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Hebbandi Nanjundappa R, Shao K, Krishnamurthy P, Gershwin ME, Leung PSC, Sokke Umeshappa C. Invariant natural killer T cells in autoimmune cholangiopathies: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103485. [PMID: 38040101 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) constitute a specialized subset of lymphocytes that bridges innate and adaptive immunity through a combination of traits characteristic of both conventional T cells and innate immune cells. iNKT cells are characterized by their invariant T cell receptors and discerning recognition of lipid antigens, which are presented by the non-classical MHC molecule, CD1d. Within the hepatic milieu, iNKT cells hold heightened prominence, contributing significantly to the orchestration of organ homeostasis. Their unique positioning to interact with diverse cellular entities, ranging from epithelial constituents like hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to immunocytes including Kupffer cells, B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells, imparts them with potent immunoregulatory abilities. Emergering knowledge of liver iNKT cells subsets enable to explore their therapeutic potential in autoimmne liver diseases. This comprehensive review navigates the landscape of iNKT cell investigations in immune-mediated cholangiopathies, with a particular focus on primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, across murine models and human subjects to unravel the intricate involvements of iNKT cells in liver autoimmunity. Additionally, we also highlight the prospectives of iNKT cells as therapeutic targets in cholangiopathies. Modulation of the equilibrium between regulatory and proinflammatory iNKT subsets can be defining determinant in the dynamics of hepatic autoimmunity. This discernment not only enriches our foundational comprehension but also lays the groundwork for pioneering strategies to navigate the multifaceted landscape of liver autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, IWK Research Center, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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2
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint blockade has improved the outcomes of patients with various malignancies, yet a majority do not benefit or develop resistance. To address this unmet need, efforts across the field are targeting additional coinhibitory receptors, costimulatory proteins, and intracellular mediators that could prevent or bypass anti-PD1 resistance mechanisms. The CD28 costimulatory pathway is necessary for antigen-specific T cell activation, though prior CD28 agonists did not translate successfully to clinic due to toxicity. Casitas B lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a downstream, master regulator of both CD28 and CTLA-4 signaling. This E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates both innate and adaptive immune cells, ultimately promoting an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in the absence of CD28 costimulation. Recent advances in pharmaceutical screening and computational biology have enabled the development of novel platforms to target this once 'undruggable' protein. These platforms include DNA encoded library screening, allosteric drug targeting, small-interfering RNA inhibition, CRISPR genome editing, and adoptive cell therapy. Both genetic knock-out models and Cbl-b inhibitors have been shown to reverse immunosuppression in the TME, stimulate cytotoxic T cell activity, and promote tumor regression, findings augmented with PD1 blockade in experimental models. In translating Cbl-b inhibitors to clinic, we propose specific gene expression profiles that may identify patient populations most likely to benefit. Overall, novel Cbl-b inhibitors provide antigen-specific immune stimulation and are a promising therapeutic tool in the field of immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Augustin
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Riyue Bao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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iNKT cell agonists as vaccine adjuvants to combat infectious diseases. Carbohydr Res 2022; 513:108527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Nelson A, Lukacs JD, Johnston B. The Current Landscape of NKT Cell Immunotherapy and the Hills Ahead. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205174. [PMID: 34680322 PMCID: PMC8533824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of lipid-reactive T cells that enhance anti-tumor immunity. While preclinical studies have shown NKT cell immunotherapy to be safe and effective, clinical studies lack predictable therapeutic efficacy and no approved treatments exist. In this review, we outline the current strategies, challenges, and outlook for NKT cell immunotherapy. Abstract NKT cells are a specialized subset of lipid-reactive T lymphocytes that play direct and indirect roles in immunosurveillance and anti-tumor immunity. Preclinical studies have shown that NKT cell activation via delivery of exogenous glycolipids elicits a significant anti-tumor immune response. Furthermore, infiltration of NKT cells is associated with a good prognosis in several cancers. In this review, we aim to summarize the role of NKT cells in cancer as well as the current strategies and status of NKT cell immunotherapy. This review also examines challenges and future directions for improving the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.N.); (J.D.L.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jordan D. Lukacs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.N.); (J.D.L.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.N.); (J.D.L.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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5
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Shute T, Amiel E, Alam N, Yates JL, Mohrs K, Dudley E, Salas B, Mesa C, Serrata A, Angel D, Vincent BK, Weyers A, Lanthier PA, Vomhof-Dekrey E, Fromme R, Laughlin M, Durham O, Miao J, Shipp D, Linhardt RJ, Nash K, Leadbetter EA. Glycolipid-Containing Nanoparticle Vaccine Engages Invariant NKT Cells to Enhance Humoral Protection against Systemic Bacterial Infection but Abrogates T-Independent Vaccine Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1806-1816. [PMID: 33811104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells enable the critical B cell humoral immune protection afforded by most effective vaccines. We and others have recently identified an alternative source of help for B cells in mice, invariant NK T (iNKT) cells. iNKT cells are innate glycolipid-specific T cells restricted to the nonpolymorphic Ag-presenting molecule CD1d. As such, iNKT cells respond to glycolipids equally well in all people, making them an appealing adjuvant for universal vaccines. We tested the potential for the iNKT glycolipid agonist, α-galactosylceramide (αGC), to serve as an adjuvant for a known human protective epitope by creating a nanoparticle that delivers αGC plus antigenic polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae αGC-embedded nanoparticles activate murine iNKT cells and B cells in vitro and in vivo, facilitate significant dose sparing, and avoid iNKT anergy. Nanoparticles containing αGC plus S. pneumoniae polysaccharides elicits robust IgM and IgG in vivo and protect mice against lethal systemic S. pneumoniae However, codelivery of αGC via nanoparticles actually eliminated Ab protection elicited by a T-independent S. pneumoniae vaccine. This is consistent with previous studies demonstrating iNKT cell help for B cells following acute activation, but negative regulation of B cells during chronic inflammation. αGC-containing nanoparticles represent a viable platform for broadly efficacious vaccines against deadly human pathogens, but their potential for eliminating B cells under certain conditions suggests further clarity on iNKT cell interactions with B cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Angel
- Department of Astronomy and Physics, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Brandy K Vincent
- Department of Astronomy and Physics, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Fromme
- Center for Advanced Material Processing, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699
| | - Mitchell Laughlin
