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Riching AS, Malloy A, Anderson EM, Sheard J, Mikkonen P, van Brabant Smith A, Strezoska Z, Levenga J. A Facile, Transfection-Free Approach to siRNA Delivery in In Vitro 3D Spheroid Models. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1121. [PMID: 39225471 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Cell culture has long been essential for preclinical modeling of human development and disease. However, conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture fails to faithfully model the complexity found in vivo, and novel drug candidates that show promising results in 2D models often do not translate to the clinic. More recently, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have gained popularity owing to their greater physiological relevance to in vivo biology. In particular, 3D spheroid models are becoming widely used due to their ability to mimic solid tumors, both in architecture and gradation of nutrients distributed from the outer, proliferative layers into the inner, quiescent layers of cells. Similar to in vivo tumors, cell lines grown in 3D spheroid models tend to be more resistant to antitumor drug treatments than their 2D cultured counterparts, though distinct signaling pathways and gene targets conferring this resistance have yet to be fully explored. RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective tool to elucidate gene function and discover novel druggable targets in 2D models; however, only a few studies have successfully performed RNAi in complex 3D models to date. Here, we demonstrate efficient RNAi-mediated knockdown using "transfection-free" Dharmacon Accell siRNAs in three spheroid culture models, in the presence or absence of the extracellular matrix. This methodology has the potential to be scaled up for complex arrayed screening experiments, which may aid in the identification of novel druggable targets with greater clinical relevance than those identified in 2D experiments. © 2024 Dharmacon, Inc. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of 3D spheroids in matrix-free ULA plates Alternate Protocol 1: Generation of Matrigel matrix-embedded 3D spheroids Alternate Protocol 2: Generation of GrowDex hydrogel-embedded 3D spheroids Basic Protocol 2: Delivery of siRNA and collection of matrix-free 3D spheroids Alternate Protocol 3: Delivery of siRNA and collection of matrix-embedded spheroids Basic Protocol 3: RNA and protein extraction from spheroids for characterization of gene knockdown.
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Ge Y, Liu H, Huang W, Zhu H, Zong D, He X. Immunoinhibitory effects of hypoxia-driven reprogramming of EGR1 hi and EGR3 positive B cells in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma microenvironment. Oral Oncol 2024; 158:106999. [PMID: 39197193 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells is a type of immune cell that exhibit immunosuppressive behavior within the tumor microenvironment. However, the differentiation and regulatory mechanisms of these Breg cells remain unexplored. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing analysis of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) revealed a significant enrichment of B cell subset characterized by high expression of EGR1 and EGR3 in the tumor microenvironment. Notably, in the hypoxic microenvironment, these B cells induce MAPK pathway activation, subsequently triggering the activation of transcription factors EGR1 and EGR3, which further modulate the expression of immunosuppressive factors like TGFB1 and IL10. In transplant experiments using primary B cells induced under hypoxia and co-transplanted with cancer cells, a significant increase in tumor growth was observed. Mechanism experiments demonstrated that EGR1hi and EGR3+ B cells further activate the maturation and immunosuppressive function of Treg cells through the secretion of IL16 and TNF-α. Hence, this study identifies the key transcription factors EGR1 and EGR3 as essential regulators and elucidates the differentiation of Breg cells under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Ge
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Wenxuan Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Huanfeng Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Dan Zong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xia He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Saini C, Jiang S, Devlin J, Pan L, Tang Y, Tang J, Sun JA, Lorenzo MM, Wang Q, Pasquale LR, Cho KS, Chen DF, Shen LQ. Association between HSP-Specific T-Cell Counts and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2023; 3:100310. [PMID: 37197701 PMCID: PMC10183658 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective Previous laboratory reports implicate heat shock protein (HSP)-specific T-cell responses in glaucoma pathogenesis; here, we aimed to provide direct clinical evidence by correlating systemic HSP-specific T-cell levels with glaucoma severity in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Design Cross-sectional case-control study. Subjects Thirty-two adult patients with POAG and 38 controls underwent blood draw and optic nerve