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Jeong J, Choe J. Akt, IL-4, and STAT Proteins Play Distinct Roles in Prostaglandin Production in Human Follicular Dendritic Cell-like Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16692. [PMID: 38069015 PMCID: PMC10706142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the role of Akt protein in the induction and inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) in human follicular dendritic cell (FDC)-like cells. FDC-like cells and B cells were isolated from human tonsils. PG production was assessed using enzyme immunoassay, while the upstream cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels were measured using immunoblotting with FDC-like cells transfected with Akt siRNA to analyze the impact of Akt knockdown. The COX-2 expression and PG production induced with IL-1β were significantly increased by Akt knockdown. However, IL-1β did not significantly alter either total or phosphorylated Akt protein levels. Akt knockdown resulted in the augmentation of COX-2 expression induced by B cells, although the addition of B cells did not significantly modulate both total and phosphorylated Akt proteins. In contrast, IL-4 specifically exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on COX-2 protein induction and PG production via STAT6. The inhibitory activity of IL-4 was not hampered by Akt knockdown. Interestingly, COX-2 expression levels induced with IL-1β were markedly modulated with STAT1 and STAT3 knockdown. STAT1 silencing resulted in further augmentation of COX-2, whereas STAT3 silencing prohibited IL-1β from stimulating COX-2 expression. The current results suggest that Akt, IL-4, and STAT1 play inhibitory roles in PG production in FDC-like cells and expand our knowledge of the immune inflammatory milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jongseon Choe
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kojima F, Sekiya H, Hioki Y, Kashiwagi H, Kubo M, Nakamura M, Maehana S, Imamichi Y, Yuhki KI, Ushikubi F, Kitasato H, Ichikawa T. Facilitation of colonic T cell immune responses is associated with an exacerbation of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice lacking microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1. Inflamm Regen 2022; 42:1. [PMID: 34983695 PMCID: PMC8725565 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is a key enzyme that acts downstream of cyclooxygenase and plays a major role in inflammation by converting prostaglandin (PG) H2 to PGE2. The present study investigated the effect of genetic deletion of mPGES-1 on the development of immunologic responses to experimental colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a well-established model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods Colitis was induced in mice lacking mPGES-1 (mPGES-1−/− mice) and wild-type (WT) mice by administering DSS for 7 days. Colitis was assessed by body weight loss, diarrhea, fecal bleeding, and histological features. The colonic expression of mPGES-1 was determined by real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. The impact of mPGES-1 deficiency on T cell immunity was determined by flow cytometry and T cell depletion in vivo. Results After administration of DSS, mPGES-1−/− mice exhibited more severe weight loss, diarrhea, and fecal bleeding than WT mice. Histological analysis further showed significant exacerbation of colonic inflammation in mPGES-1−/− mice. In WT mice, the colonic expression of mPGES-1 was highly induced on both mRNA and protein levels and colonic PGE2 increased significantly after DSS administration. Additionally, mPGES-1 protein was localized in the colonic mucosal epithelium and infiltrated inflammatory cells in underlying connective tissues and the lamina propria. The abnormalities consistent with colitis in mPGES-1−/− mice were associated with higher expression of colonic T-helper (Th)17 and Th1 cytokines, including interleukin 17A and interferon-γ. Furthermore, lack of mPGES-1 increased the numbers of Th17 and Th1 cells in the lamina propria mononuclear cells within the colon, even though the number of suppressive regulatory T cells also increased. CD4+ T cell depletion effectively reduced symptoms of colitis as well as colonic expression of Th17 and Th1 cytokines in mPGES-1−/− mice, suggesting the requirement of CD4+ T cells in the exacerbation of DSS-induced colitis under mPGES-1 deficiency. Conclusions These results demonstrate that mPGES-1 is the main enzyme responsible for colonic PGE2 production and deficiency of mPGES-1 facilitates the development of colitis by affecting the development of colonic T cell–mediated immunity. mPGES-1 might therefore impact both the intestinal inflammation and T cell–mediated immunity associated with IBD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41232-021-00188-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Kojima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan. .,Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan. .,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sekiya
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuka Hioki
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kashiwagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Makoto Kubo
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakamura
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shotaro Maehana
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Yuhki
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ushikubi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka higashi, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hidero Kitasato
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Department of Environmental Microbiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Design Research Facility, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, 252-0373, Japan
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3