- Center for Advanced Material Processing, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699
| | - Olivia Durham
- Center for Advanced Material Processing, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699
| | | | - Devon Shipp
- Center for Advanced Material Processing, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699
| | | | - Kelly Nash
- Department of Astronomy and Physics, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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6
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Han S, Zhu T, Ding S, Wen J, Lin Z, Lu G, Zhang Y, Xiao W, Ding Y, Jia X, Chen H, Gong W. Early growth response genes 2 and 3 induced by AP-1 and NF-κB modulate TGF-β1 transcription in NK1.1 - CD4 + NKG2D + T cells. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109800. [PMID: 33011290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells are a subpopulation of regulatory T cells that downregulate the functions of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages through TGF-β1 production. Early growth response genes 2 (Egr2) and 3 (Egr3) maintain immune homeostasis by modulating T lymphocyte development, inhibiting effector T cell function, and promoting the induction of regulatory T cells. Whether Egr2 and Egr3 directly regulate TGF-β1 transcription in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells remains elusive. The expression levels of Egr2 and Egr3 were higher in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells than in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D- T cells. Egr2 and Egr3 expression were remarkably increased after stimulating NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells with sRAE or α-CD3/sRAE. The ectopic expression of Egr2 or Egr3 resulted in the enhancement of TGF-β1 expression, while knockdown of Egr2 or Egr3 led to the decreased expression of TGF-β1 in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells. Egr2 and Egr3 directly bound with the TGF-β1 promoter as demonstrated by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual-luciferase gene reporter assay. Furthermore, the Egr2 and Egr3 expression of NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells could be induced by the AP-1 and NF-κB transcriptional factors, but had no involvement with the activation of NF-AT and STAT3. In conclusion, Egr2 and Egr3 induced by AP-1 and NF-κB directly initiate TGF-β1 transcription in NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells. This study indicates that manipulating Egr2 and Egr3 expression would potentiate or alleviate the regulatory function of NK1.1- CD4+ NKG2D+ T cells and this strategy could be used in the therapy for patients with autoimmune diseases or tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Shizhen Ding
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Wen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Weiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Yanbing Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | - Huabiao Chen
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China.
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7
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Kumar A, Hill TM, Gordy LE, Suryadevara N, Wu L, Flyak AI, Bezbradica JS, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Nur77 controls tolerance induction, terminal differentiation, and effector functions in semi-invariant natural killer T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17156-17165. [PMID: 32611812 PMCID: PMC7382224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001665117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Semi-invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are self-reactive lymphocytes, yet how this lineage attains self-tolerance remains unknown. iNKT cells constitutively express high levels of Nr4a1-encoded Nur77, a transcription factor that integrates signal strength downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) within activated thymocytes and peripheral T cells. The function of Nur77 in iNKT cells is unknown. Here we report that sustained Nur77 overexpression (Nur77tg) in mouse thymocytes abrogates iNKT cell development. Introgression of a rearranged Vα14-Jα18 TCR-α chain gene into the Nur77tg (Nur77tg;Vα14tg) mouse rescued iNKT cell development up to the early precursor stage, stage 0. iNKT cells in bone marrow chimeras that reconstituted thymic cellularity developed beyond stage 0 precursors and yielded IL-4-producing NKT2 cell subset but not IFN-γ-producing NKT1 cell subset. Nonetheless, the developing thymic iNKT cells that emerged in these chimeras expressed the exhaustion marker PD1 and responded poorly to a strong glycolipid agonist. Thus, Nur77 integrates signals emanating from the TCR to control thymic iNKT cell tolerance induction, terminal differentiation, and effector functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
- Thymocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, US Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996
| | - Laura E Gordy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Andrew I Flyak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Biology, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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8
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Graeter S, Schneider C, Verschoor D, von Däniken S, Seibold F, Yawalkar N, Villiger P, Dimitrov JD, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Simon HU, Vassilev T, von Gunten S. Enhanced Pro-apoptotic Effects of Fe(II)-Modified IVIG on Human Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2020; 11:973. [PMID: 32508840 PMCID: PMC7248553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild modification of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been reported to result in enhanced polyspecificity and leveraged therapeutic effects in animal models of inflammation. Here, we observed that IVIG modification by ferrous ions, heme or low pH exposure, shifted the repertoires of specificities in different directions. Ferrous ions exposed Fe(II)-IVIG, but not heme or low pH exposed IVIG, showed increased pro-apoptotic effects on neutrophil granulocytes that relied on a FAS-dependent mechanism. These effects were also observed in human neutrophils primed by inflammatory mediators or rheumatoid arthritis joint fluid in vitro, or patient neutrophils ex vivo from acute Crohn's disease. These observations indicate that IVIG-mediated effects on cells can be enhanced by IVIG modification, yet specific modification conditions may be required to target specific molecular pathways and eventually to enhance the therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Graeter
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Frank Seibold
- Crohn-Colitis Zentrum, Hochhaus Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikhil Yawalkar
- Departement für Dermatologie, Urologie, Rheumatologie, Nephrologie, Physiologie, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Villiger
- Universitätsklinik für Rheumatologie, Immunologie und Allergologie, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tchavdar Vassilev
- Department of Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, N. I. Lobachevsky University, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
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9
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McNerney KO, Karageorgos SA, Hogarty MD, Bassiri H. Enhancing Neuroblastoma Immunotherapies by Engaging iNKT and NK Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:873. [PMID: 32457760 PMCID: PMC7225357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and, in the high-risk group, has a 5-year mortality rate of ~50%. The high mortality rate and significant treatment-related morbidities associated with current standard of care therapies belie the critical need for more tolerable and effective treatments for this disease. While the monoclonal antibody dinutuximab has demonstrated the potential for immunotherapy to improve overall NB outcomes, the 5-year overall survival of high-risk patients has not yet substantially changed. The frequency and type of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) and natural killer cells (NKs) has been associated with improved outcomes in several solid and liquid malignancies, including NB. Indeed, iNKTs and NKs inhibit tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), kill cancer stem cells (CSCs) and neuroblasts, and robustly secrete cytokines to recruit additional immune effectors. These capabilities, and promising pre-clinical and early clinical data suggest that iNKT- and NK-based therapies may hold promise as both stand-alone and combination treatments for NB. In this review we will summarize the biologic features of iNKTs and NKs that confer advantages for NB immunotherapy, discuss the barriers imposed by the NB tumor microenvironment, and examine the current state of such therapies in pre-clinical models and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O McNerney
