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Yamazaki T, Iwasaki K, Tomono S, Imai M, Miwa Y, Shizuku M, Ashimine S, Ishiyama K, Inui M, Okuzaki D, Okada M, Kobayashi T, Akashi-Takamura S. Human RP105 monoclonal antibody enhances antigen-specific antibody production in unique culture conditions. iScience 2024; 27:110649. [PMID: 39246445 PMCID: PMC11380396 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Detecting antibodies, particularly those targeting donor human leukocyte antigens in organ transplantation and self-antigens in autoimmune diseases, is crucial for diagnosis and therapy. Radioprotective 105 (RP105), a Toll-like receptor family protein, is expressed in immune-competent cells, such as B cells. Studies in mice have shown that the anti-mouse RP105 antibody strongly activates B cells and triggers an adjuvant effect against viral infections. However, the anti-human RP105 antibody (ɑhRP105) weakly activates human B cells. This study established new culture conditions under, which human B cells are strongly activated by the ɑhRP105. When combined with CpGDNA, specific antibody production against blood group carbohydrates, ɑGal, and SARS-CoV-2 was successfully detected in human B cell cultures. Furthermore, comprehensive analysis using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, single-cell RNA sequencing, and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that ɑhRP105 triggered a different activation stimulus compared to CpGDNA. These findings could help identify antibody-producing B cells in cases of transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yamazaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenta Iwasaki
- Department of Kidney Diseases and Transplant Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Susumu Tomono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Miwa
- Department of Kidney Diseases and Transplant Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masato Shizuku
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ashimine
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kohei Ishiyama
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masanori Inui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Genomics), WPI-IFReC, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Okada
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Akashi-Takamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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2
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Gilljam KM, Holm KL, Zahoor M, Centonze FG, Farhan H, Blomhoff HK. Differential Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species on IgG versus IgM Levels in TLR-Stimulated B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2133-2142. [PMID: 32188759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that reactive oxygen species (ROS) have critical roles as "second messengers" in cell signaling. In B cells, ROS can be generated either as a byproduct of mitochondrial respiration, as a result of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response induced by high production of Igs, or by the activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX) complexes. Having previously shown that costimulation of B cells via TLR 9 and the TLR-related receptor RP105 drives maturation of human peripheral blood B cells into Ig-producing cells, we aimed to study the role of ROS generated during this vital process. To this end, the ROS levels were either reduced by the NOX inhibitor VAS2870 or by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). We revealed that TLR9/RP105-mediated stimulation of human B cells involved a rapid activation of NOX. Moreover, VAS2870 blocked the TLR9/RP105-induced B cell activation and thereby all Ig production. Importantly, we showed that ROS targeted by NAC was selectively required for IgG but not for IgM production. The endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the TLR9/RP105-stimulated cells was higher in IgG+ than in IgG- cells and was reduced by NAC in IgG+ cells only. Of note, we revealed that substantially higher levels of IgG than IgM were produced per cell and that IgG+ cells produced significantly higher ROS levels than IgG- cells. Taken together, our results imply that NAC-targeted ROS may be particularly important for sustaining the high Ig production in IgG+ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Margaretha Gilljam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine Lillebø Holm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Federica Grazia Centonze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Kiil Blomhoff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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3
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Abdelhamid L, Luo XM. Retinoic Acid, Leaky Gut, and Autoimmune Diseases. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1016. [PMID: 30081517 PMCID: PMC6115935 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A leaky gut has been observed in a number of autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that lupus mice also bear a leaky gut and that the intestinal barrier function can be enhanced by gut colonization of probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp. Retinoic acid (RA) can increase the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in the gut. Interestingly, RA has also been shown to strengthen the barrier function of epithelial cells in vitro and in the absence of probiotic bacteria. These reports bring up an interesting question of whether RA exerts protective effects on the intestinal barrier directly or through regulating the microbiota colonization. In this review, we will discuss the roles of RA in immunomodulation, recent literature on the involvement of a leaky gut in different autoimmune diseases, and how RA shapes the outcomes of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Abdelhamid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Xin M Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Xiao S, Zhang W, Manley NR. Thymic epithelial cell-derived signals control B progenitor formation and proliferation in the thymus by regulating Let-7 and Arid3a. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193188. [PMID: 29462197 PMCID: PMC5819816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The postnatal thymus is an efficient microenvironment for T cell specification and differentiation. B cells are also present in the thymus and have been recently shown to impact T cell selection, however, the mechanisms controlling B cell development in the thymus are largely unknown. In Foxn1lacZ mutant mice, down-regulation of Foxn1 expression in thymic epithelial cells beginning 1 week after birth caused a dramatic reduction of T progenitors and an increase of B cell progenitors. This time point is coincident with the switch from fetal to adult-type hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which is regulated by the Lin28-Let7 system. We hypothesize that the thymic environment might regulate this process to suppress fetal-type B cell development in the thymus. In this study we show that in the Foxn1lacZ thymus, although the down-regulation of Lin28 in thymocytes was normal, up-regulation of Let-7 was impaired. The failure to up-regulate Let-7 caused a transient increase of Arid3a in B precursors, which is known to promote fetal-type B cell fate. Over-expression of Lin28a in HSCs also reduced Let-7 and promoted Arid3a expression in BM and thymic B progenitors, increasing B cell production in the thymus. The level of Let-7 in thymic B progenitors was up regulated by in vitro co-culture with IL15, Vitamin-D3, and retinoic acid, thus down-regulating Arid3a to promote B cell differentiation. All of these signals were produced in thymic epithelial cells (TECs) related to Let-7 expression in thymic B progenitors, and down-regulated in Foxn1lacZ mutants. Our data show that signals provided by TEC control thymic B cell development by up-regulating Let-7, suppressing Arid3a expression in intrathymic progenitor B cells to limit their proliferation during the neonatal to adult transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Xiao
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nancy R. Manley
- Department of Genetics, Paul D. Coverdell Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Kikuchi J, Kuroda Y, Koyama D, Osada N, Izumi T, Yasui H, Kawase T, Ichinohe T, Furukawa Y. Myeloma Cells Are Activated in Bone Marrow Microenvironment by the CD180/MD-1 Complex, Which Senses Lipopolysaccharide. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1766-1778. [PMID: 29363546 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells acquire dormancy and drug resistance via interaction with bone marrow stroma cells (BMSC) in a hypoxic microenvironment. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying the regrowth of dormant clones may contribute to further improvement of the prognosis of MM patients. In this study, we find that the CD180/MD-1 complex, a noncanonical lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, is expressed on MM cells but not on normal counterparts, and its abundance is markedly upregulated under adherent and hypoxic conditions. Bacterial LPS and anti-CD180 antibody, but not other Toll-like receptor ligands, enhanced the growth of MM cells via activation of MAP kinases ERK and JNK in positive correlation with expression levels of CD180. Administration of LPS significantly increased the number of CD180/CD138 double-positive cells in a murine xenograft model when MM cells were inoculated with direct attachment to BMSC. Knockdown of CD180 canceled the LPS response in vitro and in vivo Promoter analyses identified IKZF1 (Ikaros) as a pivotal transcriptional activator of the CD180 gene. Both cell adhesion and hypoxia activated transcription of the CD180 gene by increasing Ikaros expression and its binding to the promoter region. Pharmacological targeting of Ikaros by the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide ameliorated the response of MM cells to LPS in a CD180-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo Thus, the CD180/MD-1 pathway may represent a novel mechanism of growth regulation of MM cells in a BM milieu and may be a therapeutic target of preventing the regrowth of dormant MM cells.Significance: This study describes a novel mechanism by which myeloma cells are regulated in the bone marrow, where drug resistance and dormancy can evolve after treatment, with potential therapeutic implications for treating this often untreatable blood cancer. Cancer Res; 78(7); 1766-78. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Kikuchi
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kuroda
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyama
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoki Osada
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tohru Izumi
- Division of Hematology, Tochigi Cancer Center, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yasui
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takakazu Kawase
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ichinohe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
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Holm KL, Syljuåsen RG, Hasvold G, Alsøe L, Nilsen H, Ivanauskiene K, Collas P, Shaposhnikov S, Collins A, Indrevær RL, Aukrust P, Fevang B, Blomhoff HK. TLR9 stimulation of B-cells induces transcription of p53 and prevents spontaneous and irradiation-induced cell death independent of DNA damage responses. Implications for Common variable immunodeficiency. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185708. [PMID: 28973009 PMCID: PMC5626471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we address the important issue of whether B-cells protected from irradiation-induced cell death, may survive with elevated levels of DNA damage. If so, such cells would be at higher risk of gaining mutations and undergoing malignant transformation. We show that stimulation of B-cells with the TLR9 ligands CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) prevents spontaneous and irradiation-induced death of normal peripheral blood B-cells, and of B-cells from patients diagnosed with Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The TLR9-mediated survival is enhanced by the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA). Importantly, neither stimulation of B-cells via TLR9 alone or with RA increases irradiation-induced DNA strand breaks and DNA damage responses such as activation of ATM and DNA-PKcs. We prove that elevated levels of γH2AX imposed by irradiation of stimulated B-cells is not due to induction of DNA double strand breaks, but merely reflects increased levels of total H2AX upon stimulation. Interestingly however, we unexpectedly find that TLR9 stimulation of B-cells induces low amounts of inactive p53, explained by transcriptional induction of TP53. Taken together, we show that enhanced survival of irradiated B-cells is not accompanied by elevated levels of DNA damage. Our results imply that TLR9-mediated activation of B-cells not only promotes cell survival, but may via p53 provide cells with a barrier against harmful consequences of enhanced activation and proliferation. As CVID-derived B-cells are more radiosensitive and prone to undergo apoptosis than normal B-cells, our data support treatment of CVID patients with CpG-ODN and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Lillebø Holm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi Gussgard Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grete Hasvold