imaging. Methods Peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) were stimulated in culture with HSP27, α-crystallin, a member of the small HSP family, or HSP60. Both interferon-γ (IFN-γ)+ CD4+ T helper type 1 cells (Th1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) were quantified by flow cytometry and presented as a percentage of total PBMC counts. Relevant cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) was measured with OCT. Pearson's correlation (r) was used to assess correlations. Main Outcome Measures Correlations of HSP-specific T-cell counts, and serum levels of corresponding cytokine levels with RNFLT. Results Patients with POAG (visual field mean deviation, -4.7 ± 4.0 dB) and controls were similar in age, gender, and body mass index. Moreover, 46.9% of POAG and 60.0% of control subjects had prior cataract surgery (P = 0.48). Although no significant difference in total nonstimulated CD4+ Th1 or Treg cells was detected, patients with POAG exhibited significantly higher frequencies of Th1 cells specific for HSP27, α-crystallin, or HSP60 than controls (7.3 ± 7.9% vs. 2.6 ± 2.0%, P = 0.004; 5.8 ± 2.7% vs. 1.8 ± 1.3%, P < 0.001; 13.2 ± 13.3 vs. 4.3 ± 5.2, P = 0.01; respectively), but similar Treg specific for the same HSPs compared with controls (P ≥ 0.10 for all). Concordantly, the serum levels of IFN-γ were higher in POAG than in controls (36.2 ± 12.1 pg/ml vs. 10.0 ± 4.3 pg/ml; P < 0.001), but TGF-β1 levels did not differ. Average RNFLT of both eyes negatively correlated with HSP27- and α-crystallin-specific Th1 cell counts, and IFN-γ levels in all subjects after adjusting for age (partial correlation coefficient r = -0.31, P = 0.03; r = -0.52, p = 0.002; r = -0.72, P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions Higher levels of HSP-specific Th1 cells are associated with thinner RNFLT in patients with POAG and control subjects. The significant inverse relationship between systemic HSP-specific Th1 cell count and RNFLT supports the role of these T cells in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Saini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuhong Jiang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julia Devlin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Pan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yizhen Tang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jessica A. Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Qingyi Wang
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lucy Q. Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Lucy Q. Shen, MD, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114.
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Kerr J. Early Growth Response Gene Upregulation in Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Associated Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111484. [PMID: 33114612 PMCID: PMC7692278 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic multisystem disease exhibiting a variety of symptoms and affecting multiple systems. Psychological stress and virus infection are important. Virus infection may trigger the onset, and psychological stress may reactivate latent viruses, for example, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It has recently been reported that EBV induced gene 2 (EBI2) was upregulated in blood in a subset of ME/CFS patients. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pattern of expression of early growth response (EGR) genes, important in EBV infection and which have also been found to be upregulated in blood of ME/CFS patients, paralleled that of EBI2. EGR gene upregulation was found to be closely associated with that of EBI2 in ME/CFS, providing further evidence in support of ongoing EBV reactivation in a subset of ME/CFS patients. EGR1, EGR2, and EGR3 are part of the cellular immediate early gene response and are important in EBV transcription, reactivation, and B lymphocyte transformation. EGR1 is a regulator of immune function, and is important in vascular homeostasis, psychological stress, connective tissue disease, mitochondrial function, all of which are relevant to ME/CFS. EGR2 and EGR3 are negative regulators of T lymphocytes and are important in systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kerr
- Department of Microbiology, Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital (NNUH), Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UY, UK