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Spyridon A Karageorgos
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael D Hogarty
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hamid Bassiri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Sag D, Ayyildiz ZO, Gunalp S, Wingender G. The Role of TRAIL/DRs in the Modulation of Immune Cells and Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101469. [PMID: 31574961 PMCID: PMC6826877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis–inducing ligand) by immune cells can lead to the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. However, it becomes increasingly clear that the interaction of TRAIL and its death receptors (DRs) can also directly impact immune cells and influence immune responses. Here, we review what is known about the role of TRAIL/DRs in immune cells and immune responses in general and in the tumor microenvironment in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Ozge Ayyildiz
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sinem Gunalp
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gerhard Wingender
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Technologies, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
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11
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Improvement of mesenchymal stromal cells and their derivatives for treating acute liver failure. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1065-1084. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Verbeke R, Lentacker I, Breckpot K, Janssens J, Van Calenbergh S, De Smedt SC, Dewitte H. Broadening the Message: A Nanovaccine Co-loaded with Messenger RNA and α-GalCer Induces Antitumor Immunity through Conventional and Natural Killer T Cells. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1655-1669. [PMID: 30742405 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA encoding tumor antigens has the potential to evoke effective antitumor immunity. This study reports on a nanoparticle platform, named mRNA Galsomes, that successfully co-delivers nucleoside-modified antigen-encoding mRNA and the glycolipid antigen and immunopotentiator α-galactosylceramide (α-GC) to antigen-presenting cells after intravenous administration. By co-formulating low doses of α-GC, mRNA Galsomes induce a pluripotent innate and adaptive tumor-specific immune response in mice, with invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) as a driving force. In comparison, mRNA Galsomes exhibit advantages over the state-of-the-art cancer vaccines using unmodified ovalbumin (OVA)-encoding mRNA, as we observed up to seven times more tumor-infiltrating antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells, combined with a strong iNKT cell and NK cell activation. In addition, the presence of suppressive myeloid cells (myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages) in the tumor microenvironment was significantly lowered. Owing to these antitumor effects, OVA mRNA Galsomes significantly reduced tumor growth in established E.G7-OVA lymphoma, with a complete tumor rejection in 40% of the animals. Moreover, therapeutic vaccination with mRNA Galsomes enhanced the responsiveness to treatment with a PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor in B16-OVA melanoma, as evidenced by a synergistic reduction of tumor outgrowth and a significantly prolonged median survival. Taken together, these data show that intravenously administered mRNA Galsomes can provide controllable, multifaceted, and effective antitumor immunity, especially when combined with checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rein Verbeke
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ghent University , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital , Ghent University , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ghent University , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital , Ghent University , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Jette 1090 , Belgium
| | - Jonas Janssens
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ghent University , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ghent University , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ghent University , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital , Ghent University , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
| | - Heleen Dewitte
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ghent University , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital , Ghent University , Ghent 9000 , Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Jette 1090 , Belgium
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13
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Fournié JJ, Poupot M. The Pro-tumorigenic IL-33 Involved in Antitumor Immunity: A Yin and Yang Cytokine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2506. [PMID: 30416507 PMCID: PMC6212549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), considered as an alarmin released upon tissue stress or damage, is a member of the IL-1 family and binds the ST2 receptor. First described as a potent initiator of type 2 immune responses through the activation of T helper 2 (TH2) cells and mast cells, IL-33 is now also known as an effective stimulator of TH1 immune cells, natural killer (NK) cells, iNKT cells, and CD8 T lymphocytes. Moreover, IL-33 was shown to play an important role in several cancers due to its pro and anti-tumorigenic functions. Currently, IL-33 is a possible inducer and prognostic marker of cancer development with a direct effect on tumor cells promoting tumorigenesis, proliferation, survival, and metastasis. IL-33 also promotes tumor growth and metastasis by remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME) and inducing angiogenesis. IL-33 favors tumor progression through the immune system by inducing M2 macrophage polarization and tumor infiltration, and upon activation of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) or regulatory T cells. The anti-tumor functions of IL-33 also depend on infiltrated immune cells displaying TH1 responses. This review therefore summarizes the dual role of this cytokine in cancer and suggests that new proposals for IL-33-based cancer immunotherapies should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Jacques Fournié
- INSERM UMR 1037 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), ERL 5294 CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'excellence Toucan, Toulouse, France
| | - Mary Poupot
- INSERM UMR 1037 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), ERL 5294 CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire d'excellence Toucan, Toulouse, France
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14
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Veerapen N, Kharkwal SS, Jervis P, Bhowruth V, Besra AK, North SJ, Haslam SM, Dell A, Hobrath J, Quaid PJ, Moynihan PJ, Cox LR, Kharkwal H, Zauderer M, Besra GS, Porcelli SA. Photoactivable Glycolipid Antigens Generate Stable Conjugates with CD1d for Invariant Natural Killer T Cell Activation. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3161-3173. [PMID: 30085659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of invariant natural killer T lymphocytes (iNKT cells) by α-galactosylceramide (α-GC) elicits a range of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory immune responses. We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of α-GC analogues with acyl chains of varying length and a terminal benzophenone. These bound efficiently to the glycolipid antigen presenting protein CD1d, and upon photoactivation formed stable CD1d-glycolipid covalent conjugates. Conjugates of benzophenone α-GCs with soluble or cell-bound CD1d proteins retained potent iNKT cell activating properties, with biologic effects that were modulated by acyl chain length and the resulting affinities of conjugates for iNKT cell antigen receptors. Analysis by mass spectrometry identified a unique covalent attachment site for the glycolipid ligands in the hydrophobic ligand binding pocket of CD1d. The creation of covalent conjugates of CD1d with α-GC provides a new tool for probing the biology of glycolipid antigen presentation, as well as opportunities for developing effective immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon J North