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Alsøe
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Kristina Ivanauskiene
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Philippe Collas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sergey Shaposhnikov
- Comet Biotech AS, Norgenotech AS, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew Collins
- Comet Biotech AS, Norgenotech AS, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi Larsen Indrevær
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Børre Fevang
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Kiil Blomhoff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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An aberrant NOTCH2-BCR signaling axis in B cells from patients with chronic GVHD. Blood 2017; 130:2131-2145. [PMID: 28851699 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-782466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells contribute to pathogenesis in chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD), a condition manifested by both B-cell autoreactivity and immune deficiency. We hypothesized that constitutive BCR activation precluded functional B-cell maturation in cGVHD. To address this, we examined BCR-NOTCH2 synergy because NOTCH has been shown to increase BCR responsiveness in normal mouse B cells. We conducted ex vivo activation and signaling assays of 30 primary samples from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients with and without cGVHD. Consistent with a molecular link between pathways, we found that BCR-NOTCH activation significantly increased the proximal BCR adapter protein BLNK. BCR-NOTCH activation also enabled persistent NOTCH2 surface expression, suggesting a positive feedback loop. Specific NOTCH2 blockade eliminated NOTCH-BCR activation and significantly altered NOTCH downstream targets and B-cell maturation/effector molecules. Examination of the molecular underpinnings of this "NOTCH2-BCR axis" in cGVHD revealed imbalanced expression of the transcription factors IRF4 and IRF8, each critical to B-cell differentiation and fate. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increased IRF4 expression, restored the IRF4-to-IRF8 ratio, abrogated BCR-NOTCH hyperactivation, and reduced NOTCH2 expression in cGVHD B cells without compromising viability. ATRA-treated cGVHD B cells had elevated TLR9 and PAX5, but not BLIMP1 (a gene-expression pattern associated with mature follicular B cells) and also attained increased cytosine guanine dinucleotide responsiveness. Together, we reveal a mechanistic link between NOTCH2 activation and robust BCR responses to otherwise suboptimal amounts of surrogate antigen. Our findings suggest that peripheral B cells in cGVHD patients can be pharmacologically directed from hyperactivation toward maturity.
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Holm KL, Indrevaer RL, Myklebust JH, Kolstad A, Moskaug JØ, Naderi EH, Blomhoff HK. Myeloid cell leukaemia 1 has a vital role in retinoic acid-mediated protection of Toll-like receptor 9-stimulated B cells from spontaneous and DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Immunology 2016; 149:62-73. [PMID: 27278254 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential anti-infective agent with pleiotropic effects on cells of the immune system. The goal of the present study was to unravel the impact of the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) on B-cell survival related both to normal B-cell homeostasis and to the detrimental effects imposed by DNA-damaging agents. By combining RA with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligands, we show that RA prevents spontaneous, irradiation- and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of human B cells in an RA receptor-dependent manner. RA-mediated survival involved up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) at the transcriptional level, and knock down of MCL1 by small interfering RNA partially reversed the effects of RA. To ensure that the combination of TLR9-ligands and RA would not promote the survival of malignant B cells, the combined effects of stimulation with RA and TLR9 ligands was assessed on cells from patients with B-cell malignancies. In contrast to the effects on normal B cells, the combination of TLR9 stimulation and RA neither enhanced the MCL1 levels nor inhibited the death of malignant B cells challenged by DNA-damaging agents. Taken together, the present results reveal a vital role of MCL1 in RA-mediated survival of normal B cells. Moreover, the findings suggest that RA in combination with TLR9 ligands might be useful adjuvants in the treatment of B-cell malignancies by selectively protecting normal and not malignant B cells from DNA-damage-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L Holm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi L Indrevaer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June Helen Myklebust
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Kolstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital HF, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Øivind Moskaug
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin H Naderi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi K Blomhoff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Eriksen AB, Torgersen ML, Holm KL, Abrahamsen G, Spurkland A, Moskaug JØ, Simonsen A, Blomhoff HK. Retinoic acid-induced IgG production in TLR-activated human primary B cells involves ULK1-mediated autophagy. Autophagy 2016; 11:460-71. [PMID: 25749095 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1009797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we have established a vital role of autophagy in retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of toll-like receptor (TLR)-stimulated human B cells into Ig-secreting cells. Thus, RA enhanced autophagy in TLR9- and CD180-stimulated peripheral blood B cells, as revealed by increased levels of the autophagosomal marker LC3B-II, enhanced colocalization between LC3B and the lysosomal marker Lyso-ID, by a larger percentage of cells with more than 5 characteristic LC3B puncta, and by the concomitant reduction in the level of SQSTM1/p62. Furthermore, RA induced expression of the autophagy-inducing protein ULK1 at the transcriptional level, in a process that required the retinoic acid receptor RAR. By inhibiting autophagy with specific inhibitors or by knocking down ULK1 by siRNA, the RA-stimulated IgG production in TLR9- and CD180-mediated cells was markedly reduced. We propose that the identified prominent role of autophagy in RA-mediated IgG-production in normal human B cells provides a novel mechanism whereby vitamin A exerts its important functions in the immune system.