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Han S, Zhu T, Ding S, Wen J, Lin Z, Lu G, Zhang Y, Xiao W, Ding Y, Jia X, Chen H, Gong W. Early growth response genes 2 and 3 induced by AP-1 and NF-κB modulate TGF-β1 transcription in NK1.1 - CD4 + NKG2D + T cells. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109800. [PMID: 33011290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells are a subpopulation of regulatory T cells that downregulate the functions of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages through TGF-β1 production. Early growth response genes 2 (Egr2) and 3 (Egr3) maintain immune homeostasis by modulating T lymphocyte development, inhibiting effector T cell function, and promoting the induction of regulatory T cells. Whether Egr2 and Egr3 directly regulate TGF-β1 transcription in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells remains elusive. The expression levels of Egr2 and Egr3 were higher in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells than in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D- T cells. Egr2 and Egr3 expression were remarkably increased after stimulating NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells with sRAE or α-CD3/sRAE. The ectopic expression of Egr2 or Egr3 resulted in the enhancement of TGF-β1 expression, while knockdown of Egr2 or Egr3 led to the decreased expression of TGF-β1 in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells. Egr2 and Egr3 directly bound with the TGF-β1 promoter as demonstrated by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual-luciferase gene reporter assay. Furthermore, the Egr2 and Egr3 expression of NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells could be induced by the AP-1 and NF-κB transcriptional factors, but had no involvement with the activation of NF-AT and STAT3. In conclusion, Egr2 and Egr3 induced by AP-1 and NF-κB directly initiate TGF-β1 transcription in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells. This study indicates that manipulating Egr2 and Egr3 expression would potentiate or alleviate the regulatory function of NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells and this strategy could be used in the therapy for patients with autoimmune diseases or tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Shizhen Ding
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Wen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Weiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Yanbing Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Huabiao Chen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China.
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Bollinger AL, Bollinger T, Rupp J, Shima K, Gross N, Padayachy L, Chicheportiche R, Puga Yung GL, Seebach JD. Annexin V expression on CD4 + T cells with regulatory function. Immunology 2019; 159:205-220. [PMID: 31642515 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells induce immunologic tolerance by suppressing effector functions of conventional lymphocytes in the periphery. On the other hand, immune silencing is mediated by recognition of phosphatidylserine (PS) on apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Here we describe expression of the PS-binding protein Annexin V (ANXA5) in CD4+ CD25hi Treg cells at the mRNA and protein levels. CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells constitute about 0·1%-0·6% of peripheral blood CD3+ T cells, exhibit co-expression of several Treg markers, such as Forkhead box P3, programmed cell death protein-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 and CD38. In vitro, ANXA5+ Treg cells showed enhanced adhesion to PS+ endothelial cells. Stimulated by anti-CD3 and PS+ syngeneic antigen-presenting cells CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells expanded in the absence of exogenous interleukin-2. CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells suppressed CD4+ ANXA5- T-cell proliferation and mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation, partially dependent on cell contact. CD4+ ANXA5+ T-cell-mediated suppression was allo-specific and accompanied by an increased production of anti-inflammatory mediators. In vivo, using a model of delayed type hypersensitivity, murine CD4+ ANXA5+ T cells inhibited T helper type 1 responses. In conclusion, we report for the first time expression of ANXA5 on a subset of Treg cells that might bridge classical regulatory Treg function with immune silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Bollinger
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bollinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kensuke Shima
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Natalie Gross
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Laura Padayachy
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Chicheportiche
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gisella L Puga Yung
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Dieter Seebach
- Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ogura Y, Sato S, Kurosaka M, Kotani T, Fujiya H, Funabashi T. Age-related decrease in muscle satellite cells is accompanied with diminished expression of early growth response 3 in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:977-986. [PMID: 31734897 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is mostly dependent on muscle satellite cells. Proper muscle regeneration requires enough number of satellite cells. Recent studies have suggested that the number of satellite cells in skeletal muscle declines as we age, leading to the impairment of muscle regeneration in older population. Our earlier study demonstrated that zinc finger transcription factor early growth response 3 (Egr3) plays an important role for maintaining the number of myoblasts, suggesting that age-related decrease in muscle satellite cell should be associated with the expression levels of Egr3. The aim of this study was to investigate whether aging would alter the Egr3 expression in satellite cells. A couple groups of male C57BL/6J mice were examined in this study: young (3 Mo) and old (17 Mo). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the satellite cell number decreased in normal and injured muscles of old mice. In fluorescence-activated cell sorting-isolated muscle satellite cells from normal and injured muscles, the mRNA expression of Egr3 was significantly decreased with age regardless of injury. In harmony with these results, Pax7 mRNA levels also decreased in the satellite cells from old mice. Alternatively, inhibition of Egr3 expression by shRNA decreased Pax7 protein expression in cultured myoblasts. These results suggest that Egr3 is associated with the age-related decline of muscle satellite cells in older population. Also, Egr3 might be implicated in the regulation of Pax7. Therefore, the loss of Egr3 expression may elucidate attenuated MSCs function and muscle regeneration in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ogura
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Shuichi Sato
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Mitsutoshi Kurosaka
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Kotani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroto Fujiya
- Department of Sports Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Funabashi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
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Niu J, Wang Y, Liu B, Yao Y. Mesenchymal stem cells prolong the survival of orthotopic liver transplants by regulating the expression of TGF-β1. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 29:601-609. [PMID: 30260784 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.17395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Recent studies have shown that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is prominently associated with acute rejection. This study aimed to explore the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the maintenance of the long-term survival of orthotopic liver transplants (OLTs) via the regulation of TGF-β1 in an experimental rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used Lewis rats as donors and ACI rats as recipients. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to evaluate histomorphological changes, and Western blot was performed to measure protein expression. RESULTS The expression of TGF-β1 in the liver allografts and spleen and protein levels of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) were measured using Western blot. The suppressive capacity of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. Cell-mediated immunotoxicity was evaluated using the mixed lymphocyte reaction of CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay of CD8+ T cells. The results showed that MSCs prolonged the survival of the OLT mice by regulating the expression of TGF-β1 at different time points. The administration of MSCs promoted a prolonged survival in the ACI recipients (105±6.6 d) compared with the MSC-untreated recipients (16.2±4.0 d). On the postoperative day (POD) 7, the MSC-treated recipients showed a significantly higher expression of TGF-β1, FoxP3, IL-10, and CTLA-4 than the MSC-untreated recipients. However, on POD 100, the MSC-treated recipients showed a lower expression of TGF-β1 and FOxP3 than that on POD 7. Moreover, on POD 7, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells extracted from the MSC-treated recipients showed a higher expression of FoxP3, IL-10, CTLA-4, and suppressive capacity. On POD 7, CD4+ T cells from the MSC-treated recipients showed more significantly diminished proliferative functions than the MSC-untreated recipients; further, a reduced allospecific CTL activity of CD8+ T cells was observed in the MSC-treated recipients. CONCLUSION MSCs may represent a promising cell therapeutic approach for inducing immunosuppression or transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Niu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Medical College Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Medical College Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Medical College Hospital, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanhu Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Medical College Hospital, Jiangsu, China
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Qian X, Hu C, Han S, Lin Z, Xiao W, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Qian L, Jia X, Zhu G, Gong W. NK1.1 - CD4 + NKG2D + T cells suppress DSS-induced colitis in mice through production of TGF-β. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1431-1444. [PMID: 28224733 PMCID: PMC5487917 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+NKG2D+ T cells are associated with tumour, infection and autoimmune diseases. Some CD4+NKG2D+ T cells secrete IFN‐γ and TNF‐α to promote inflammation, but others produce TGF‐β and FasL to facilitate tumour evasion. Here, murine CD4+NKG2D+ T cells were further classified into NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ and NK1.1+CD4+NKG2D+ subpopulations. The frequency of NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells decreased in inflamed colons, whereas more NK1.1+CD4+NKG2D+ cells infiltrated into colons of mice with DSS‐induced colitis. NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells expressed TGF‐β and FasL without secreting IFN‐γ, IL‐21 and IL‐17 and displayed no cytotoxicity. The adoptive transfer of NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells suppressed DSS‐induced colitis largely dependent on TGF‐β. NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells did not expressed Foxp3, CD223 (LAG‐3) and GITR. The subpopulation was distinct from NK1.1+CD4+NKG2D+ cells in terms of surface markers and RNA transcription. NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells also differed from Th2 or Th17 cells because the former did not express GATA‐3 and ROR‐γt. Thus, NK1.1−CD4+NKG2D+ cells exhibited immune regulatory functions, and this T cell subset could be developed to suppress inflammation in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sen Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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10
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Egr2 and Egr3 in regulatory T cells cooperatively control systemic autoimmunity through Ltbp3-mediated TGF-β3 production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8131-E8140. [PMID: 27911796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611286114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by multiorgan inflammation induced by autoantibodies. Early growth response gene 2 (Egr2), a transcription factor essential for T-cell anergy induction, controls systemic autoimmunity in mice and humans. We have previously identified a subpopulation of CD4+ regulatory T cells, CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells, that characteristically express both Egr2 and LAG3 and control mice model of lupus via TGF-β3 production. However, due to the mild phenotype of lymphocyte-specific Egr2-deficient mice, the presence of an additional regulator has been speculated. Here, we show that Egr2 and Egr3 expressed in T cells cooperatively prevent humoral immune responses by supporting TGF-β3 secretion. T cell-specific Egr2/Egr3 double-deficient (Egr2/3DKO) mice spontaneously developed an early onset lupus-like disease that was more severe than in T cell-specific Egr2-deficient mice. In accordance with the observation that CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells from Egr2/3DKO mice completely lost the capacity to produce TGF-β3, the excessive germinal center reaction in Egr2/3DKO mice was suppressed by the adoptive transfer of WT CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells or treatment with a TGF-β3-expressing vector. Intriguingly, latent TGF-β binding protein (Ltbp)3 expression maintained by Egr2 and Egr3 was required for TGF-β3 production from CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells. Because Egr2 and Egr3 did not demonstrate cell intrinsic suppression of the development of follicular helper T cells, Egr2- and Egr3-dependent TGF-β3 production by CD4+CD25-LAG3+ cells is critical for controlling excessive B-cell responses. The unique attributes of Egr2/Egr3 in T cells may provide an opportunity for developing novel therapeutics for autoantibody-mediated diseases including SLE.
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Morita K, Okamura T, Sumitomo S, Iwasaki Y, Fujio K, Yamamoto K. Emerging roles of Egr2 and Egr3 in the control of systemic autoimmunity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:ii76-ii81. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Kurosaka M, Ogura Y, Funabashi T, Akema T. Early Growth Response 3 (Egr3) Contributes a Maintenance of C2C12 Myoblast Proliferation. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1114-1122. [PMID: 27576048 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cell proliferation is a crucially important process for adult myogenesis. However, its regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. Early growth response 3 (Egr3) is a zinc-finger transcription factor that regulates different cellular functions. Reportedly, Egr3 interacts with multiple signaling molecules that are also known to regulate satellite cell proliferation. Therefore, it is possible that Egr3 is involved in satellite cell proliferation. Results of this study have demonstrated that Egr3 transcript levels are upregulated in regenerating mouse skeletal muscle after cardiotoxin injury. Using C2C12 myoblast culture (a model of activated satellite cells), results show that inhibition of Egr3 by shRNA impairs the myoblast proliferation rate. Results also show reduction of NF-кB transcriptional activity in Egr3-inhibited cells. Inhibition of Egr3 is associated with an increase in annexin V+ cell fraction and apoptotic protein activity including caspase-3 and caspase-7, and Poly-ADP ribose polymerase. By contrast, the reduction of cellular proliferation by inhibition of Egr3 was partially recovered by treatment of pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Collectively, these results suggest that Egr3 is involved in myoblast proliferation by interaction with survival signaling. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1114-1122, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kurosaka