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London , SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London , SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London , SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Judith Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences , University of Dundee , Dow Street , Dundee , DD1 5EH , Scotland , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurice Zauderer
- Vaccinex Inc. , 1895 Mount Hope Avenue , Rochester , New York 14620 , United States
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15
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Li Y, Shi J, Qi S, Zhang J, Peng D, Chen Z, Wang G, Wang Z, Wang L. IL-33 facilitates proliferation of colorectal cancer dependent on COX2/PGE 2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:196. [PMID: 30119635 PMCID: PMC6098640 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Interleukin-33 (IL-33) participates in various types of diseases including cancers. Previous studies of this cytokine in cancers mainly focused on its regulation on immune responses by which IL-33 modulated cancer progression. The IL-33 triggered signals in cancer cells remain unclear. Methods We analyzed IL-33 gene expression in human colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and carried out gene enrichment analysis with TCGA Data Portal. We studied CRC proliferation in vivo by inoculating MC38 tumors in IL-33 transgenic mice. We investigated the cell proliferation in vitro with primary CRC cells isolated from fresh human CRC tissues, human CRC cell line HT-29 and mouse CRC cell line MC38. To evaluate the proliferation modulating effects of recombinant IL-33 incubation and other administrated factors, we measured tumor growth, colony formation, cell viability, and the expression of Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). We used several inhibitors, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) neutralizing antibody, ST2 blocking antibody and specific shRNA expressing plasmid to study the pathway mediating IL-33-induced CRC proliferation. The IL-33 receptor ST2 in human CRC tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting. The ST2-positive or negative subsets of primary CRC cells were acquired by flow cytometry sorting. Results We found that IL-33 expression was correlated with the gene signature of cell proliferation in 394 human CRC samples. The MC38 tumors grew more rapidly and the tumor Ki67 and PCNA were expressed at higher levels in IL-33 transgenic mice than in wild-type mice. IL-33 promoted cell growth, colony formation and expression of Ki67 and PCNA in primary CRC cells as well as CRC cell lines. IL-33 activated cycloxygenase-2 (COX2) expression and increased PGE2 production, whereas the COX2 selective inhibitor and PGE2 neutralizing antibody abolished the proliferation promoting effect of IL-33. ST2 blockade, ST2-negative sorting, NF-κB specific inhibitor and NF-κB specific shRNA (shP65) abrogated the COX2 induction caused by IL-33. Conclusion IL-33 facilitates proliferation of colorectal cancer dependent on COX2/PGE2. IL-33 functions via its receptor ST2 and upregulates COX2 expression through NF-κB signaling. Understanding the IL-33 signal transduction in CRC cells provides potential therapeutic targets for clinical treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0839-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkui Li
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Dong Peng
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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16
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Terabe M, Berzofsky JA. Tissue-Specific Roles of NKT Cells in Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1838. [PMID: 30158927 PMCID: PMC6104122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NKT cells are an unusual population of T cells recognizing lipids presented by CD1d, a non-classical class-I-like molecule, rather than peptides presented by conventional MHC molecules. Type I NKT cells use a semi-invariant T cell receptor and almost all recognize a common prototype lipid, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer). Type II NKT cells are any lipid-specific CD1d-restricted T cells that use other receptors and generally don't recognize α-GalCer. They play important regulatory roles in immunity, including tumor immunity. In contrast to type I NKT cells that most have found to promote antitumor immunity, type II NKT cells suppress tumor immunity and the two subsets cross-regulate each other, forming an immunoregulatory axis. They also can promote other regulatory cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and can induce MDSCs to secrete TGF-β, one of the most immunosuppressive cytokines known. In some tumors, both Tregs and type II NKT cells can suppress immunosurveillance, and the balance between these is determined by a type I NKT cell. We have also seen that regulation of tumor immunity can depend on the tissue microenvironment, so the same tumor in the same animal in different tissues may be regulated by different cells, such as type II NKT cells in the lung vs Tregs in the skin. Also, the effector T cells that protect those sites when Tregs are removed do not always act between tissues even in the same animal. Thus, metastases may require different immunotherapy from primary tumors. Newly improved sulfatide-CD1d tetramers are starting to allow better characterization of the elusive type II NKT cells to better understand their function and control it to overcome immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Terabe
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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17
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The Role of Invariant NKT in Autoimmune Liver Disease: Can Vitamin D Act as an Immunomodulator? Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:8197937. [PMID: 30046564 PMCID: PMC6038587 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8197937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct lineage of T cells which express both the T cell receptor (TCR) and natural killer (NK) cell markers. Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells bear an invariant TCR and recognize a small variety of glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d (nonclassical MHC-I). CD1d-restricted iNKT cells are regulators of immune responses and produce cytokines that may be proinflammatory (such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)) or anti-inflammatory (such as IL-4). iNKT cells also appear to play a role in B cell regulation and antibody production. Alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a derivative of the marine sponge, is a potent stimulator of iNKT cells and has been proposed as a therapeutic iNKT cell activator. Invariant NKT cells have been implicated in the development and perpetuation of several autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Animal models of SLE have shown abnormalities in iNKT cells numbers and function, and an inverse correlation between the frequency of NKT cells and IgG levels has also been observed. The role of iNKT cells in autoimmune liver disease (AiLD) has not been extensively studied. This review discusses the current data with regard to iNKT cells function in AiLD, in addition to providing an overview of iNKT cells function in other autoimmune conditions and animal models. We also discuss data regarding the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D on iNKT cells, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target, given that deficiencies in vitamin D have been reported in various autoimmune disorders.