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Maseda D, Ricciotti E, Crofford LJ. Prostaglandin regulation of T cell biology. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104456. [PMID: 31553935 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) are pleiotropic bioactive lipids involved in the control of many physiological processes, including key roles in regulating inflammation. This links PG to the modulation of the quality and magnitude of immune responses. T cells, as a core part of the immune system, respond readily to inflammatory cues from their environment, and express a diverse array of PG receptors that contribute to their function and phenotype. Here we put in context our knowledge about how PG affect T cell biology, and review advances that bring light into how specific T cell functions that have been newly discovered are modulated through PG. We will also comment on drugs that target PG metabolism and sensing, their effect on T cell function during disease, and we will finally discuss how we can design new approaches that modulate PG in order to maximize desired therapeutic T cell effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 8-138 Smillow Center for Translational Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leslie J Crofford
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Zahn NM, Huber AT, Mikulsky BN, Stepanski ME, Kehoe AS, Li G, Schussman M, Rashid Roni MS, Kodali R, Cook JM, Stafford DC, Steeber DA, Arnold LA. MIDD0301 - A first-in-class anti-inflammatory asthma drug targets GABA A receptors without causing systemic immune suppression. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125:75-84. [PMID: 30694594 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a 28-day repeat dose immunotoxicity evaluation of investigational drug MIDD0301, a novel oral asthma drug candidate that targets gamma amino butyric acid type A receptors (GABAA R) in the lung. The study design employed oral administration of mice twice daily throughout the study period with 100 mg/kg MIDD0301 mixed in peanut butter. Compound dosing did not reveal signs of general toxicity as determined by animal weight, organ weight or haematology. Peanut butter plus test drug (in addition to ad libitum standard rodent chow) did not affect weight gain in the adult mice, in contrast to weight loss in 5 mg/kg prednisone-treated mice. Spleen and thymus weights were unchanged in MIDD0301-treated mice, but prednisone significantly reduced the weight of those organs over the 28-day dosing. Similarly, no differences in spleen or thymus histology were observed following MIDD0301 treatment, but prednisone treatment induced morphological changes in the spleen. The number of small intestine Peyer's patches was not affected by MIDD0301 treatment, an important factor for orally administered drugs. Circulating lymphocyte, monocyte and granulocyte numbers were unchanged in the MIDD0301-treated animals, whereas differential lymphocyte numbers were reduced in prednisone-treated animals. MIDD0301 treatment did not alter IgG antibody responses to dinitrophenyl following dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet haemocyanin immunization, indicating that systemic humoral immune function was not affected. Taken together, these studies show that repeated daily administration of MIDD0301 is safe and not associated with adverse immunotoxicological effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alec T Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brandon N Mikulsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mae E Stepanski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alexander S Kehoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Melissa Schussman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mohammed S Rashid Roni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Douglas C Stafford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Douglas A Steeber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Maseda D, Johnson EM, Nyhoff LE, Baron B, Kojima F, Wilhelm AJ, Ward MR, Woodward JG, Brand DD, Crofford LJ. mPGES1-Dependent Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2) Controls Antigen-Specific Th17 and Th1 Responses by Regulating T Autocrine and Paracrine PGE 2 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:725-736. [PMID: 29237778 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The integration of inflammatory signals is paramount in controlling the intensity and duration of immune responses. Eicosanoids, particularly PGE2, are critical molecules in the initiation and resolution of inflammation and in the transition from innate to acquired immune responses. Microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES1) is an integral membrane enzyme whose regulated expression controls PGE2 levels and is highly expressed at sites of inflammation. PGE2 is also associated with modulation of autoimmunity through altering the IL-23/IL-17 axis and regulatory T cell (Treg) development. During a type II collagen-CFA immunization response, lack of mPGES1 impaired the numbers of CD4+ regulatory (Treg) and Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes. Ag-experienced mPGES1-/- CD4+ cells showed impaired IL-17A, IFN-γ, and IL-6 production when rechallenged ex vivo with their cognate Ag compared with their wild-type counterparts. Additionally, production of PGE2 by cocultured APCs synergized with that of Ag-experienced CD4+ T cells, with mPGES1 competence in the APC compartment enhancing CD4+ IL-17A and IFN-γ responses. However, in contrast with CD4+ cells that were Ag primed in vivo, exogenous PGE2 inhibited proliferation and skewed IL-17A to IFN-γ production under Th17 polarization of naive T cells in vitro. We conclude that mPGES1 is necessary in vivo to mount optimal Treg and Th17 responses during an Ag-driven primary immune response. Furthermore, we uncover a coordination of autocrine and paracrine mPGES1-driven PGE2 production that impacts effector T cell IL-17A and IFN-γ responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37202
| | - Elizabeth M Johnson
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37202
| | - Lindsay E Nyhoff