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogura
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Funabashi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Akema
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Li X, Xu G, Qiao T, Yuan S, Zhuang X, Zhang J, Sun HB. Effects of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 on transforming growth factor-beta 1 and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 27190497 PMCID: PMC4869356 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-016-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) are synthetic DNA fragments containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs with potential immune modulatory effects and have recently been suggested to enhance sensitivity to traditional therapies in lung cancer. This study aimed to examine the effects of CpG ODN1826 on transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1) and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Methods The radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model was established by a single dose of 20 Gy, 6 MV X-rays exposure to the left lung. ICR mice were evenly randomized into four groups, comprising: a control group, a radiation group (RT group), a CpG group and a radiation combined with CpG ODN1826 group (RT + CpG group), with 40 mice in each group. CpG ODN1826 was intraperitoneally injected into mice at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 d post-irradiation. The mice were sacrificed at 1, 5, 15, 30 and 90 d post-irradiation. Paraffin sections of the radiated lung were subjected to H&E staining and Masson staining. The Ashcroft scale was used for quantitative histological analysis of fibrotic changes induced by irradiation. Concentrations of serum TGF-β1 were determined by ELISA, and concentrations of Hydroxyproline(Hyp) in the lung were determined with the alkaline hydrolysis method. Relative gene expression of FoxP3 was determined by real-time PCR. Results The radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model was successfully established. The serum concentrations of TGF -β1 of RT group were higher than those of the RT + CpG group (t = 5.212, 7.126, 7.972 and 3.785, P < 0.05). The Hyp in the lung of RT group was higher than that of RT + CpG group (t = 4.606, P < 0.05). The relative expressions of FoxP3 gene in the lung of the RT group were higher than those of RT + CpG group (t = 8.395, 5.099 and 6.147, P < 0.05). Conclusions CpG ODN1826 could reduce the serum concentrations of TGF-β1 and the lung content of Hyp in radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which might be related to the possibility that CpG ODN1826 can reduce expression of the FoxP3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiankui Qiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujuan Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xibing Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Bin Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
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Zinc enhances the number of regulatory T cells in allergen-stimulated cells from atopic subjects. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:557-567. [PMID: 26589301 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The trace element zinc is essential for immune function and its regulation. Since zinc deficiency and allergic hyperresponsive reactions are often accompanied, the influence of zinc on allergen-induced cell growth, CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cell numbers and cytokine expression during allergic immune reactions was investigated. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from non-atopic and atopic subjects were treated with timothy grass allergen pre-incubated with or without zinc. Proliferation was determined by analyzing the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Intracellular zinc and Foxp3 levels and cell surface antigens were measured by FACS, cytokine expression by ELISA and real-time PCR. RESULTS Incubation with 50 μM zinc sulfate (Zn50) enhances cytosolic zinc concentrations in CD3+ T cells. The data also reveal that the combination of Zn50 plus allergen significantly reduces PBMC proliferation of atopic subjects. Additionally, Zn50 plus allergen enhances Th1 cytokine responses shown by increased interferon (IFN)-γ/interleukin (IL)-10 ratios as well as enhanced tumor necrosis factor-α release. In response to allergen, zinc increases Treg cells and upregulates the mRNA expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 in atopic subjects. Interestingly, Zn50 alone leads to an increase of CD4+CD25high(hi)+ cells in atopic and non-atopic subjects. CONCLUSIONS Zinc may regulate unwanted hyperresponsive immune reactions by suppressing proliferation through a significant shift from IL-10 to the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ, and enhanced regulatory T cell numbers. Therefore, zinc supplementation may be a promising tool for the therapy of allergies, without negatively affecting the immune system.