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18
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Van Kaer L, Wu L. Therapeutic Potential of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:519. [PMID: 29593743 PMCID: PMC5859017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance against self-antigens is regulated by a variety of cell types with immunoregulatory properties, such as CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In many experimental models of autoimmunity, iNKT cells promote self-tolerance and protect against autoimmunity. These findings are supported by studies with patients suffering from autoimmune diseases. Based on these studies, the therapeutic potential of iNKT cells in autoimmunity has been explored. Many of these studies have been performed with the potent iNKT cell agonist KRN7000 or its structural variants. These findings have generated promising results in several autoimmune diseases, although mechanisms by which iNKT cells modulate autoimmunity remain incompletely understood. Here, we will review these preclinical studies and discuss the prospects for translating their findings to patients suffering from autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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19
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Bedard M, Salio M, Cerundolo V. Harnessing the Power of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1829. [PMID: 29326711 PMCID: PMC5741693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a distinct subset of innate-like lymphocytes bearing an invariant T-cell receptor, through which they recognize lipid antigens presented by monomorphic CD1d molecules. Upon activation, iNKT cells are capable of not only having a direct effector function but also transactivating NK cells, maturing dendritic cells, and activating B cells, through secretion of several cytokines and cognate TCR-CD1d interaction. Endowed with the ability to orchestrate an all-encompassing immune response, iNKT cells are critical in shaping immune responses against pathogens and cancer cells. In this review, we examine the critical role of iNKT cells in antitumor responses from two perspectives: (i) how iNKT cells potentiate antitumor immunity and (ii) how CD1d+ tumor cells may modulate their own expression of CD1d molecules. We further explore hypotheses to explain iNKT cell activation in the context of cancer and how the antitumor effects of iNKT cells can be exploited in different forms of cancer immunotherapy, including their role in the development of cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bedard
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Gazdic M, Simovic Markovic B, Vucicevic L, Nikolic T, Djonov V, Arsenijevic N, Trajkovic V, Lukic ML, Volarevic V. Mesenchymal stem cells protect from acute liver injury by attenuating hepatotoxicity of liver natural killer T cells in an inducible nitric oxide synthase- and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent manner. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1173-e1185. [PMID: 28488390 DOI: 10.1002/term.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the phenotype and function of natural killer T (NKT) cells is not understood. We used concanavalin A (Con A) and α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-induced liver injury to evaluate the effects of MSCs on NKT-dependent hepatotoxicity. Mouse MSCs (mMSCs) significantly reduced Con A- and α-GalCer-mediated hepatitis in C57Bl/6 mice, as demonstrated by histopathological and biochemical analysis, attenuated the influx of inflammatory [T-bet+ , tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing and GATA3+ , interleukin-4 (IL-4)-producing] liver NKT cells and downregulated TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in the sera. The liver NKT cells cultured in vitro with mMSCs produced lower amounts of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4) and higher amounts of immunosuppressive IL-10 upon α-GalCer stimulation. mMSC treatment attenuated expression of apoptosis-inducing ligands on liver NKT cells and suppressed the expression of pro-apoptotic genes in the livers of α-GalCer-treated mice. mMSCs reduced the cytotoxicity of liver NKT cells against hepatocytes in vitro. The presence of 1-methyl-dl-tryptophan, a specific inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), or l-NG -monomethyl arginine citrate, a specific inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in mMSC-conditioned medium injected into α-GalCer-treated mice, counteracted the hepatoprotective effect of mMSCs in vivo and restored pro-inflammatory cytokine production and cytotoxicity of NKT cells in vitro. Human MSCs attenuated the production of inflammatory cytokines in α-GalCer-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an iNOS- and IDO-dependent manner and reduced their cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. In conclusion, MSCs protect from acute liver injury by attenuating the cytotoxicity and capacity of liver NKT cells to produce inflammatory cytokines in an iNOS- and IDO-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gazdic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Vucicevic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Nikolic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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21
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Kyaw T, Peter K, Li Y, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A. Cytotoxic lymphocytes and atherosclerosis: significance, mechanisms and therapeutic challenges. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3956-3972. [PMID: 28471481 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes encompass natural killer lymphocytes (cells) and cytotoxic T cells that include CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, γ, δ (γδ)-T cells and human CD4 + CD28- T cells. These cells play critical roles in inflammatory diseases and in controlling cancers and infections. Cytotoxic lymphocytes can be activated via a number of mechanisms that may involve dendritic cells, macrophages, cytokines or surface proteins on stressed cells. Upon activation, they secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and cytotoxins to promote inflammation and the development of atherosclerotic lesions including vulnerable lesions, which are strongly implicated in myocardial infarctions and strokes. Here, we review the mechanisms that activate and regulate cytotoxic lymphocyte activity, including activating and inhibitory receptors, cytokines, chemokine receptors-chemokine systems utilized to home to inflamed lesions and cytotoxins and cytokines through which they affect other cells within lesions. We also examine their roles in human and mouse models of atherosclerosis and the mechanisms by which they exert their pathogenic effects. Finally, we discuss strategies for therapeutically targeting these cells to prevent the development of atherosclerotic lesions and vulnerable plaques and the challenge of developing highly targeted therapies that only minimally affect the body's immune system, avoiding the complications, such as increased susceptibility to infections, which are currently associated with many immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Yi Li