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Key Words
- ATG, autophagy-related
- B lymphocytes
- BDS, bright detail similarity
- CD180
- CD180, CD180 molecule
- CVID, common variable immune deficiency
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- IL, interleukin
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- MAP1LC3B/LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase)
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern, PML/RARA, promyelocytic leukemia/ retinoic acid receptor α
- RA, all-trans retinoic acid
- RAR, retinoic acid receptor
- RP105
- SQSTM1, sequestosome 1
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TLR9
- ULK1
- ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1
- antibody secretion
- autophagy
- plasma cell differentiation
- retinoic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnete Bratsberg Eriksen
- a Department of Biochemistry ; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo ; Oslo , Norway
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10
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Sharifi L, Mirshafiey A, Rezaei N, Azizi G, Magaji Hamid K, Amirzargar AA, Asgardoon MH, Aghamohammadi A. The role of toll-like receptors in B-cell development and immunopathogenesis of common variable immunodeficiency. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 12:195-207. [PMID: 26654573 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1114885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic primary immune deficiency and is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, defect in specific antibody response and increased susceptibility to recurrent infections, malignancy and autoimmunity. Patients with CVID often have defects in post-antigenic B-cell differentiation, with fewer memory B cells and impaired isotype switching. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on various immune cells as key elements of innate and adaptive immunity. TLR signaling in B cells plays multiple roles in cell differentiation and activation, class-switch recombination and cytokine and antibody production. Moreover, recent studies have shown functional alteration of TLRs responses in CVID patients including poor cell proliferation, impaired upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and failure in cytokine and immunoglobulin production. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the role of TLRs in B-cell development and function as well as their role in the immunopathogenesis of CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Sharifi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- d Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran
| | - Kabir Magaji Hamid
- b Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Immunology Department, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences , Usmanu Danfodiyo University , Sokoto , Nigeria
| | - Ali Akbar Amirzargar
- c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asgardoon
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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11
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Maglione PJ, Simchoni N, Cunningham-Rundles C. Toll-like receptor signaling in primary immune deficiencies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1356:1-21. [PMID: 25930993 PMCID: PMC4629506 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize common microbial or host-derived macromolecules and have important roles in early activation of the immune system. Patients with primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) affecting TLR signaling can elucidate the importance of these proteins to the human immune system. Defects in interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) lead to susceptibility to infections with bacteria, while mutations in nuclear factor-κB essential modulator (NEMO) and other downstream mediators generally induce broader susceptibility to bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In contrast, TLR3 signaling defects are specific for susceptibility to herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis. Other PIDs induce functional alterations of TLR signaling pathways, such as common variable immunodeficiency in which plasmacytoid dendritic cell defects enhance defective responses of B cells to shared TLR agonists. Dampening of TLR responses is seen for TLRs 2 and 4 in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Enhanced TLR responses, meanwhile, are seen for TLRs 5 and 9 in CGD, TLRs 4, 7/8, and 9 in XLA, TLRs 2 and 4 in hyper IgE syndrome, and for most TLRs in adenosine deaminase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Maglione
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Noa Simchoni
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
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Indrevær RL, Moskaug JØ, Paur I, Bøhn SK, Jørgensen SF, Blomhoff R, Aukrust P, Fevang B, Blomhoff HK. IRF4 Is a Critical Gene in Retinoic Acid–Mediated Plasma Cell Formation and Is Deregulated in Common Variable Immunodeficiency–Derived B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2601-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pantazi E, Marks E, Stolarczyk E, Lycke N, Noelle RJ, Elgueta R. Cutting Edge: Retinoic Acid Signaling in B Cells Is Essential for Oral Immunization and Microflora Composition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1368-71. [PMID: 26163586 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a critical regulator of the intestinal adaptive immune response. However, the intrinsic impact of RA on B cell differentiation in the regulation of gut humoral immunity in vivo has never been directly shown. To address this issue, we have been able to generate a mouse model where B cells specifically express a dominant-negative receptor α for RA. In this study, we show that the silencing of RA signaling in B cells reduces the numbers of IgA(+) Ab-secreting cells both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that RA has a direct effect on IgA plasma cell differentiation. Moreover, the lack of RA signaling in B cells abrogates Ag-specific IgA responses after oral immunization and affects the microbiota composition. In conclusion, these results suggest that RA signaling in B cells through the RA receptor α is important to generate an effective gut humoral response and to maintain a normal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pantazi