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Tyrosine 705 Phosphorylation of STAT3 Is Associated with Phenotype Severity in TGFβ1 Transgenic Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:843743. [PMID: 26380299 PMCID: PMC4561300 DOI: 10.1155/2015/843743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is a key player in skeletal muscle degenerative and regenerative processes. We previously showed that conditionally overexpressing TGFβ1 in skeletal muscles caused myofiber atrophy and endomysial fibrosis in mice. However, the disease severity varied significantly among individual mice. While 40% of mice developed severe muscle pathology and lost body weight within 2 weeks of TGFβ1 transgene induction in muscles, the rest showed milder or no phenotype. This study aims at determining whether signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a role in the phenotypic difference and whether it can be activated by TGFβ1 directly in muscle cells. Our results show that while total STAT3 was not differentially expressed between the two groups of mice, there was significantly higher pSTAT3 (Tyr705) in the muscles of the mice with severe phenotype. Immunohistochemistry showed that pSTAT3 (Tyr705) was localized in approximately 50% of the nuclei of the muscles. We further showed that TGFβ1 induced Tyr705 phosphorylation of STAT3 in C2C12 cells within 30 minutes of treatment while total STAT3 was not affected. Our findings suggest that TGFβ1 alone can induce Tyr705 phosphorylation of STAT3 in skeletal muscle cells and contribute to disease severity in transgenic TGFβ1 mice.
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Li T, Chen H, Yang Z, Wang W, Wang YT, Zhang LM, Zhao JH, Zhou X, Li YM. A novel Pseudolaric acid B derivative, Hexahydropseudolaric acid B, exterts an immunomodulatory effect in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 745:10-8. [PMID: 25446920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Identification of immunosuppressants from natural sources has a proven track record in immune mediated disorders. Pseudolaric acid B is a diterpenoid isolated from the roots of Pseudolarix amabilis, possessing potent immunomodulatory effect. However, the cytotoxicity limits its future clinical application. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunosuppressive activity of Hexahydropseudolaric acid B, a Pseudolaric acid B derivative, on T cell-mediated immune response both in vitro and in vivo, and investigated its immunomodulatory effect to develop a more ascendant immunosuppressive agent. The results showed that Hexahydropseudolaric acid B could exert more preferable immunosuppressive activity and lower cytotoxicity than Pseudolaric acid B. Hexahydropseudolaric acid B significantly inhibited T cell proliferation activated by mitogen and alloantigen without obvious cytotoxicity in vitro. Furthermore, Hexahydropseudolaric acid B could ameliorate ear swelling in a mouse model of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo. Mechanistic study revealed that Hexahydropseudolaric acid B could enhance regulatory T cells via promoting Foxp3 expression and TGF-β level, accompanied by attenuating Akt activation, blocking p38MAPK/MK2-HSP27 signal cascades, and up-regulating PPAR-γ expression. Taken together, these results suggest that Hexahydropseudolaric acid B exerts more preferable immunosuppressive activity than its precursor Pseudolaric acid B by affecting multiple targets, which support the need for continued efforts to characterize the efficacy of HPAB as a promising and safe candidate to treat immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutics, Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Occupational and Environmental Hazard, Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, China.
| | - Zhen Yang
- Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yi-teng Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutics, Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, China
| | - Li-ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutics, Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, China
| | - Ji-hong Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China; Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China; Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yu-ming Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Heart Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China; Pingjin Hospital, Logistics University of the Chinese People׳s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the result of autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells in genetically predisposed individuals with impaired immune regulation. The insufficiency in the modulation of immune attacks on the β cells might be partly due to genetic causes; indeed, several of the genetic variants that predispose individuals to T1DM have functional features of impaired immune regulation. Whilst defects in immune regulation in patients with T1DM have been identified, many patients seem to have immune regulatory capacities that are indistinguishable from those of healthy individuals. Insight into the regulation of islet autoimmunity might enable us to restore immune imbalances with therapeutic interventions. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge on immune regulation and dysfunction in humans that is the basis of tissue-specific immune regulation as an alternative to generalized immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Roep
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Immunohaematology & Blood Transfusion, P. O. Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Timothy I M Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, School of Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
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