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter Tipping
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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22
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Decote-Ricardo D, Nunes MP, Morrot A, Freire-de-Lima CG. Implication of Apoptosis for the Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:518. [PMID: 28536576 PMCID: PMC5422484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is induced during the course of immune response to different infectious agents, and the ultimate fate is the recognition and uptake of apoptotic bodies by neighboring cells or by professional phagocytes. Apoptotic cells expose specific ligands to a set of conserved receptors expressed on macrophage cellular surface, which are the main cells involved in the clearance of the dying cells. These scavenger receptors, besides triggering the production of anti-inflammatory factors, also block the production of inflammatory mediators by phagocytes. Experimental infection of mice with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi shows many pathological changes that parallels the evolution of human infection. Leukocytes undergoing intense apoptotic death are observed during the immune response to T. cruzi in the mouse model of the disease. T. cruzi replicate intensely and secrete molecules with immunomodulatory activities that interfere with T cell-mediated immune responses and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. This mechanism of immune evasion allows the infection to be established in the vertebrate host. Under inflammatory conditions, efferocytosis of apoptotic bodies generates an immune-regulatory phenotype in phagocytes, which is conducive to intracellular pathogen replication. However, the relevance of cellular apoptosis in the pathology of Chagas’ disease requires further studies. Here, we review the evidence of leukocyte apoptosis in T. cruzi infection and its immunomodulatory mechanism for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Marise P Nunes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celio G Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Hung JT, Huang JR, Yu AL. Tailored design of NKT-stimulatory glycolipids for polarization of immune responses. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:22. [PMID: 28335781 PMCID: PMC5364570 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cell is a distinct population of T lymphocytes that can rapidly release massive amount of Th1 and Th2 cytokines upon the engagement of their T cell receptor with glycolipids presented by CD1d. The secreted cytokines can promote cell-mediated immunity to kill tumor cells and intracellular pathogens, or suppress autoreactive immune cells in autoimmune diseases. Thus, NKT cell is an attractive target for developing new therapeutics to manipulate immune system. The best-known glycolipid to activate NKT cells is α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), which has been used as a prototype for designing new NKT stimulatory glycolipids. Many analogues have been generated by modification of the galactosyl moiety, the acyl chain or the phytosphingosine chain of α-GalCer. Some of the analogues showed greater abilities than α-GalCer in polarizing immune responses toward Th1 or Th2 dominance. Among them, several analogues containing phenyl groups in the lipid tails were more potent in inducing Th1-skewed cytokines and exhibited greater anticancer efficacy than α-GalCer. Analyses of the correlation between structure and activity of various α-GalCer analogues on the activation of iNKT cell revealed that CD1d–glycolipid complexes interacted with the same population of iNKT cell expressing similar T-cell receptor Vβ as α-GalCer. On the other hand, those phenyl glycolipids with propensity for Th1 dominant responses showed greater binding avidity and stability than α-GalCer for iNKT T-cell receptor when complexed with CD1d. Thus, it is the avidity and stability of the ternary complexes of CD1d-glycolipid-iNKT TCR that dictate the polarity and potency of immune responses. These findings provide a key to the rationale design of immune modulating glycolipids with desirable Th1/Th2 polarity for clinical application. In addition, elucidation of α-GalCer-induced anergy, liver damage and accumulation of myeloid derived suppressor cells has offered explanation for its lacklustre anti-cancer activities in clinical trials. On other hand, the lack of such drawbacks in glycolipid analogues containing phenyl groups in the lipid tails of α-GalCer coupled with the greater binding avidity and stability of CD1d-glycolipid complex for iNKT T-cell receptor, account for their superior anti-cancer efficacy in tumor bearing mice. Further clinical development of these phenyl glycolipids is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Tung Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Rong Huang
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell & Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California in San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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CXCL2/MIF-CXCR2 signaling promotes the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and is correlated with prognosis in bladder cancer. Oncogene 2016; 36:2095-2104. [PMID: 27721403 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) has been observed in solid tumors and is correlated with tumor progression; however, the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. In this study, we identified a mechanism by which tumor cells induce MDSC accumulation and expansion in the bladder cancer (BC) microenvironment via CXCL2/MIF-CXCR2 signaling. Elevated expression of CXCL2 and MIF and an increased number of CD33+ MDSCs were detected in BC tissues, and these increases were significantly associated with advanced disease stage and poor patient prognosis (P<0.01). A positive association was observed between CXCL2 or MIF expression and the number of tumor-infiltrating CD33+ MDSCs (P<0.01). Subsequently, we demonstrated that CD45+CD33+CD11b+HLA-DR- MDSCs from fresh BC tissues displayed high levels of suppressive molecules, including Arg1, iNOS, ROS, PDL-1 and P-STAT3, and stronger suppression of T-cell proliferation. Interestingly, these CD45+CD33+CD11b+HLA-DR- MDSCs exhibited increased CXCR2 expression compared with that in peripheral blood from BC patients or healthy controls (P<0.05). Chemotaxis assay revealed that bladder cancer cell line J82 induced MDSC migration via CXCL2/MIF-CXCR2 signaling in vitro. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that J82-induced MDSC trafficking and CXCR2 expression were associated with increased phosphorylation of p38, ERK and p65. Conversely, inhibition of the phosphorylation of p38, ERK or p65 decreased J82-induced MDSC trafficking and CXCR2 expression. CXCL2/MIF-stimulated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B pathways in MDSCs was MyD88 dependent. Overall, our results identify the CXCL2/MIF-CXCR2 axis as an important mediator in MDSC recruitment and as predictors and potential therapeutic targets in BC patients.
