for FDA-approved therapies, advancements in antibody detection methodologies and improved renal pathological assessments of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). SOURCES OF DATA, AREAS OF AGREEMENT AND CONTROVERSY Data reviewed include collective summaries of experience with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), B-cell depletion with rituximab and the use of plasma exchange with low-dose IVIG. Consensus suggests that these protocols are the most commonly used while experiences with other agents (i.e. bortezomib) are evolving. Controversy exists as to the extent of resources required, expense and outcomes of desensitization protocols. GROWING POINTS OR AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Here we review and synthesize data from evolving protocols and summarize developments of novel biologics aimed at modification of B-cells, antibodies and complement activation which will likely improve desensitization and treatment of ABMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Jordan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program and Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jua Choi
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program and Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Vo
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program and Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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The MS4A family: counting past 1, 2 and 3. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:11-23. [PMID: 25835430 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The MS4A (membrane-spanning 4-domain family, subfamily A) family of proteins contains some well-known members including MS4A1 (CD20), MS4A2 (FcɛRIβ) and MS4A3 (HTm4). These three MS4A family members are expressed on the cell surface of specific leukocyte subsets and have been well characterized as having key roles in regulating cell activation, growth and development. However, beyond MS4A1-3 there are a large number of related molecules (18 to date in humans) where our understanding of their biological roles is at a relatively nascent stage. This review examines the larger MS4A family focusing on their structure, expression, regulation and characterized and/or emerging biological roles. Our own work on one family member MS4A8B, and its possible role in epithelial cell regulation, is also highlighted.
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21
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Jordan SC, Choi J, Vo A. Achieving incompatible transplantation through desensitization: current perspectives and future directions. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:377-98. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of life-saving transplantation is severely limited by the shortage of organs, and histoincompatibility. To increase transplant rates in sensitized patients, new protocols for HLA and blood type incompatible (ABOi) desensitization have emerged. These approaches require significant desensitization using intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab and plasma exchange. In addition, the development of donor-specific antibody responses post transplant is the major cause of allograft failure with return to dialysis. This increases patient morbidity/mortality and cost. Immunotherapeutic agents used for desensitization evolved from drug development in oncology and autoimmune diseases. Currently, there is a renaissance in development of novel drugs likely to improve antibody reduction in transplantation. These include agents that inactivate IgG molecules, anticytokine antibodies, costimulatory molecule blockade, anticomplement agents and therapies aimed at the plasma cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Jordan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program & Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8900 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Nephrology & Transplant Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jua Choi
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program & Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8900 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ashley Vo
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Program & Transplant Immunotherapy Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8900 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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22
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Vo AA, Jordan SC. Benefits, efficacy, cost-effectiveness and infectious complications in transplant patients desensitized with intravenous immunoglobulin and anti-CD20 therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 178 Suppl 1:48-51. [PMID: 25546759 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A A Vo
- Kidney Transplant, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Sitaru C, Thiel J. The need for markers and predictors of Rituximab treatment resistance. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:236-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassian Sitaru
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies; Freiburg Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Jens Thiel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
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24
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Golay J. Comment on "Reduced T-dependent humoral immunity in CD20-deficient mice". THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5783. [PMID: 24319281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1390065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josée Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy, "G. Lanzani" Division of Hematology, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
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