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37202
| | - Bridgette Baron
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37202
| | - Fumiaki Kojima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Ashley J Wilhelm
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37202
| | - Martin R Ward
- University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536; and
| | | | - David D Brand
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38104
| | - Leslie J Crofford
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37202;
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Choe J, Park J, Lee S, Kim YM, Jeoung D. Opposing roles of TGF-β in prostaglandin production by human follicular dendritic cell-like cells. Mol Immunol 2016; 76:41-8. [PMID: 27344616 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are recognized as important immune regulators. Using human follicular dendritic cell (FDC)-like HK cells, we have investigated the immunoregulatory role of PGs and their production mechanisms. The present study was aimed at determining the role of TGF-β in IL-1β-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by immunoblotting. COX-2 is the key enzyme responsible for PG production in HK cells. TGF-β, when added simultaneously with IL-1β, gave rise to an additive effect on COX-2 expression in a dose-dependent manner. However, TGF-β inhibited IL-1β-stimulated COX-2 expression when it was added at least 12h before IL-1β addition. The inhibitory effect of TGF-β was specific to IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression in HK cells. The stimulating and inhibitory effects of TGF-β were reproduced in IL-1β-stimulated PG production. Based on our previous results of the essential requirement of ERK and p38 MAPKs in TGF-β-induced COX-2 expression, we examined whether the differential activation of these MAPKs would underlie the opposing activities of TGF-β. The phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPKs was indeed enhanced or suppressed by the simultaneous treatment or pre-treatment, respectively. These results suggest that TGF-β exerts opposing effects on IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression in HK cells by differentially regulating activation of ERK and p38 MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongseon Choe
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihoon Park
- BIT Medical Convergence Graduate Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkoo Lee
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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7
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Cho W, Kim Y, Kim J, Park S, Park D, Kim BC, Jeoung D, Kim YM, Choe J. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 is a positive regulator of TGF-β-induced prostaglandin production in human follicular dendritic cell-like cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4287-97. [PMID: 25825445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PGs are emerging as important immune modulators. Since our report on the expression of PG synthases in human follicular dendritic cells, we investigated the potential immunoregulatory function of PGs and their production mechanisms. In this study, we explored the intracellular signaling molecules mediating TGF-β-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 augmentation in follicular dendritic cell-like cells. TGF-β triggered phosphorylation of Smad3 and ERK, which were essential for the increase in COX-2 protein. Interestingly, depletion of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) resulted in an almost complete inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation and COX-2 induction. Nuclear translocation of Smad3 was inhibited in SOCS1-depleted cells. SOCS1 knockdown also downregulated TGF-β-stimulated Snail expression and its binding to the Cox-2 promoter. In contrast, overexpression of SOCS1 gave rise to a significant increase in Snail and COX-2 proteins. SOCS1 was reported to be a negative regulator of cytokine signaling by various investigators. However, our current data suggest that SOCS1 promotes TGF-β-induced COX-2 expression and PG production by facilitating Smad3 phosphorylation and Snail binding to the Cox-2 promoter. The complete understanding of the biological function of SOCS1 might be obtained via extensive studies with diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whajung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jini Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongji Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Deokbum Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Jongseon Choe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea; Bioinformation Technology Medical Convergence Graduate Program, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Maseda D, Bonami RH, Crofford LJ. Regulation of B lymphocytes and plasma cells by innate immune mechanisms and stromal cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:747-62. [PMID: 24734886 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.907744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
B cells mediate multiple functions that influence immune and inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Production of a diverse array of autoantibodies can happen at different stages of the disease, and are important markers of disease outcome. In turn, the magnitude and quality of acquired humoral immune responses is strongly dependent on signals delivered by innate immune cells. Additionally, the milieu of cells and chemokines that constitute a niche for plasma cells rely strongly on signals provided by stromal cells at different anatomical locations and times. The chronic inflammatory state therefore importantly impacts the developing humoral immune response and its intensity and specificity. We focus this review on B cell biology and the role of the innate immune system in the development of autoimmunity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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