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25
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Exploring human glycosylation for better therapies. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:125-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Yamada D, Iyoda T, Vizcardo R, Shimizu K, Sato Y, Endo TA, Kitahara G, Okoshi M, Kobayashi M, Sakurai M, Ohara O, Taniguchi M, Koseki H, Fujii SI. Efficient Regeneration of Human Vα24 + Invariant Natural Killer T Cells and Their Anti-Tumor Activity In Vivo. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2852-2860. [PMID: 27422351 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of antigen-specific T lymphocytes into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their subsequent re-differentiation has enabled expansion of functional T lymphocytes in vitro, thus opening up new approaches for immunotherapy of cancer and other diseases. In this study, we have established a robust protocol to reprogram human invariant NKT (Vα24+ iNKT) cells, which have been shown to act as cellular adjuvants and thus exert anti-tumor activity in mice and humans, and to re-differentiate the iNKT cell-derived iPSCs into functional iNKT cells. These iPSC-derived iNKT cells (iPS-Vα24+ iNKT cells) can be activated by ligand-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) and produce a large amount of interferon-γ upon activation, as much as parental Vα24+ iNKT cells, but exhibit even better cytotoxic activity against various tumor cell lines. The iPS-Vα24+ iNKT cells possess significant anti-tumor activity in tumor-bearing mice and can activate autologous NK cells upon activation by ligand-pulsed DCs in the NOG mouse model in vivo, further extending their therapeutic potential. This study thus provides a first proof of concept for the clinical application of human iPS-Vα24+ iNKT cells for cancer immunotherapy. Stem Cells 2016;34:2852-2860.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamada
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomonori Iyoda
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS)
| | - Raul Vizcardo
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS)
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS)
| | - Takaho A Endo
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Genta Kitahara
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Momoko Okoshi
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Midori Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maki Sakurai
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS)
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaru Taniguchi
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Fujii
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS)
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Noel G, Arshad MI, Filliol A, Genet V, Rauch M, Lucas-Clerc C, Lehuen A, Girard JP, Piquet-Pellorce C, Samson M. Ablation of interaction between IL-33 and ST2+ regulatory T cells increases immune cell-mediated hepatitis and activated NK cell liver infiltration. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G313-23. [PMID: 27340126 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00097.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The IL-33/ST2 axis plays a protective role in T-cell-mediated hepatitis, but little is known about the functional impact of endogenous IL-33 on liver immunopathology. We used IL-33-deficient mice to investigate the functional effect of endogenous IL-33 in concanavalin A (Con A)-hepatitis. IL-33(-/-) mice displayed more severe Con A liver injury than wild-type (WT) mice, consistent with a hepatoprotective effect of IL-33. The more severe hepatic injury in IL-33(-/-) mice was associated with significantly higher levels of TNF-α and IL-1β and a larger number of NK cells infiltrating the liver. The expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and IL-17 was not significantly varied between WT and IL-33(-/-) mice following Con A-hepatitis. The percentage of CD25(+) NK cells was significantly higher in the livers of IL-33(-/-) mice than in WT mice in association with upregulated expression of CXCR3 in the liver. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) strongly infiltrated the liver in both WT and IL-33(-/-) mice, but Con A treatment increased their membrane expression of ST2 and CD25 only in WT mice. In vitro, IL-33 had a significant survival effect, increasing the total number of splenocytes, including B cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and the frequency of ST2(+) Treg cells. In conclusion, IL-33 acts as a potent immune modulator protecting the liver through activation of ST2(+) Treg cells and control of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Noel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement & Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France
| | - Muhammad Imran Arshad
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement & Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France
| | - Aveline Filliol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement & Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France
| | - Valentine Genet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement & Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Rauch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement & Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Lucas-Clerc
- Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Service de Biochimie CHU Rennes, Université de Rennes 1; Rennes, France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Inserm UMRS 1016-CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris, Descartes, France; and
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IPBS-CNRS), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Piquet-Pellorce
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement & Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Samson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement & Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France;
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28
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Kharkwal SS, Arora P, Porcelli SA. Glycolipid activators of invariant NKT cells as vaccine adjuvants. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:597-610. [PMID: 27377623 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes with unique phenotypic properties and a remarkably broad range of immune effector and regulatory functions. One subset of these cells, known as invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells), has become a significant focus in the search for new and better ways to enhance immunotherapies and vaccination. These unconventional T cells are characterized by their ability to be specifically activated by a range of foreign and self-derived glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d, an MHC class I-related antigen presenting molecule that has evolved to bind and present lipid antigens. The development of synthetic α-galactosylceramides as a family of powerful glycolipid agonists for iNKT cells has led to approaches for augmenting a wide variety of immune responses, including those involved in vaccination against infections and cancers. Here we review the basic background biology of iNKT cells that is relevant to their potential for improving immune responses, and summarize recent work supporting the further development of glycolipid activators of iNKT cells as a new class of vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Sharma Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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29
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Zhang H, Li ZL, Ye SB, Ouyang LY, Chen YS, He J, Huang HQ, Zeng YX, Zhang XS, Li J. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T cell proliferation in human extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma: a novel prognostic indicator. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1587-99. [PMID: 26497849 PMCID: PMC4643115 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and its correlation with advanced disease stage have been shown in solid cancers. Here, we investigated the functional features and clinical significance of MDSCs in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (ENKL). A higher percentage of circulating HLA-DR−CD33+CD11b+ MDSCs was observed in ENKL patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.05, n = 32) by flow cytometry analysis. These MDSCs from ENKL patients (ENKL-MDSCs) consisted of CD14+ monocytic (Mo-MDSCs, >60 %) and CD15+ granulocytic (PMN-MDSCs, <20 %) MDSCs. Furthermore, these ENKL-MDSCs expressed higher levels of Arg-1, iNOS and IL-17 compared to the levels of MDSCs from healthy donors, and they expressed moderate levels of TGFβ and IL-10 but lower levels of CD66b. The ENKL-MDSCs strongly suppressed the anti-CD3-induced allogeneic and autologous CD4 T cell proliferation (P < 0.05), but they only slightly suppressed CD8 T cell proliferation (P > 0.05). Interestingly, ENKL-MDSCs inhibited the secretion of IFNγ but promoted IL-10, IL-17 and TGFβ secretion as well as Foxp3 expression in T cells. The administration of inhibitors of iNOS, Arg-1 and ROS significantly reversed the suppression of anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation by MDSCs (P < 0.05). Importantly, based on multivariate Cox regression analysis, the HLA-DR−CD33+CD11b+ cells and CD14+ Mo-MDSCs were independent predictors for disease-free survival (DFS, P = 0.013 and 0.016) and overall survival (OS, P = 0.017 and 0.027). Overall, our results identified for the first time that ENKL-MDSCs (mainly Mo-MDSCs) have a prognostic value for patients and a suppressive function on T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ze-Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shu-Biao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Li-Ying Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Intensive Care Unit Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jia He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Hui-Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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30
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Wingender G, Birkholz AM, Sag D, Farber E, Chitale S, Howell AR, Kronenberg M. Selective Conditions Are Required for the Induction of Invariant NKT Cell Hyporesponsiveness by Antigenic Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3838-48. [PMID: 26355152 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of invariant (i)NKT cells with the model Ag α-galactosylceramide induces rapid production of multiple cytokines, impacting a wide variety of different immune reactions. In contrast, following secondary activation with α-galactosylceramide, the behavior of iNKT cells is altered for months, with the production of most cytokines being strongly reduced. The requirements for the induction of this hyporesponsive state, however, remain poorly defined. In this study, we show that Th1-biasing iNKT cell Ags could induce iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness, as long as a minimum antigenic affinity was reached. In contrast, the Th2-biasing Ag OCH did not induce a hyporesponsive state, nor did cytokine-driven iNKT cell activation by LPS or infections. Furthermore, although dendritic cells and B cells have been reported to be essential for iNKT cell stimulation, neither dendritic cells nor B cells were required to induce iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness. Therefore, our data indicate that whereas some bone marrow-derived cells could induce iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness, selective conditions, dependent on the structure and potency of the Ag, were required to induce hyporesponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Alysia M Birkholz
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey; Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Elisa Farber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Sampada Chitale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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31
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mTOR and its tight regulation for iNKT cell development and effector function. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:536-45. [PMID: 26253278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, which express the invariant Vα14Jα18 TCR that recognizes lipid antigens, have the ability to rapidly respond to agonist stimulation, producing a variety of cytokines that can shape both innate and adaptive immunity. iNKT cells have been implicated in host defense against microbial infection, in anti-tumor immunity, and a multitude of diseases such as allergies, asthma, graft versus host disease, and obesity. Emerging evidence has demonstrated crucial role for mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in immune cells, including iNKT. In this review we will discuss current understanding of how mTOR and its tight regulation control iNKT cell development, effector lineage differentiation, and function.