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Marks
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie Stolarczyk
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Lycke
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccines Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; and
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03755
| | - Raul Elgueta
- Department of Immune Regulation and Intervention, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom;
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Retinoic acid enhances the levels of IL-10 in TLR-stimulated B cells from patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 278:11-8. [PMID: 25595247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the beneficial effects of retinoic acid (RA) on B cells from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. When co-stimulated via the toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR9 and RP105, MS B cells secreted less of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) compared to B cells from healthy controls. Importantly, RA enhanced the secretion of IL-10 by MS-derived B cells without affecting the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. RA revealed the same ability to induce IL-10 as did interferon-β-1b (IFN-β-1b), and B-cells from patients treated with glatiramer acetate or IFN-β-1b still displayed the beneficial effects of RA on the IL-10/TNF-α ratio.
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Li J, Liang Y, Mao H, Deng W, Zhang J. Effects of B-lymphocyte dysfunction on the serum copper, selenium and zinc levels of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Pak J Med Sci 2014; 30:1064-7. [PMID: 25225527 PMCID: PMC4163233 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.305.5214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To study the effects of B-lymphocyte dysfunction on the serum copper, selenium and zinc levels of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and to provide evidence for clinical practice. Methods: Sixty RA patients enrolled in our hospital from August 2009 to August 2013 were selected as the observation group. Another 60 healthy subjects who received physical examinations in our hospital were selected as the control group. Their B-lymphocyte stimulator (BlyS) levels and CD19+CD25+ lymphocyte percentages were determined. The levels of trace elements were measured, and correlation analysis was performed. Results: The BlyS levels of the observation group and the control group were (0.39±0.21) ng/ml and (0.13±0.04) ng/ml respectively, which were significantly different (P<0.05). The percentages of CD25+, CD19+ and CD19+CD25+ lymphocytes in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The serum copper, selenium and zinc levels of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the BlyS level was correlated with the levels of copper, selenium and zinc respectively (r=-0.541, -0.370, -0.430, P<0.05). Conclusion: Rheumatoid Arthritis may be induced by BlyS-mediated B-lymphocyte dysplasia and dysfunction, accompanied by decreased expressions of copper, selenium and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Li
- Jiangtao Li, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liang
- Yan Liang, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hejuan Mao
- Hejuan Mao, Department of Otolaryngology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin 644000, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Deng
- Wenyu Deng, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin 644000, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jie Zhang, Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin 644000, P. R. China
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Jolles S. The variable in common variable immunodeficiency: a disease of complex phenotypes. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2013; 1:545-56; quiz 557. [PMID: 24565700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common and clinically most important severe primary antibody deficiency and is characterized by low levels of IgG, IgA, and/or IgM, with a failure to produce specific antibodies. This diagnostic category represents a heterogeneous group of disorders, which present not only with acute and chronic infections but also with a range of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as an increased incidence of lymphoma and other malignancies. Patients can now be categorized into distinct clinical phenotypes based on analysis of large cohort studies and be further stratified by immunologic laboratory testing. The biologic importance of this categorization is made clear by the 11-fold increase in mortality if even one of these phenotypes (cytopenias, lymphoproliferation, or enteropathy) is present. Limited progress in defining the underlying molecular causes has been made with known causative single gene defects accounting for only 3% of cases, and, for this and the reasons mentioned above, CVID remains resolute in its variability. This review provides a practical approach to risk stratification of these complex phenotypes by using current clinical categories and laboratory biomarkers. The effects of infection as well as inflammatory and autoimmune complications on different organ systems are discussed alongside strategies to reduce diagnostic delay. Recent developments in diagnostics and therapy are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Jolles
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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