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32
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Mertz KD, Mager LF, Wasmer MH, Thiesler T, Koelzer VH, Ruzzante G, Joller S, Murdoch JR, Brümmendorf T, Genitsch V, Lugli A, Cathomas G, Moch H, Weber A, Zlobec I, Junt T, Krebs P. The IL-33/ST2 pathway contributes to intestinal tumorigenesis in humans and mice. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1062966. [PMID: 26942077 PMCID: PMC4760343 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1062966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops through a multistep process and is modulated by inflammation. However, the inflammatory pathways that support intestinal tumors at different stages remain incompletely understood. Interleukin (IL)-33 signaling plays a role in intestinal inflammation, yet its contribution to the pathogenesis of CRC is unknown. Using immunohistochemistry on 713 resected human CRC specimens, we show here that IL-33 and its receptor ST2 are expressed in low-grade and early-stage human CRCs, and to a lesser extent in higher-grade and more advanced-stage tumors. In a mouse model of CRC, ST2-deficiency protects from tumor development. Moreover, bone marrow (BM) chimera studies indicate that engagement of the IL-33/ST2 pathway on both the radio-resistant and radio-sensitive compartment is essential for CRC development. Mechanistically, activation of IL-33/ST2 signaling compromises the integrity of the intestinal barrier and triggers the production of pro-tumorigenic IL-6 by immune cells. Together, this data reveals a tumor-promoting role of IL-33/ST2 signaling in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten D Mertz
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Baselland , Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Lukas F Mager
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Thore Thiesler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Giulia Ruzzante
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Joller
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jenna R Murdoch
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brümmendorf
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vera Genitsch
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gieri Cathomas
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Baselland , Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Junt
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern , Bern, Switzerland
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Van Kaer L, Parekh VV, Wu L. The Response of CD1d-Restricted Invariant NKT Cells to Microbial Pathogens and Their Products. Front Immunol 2015; 6:226. [PMID: 26029211 PMCID: PMC4429631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells become activated during a wide variety of infections. This includes organisms lacking cognate CD1d-binding glycolipid antigens recognized by the semi-invariant T cell receptor of iNKT cells. Additional studies have shown that iNKT cells also become activated in vivo in response to microbial products such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a potent inducer of cytokine production in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Other studies have shown that iNKT cells are highly responsive to stimulation by cytokines such as interleukin-12. These findings have led to the concept that microbial pathogens can activate iNKT cells either directly via glycolipids or indirectly by inducing cytokine production in APCs. iNKT cells activated in this manner produce multiple cytokines that can influence the outcome of infection, usually in favor of the host, although potent iNKT cell activation may contribute to an uncontrolled cytokine storm and sepsis. One aspect of the response of iNKT cells to microbial pathogens is that it is short-lived and followed by an extended time period of unresponsiveness to reactivation. This refractory period may represent a means to avoid chronic activation and cytokine production by iNKT cells, thus protecting the host against some of the negative effects of iNKT cell activation, but potentially putting the host at risk for secondary infections. These effects of microbial pathogens and their products on iNKT cells are not only important for understanding the role of these cells in immune responses against infections but also for the development of iNKT cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Vrajesh V Parekh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN , USA
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Lutz-Nicoladoni C, Wolf D, Sopper S. Modulation of Immune Cell Functions by the E3 Ligase Cbl-b. Front Oncol 2015; 5:58. [PMID: 25815272 PMCID: PMC4356231 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of immunological tolerance is a critical hallmark of the immune system. Several signaling checkpoints necessary to balance activating and inhibitory input to immune cells have been described so far, among which the E3 ligase Cbl-b appears to be a central player. Cbl-b is expressed in all leukocyte subsets and regulates several signaling pathways in T cells, NK cells, B cells, and different types of myeloid cells. In most cases, Cbl-b negatively regulates activation signals through antigen or pattern recognition receptors and co-stimulatory molecules. In line with this function, cblb-deficient immune cells display lower activation thresholds and cblb knockout mice spontaneously develop autoimmunity and are highly susceptible to experimental autoimmunity. Interestingly, genetic association studies link CBLB-polymorphisms with autoimmunity also in humans. Vice versa, the increased activation potential of cblb-deficient cells renders them more potent to fight against malignancies or infections. Accordingly, several reports have shown that cblb knockout mice reject tumors, which mainly depends on cytotoxic T and NK cells. Thus, targeting Cbl-b may be an interesting strategy to enhance anti-cancer immunity. In this review, we summarize the findings on the molecular function of Cbl-b in different cell types and illustrate the potential of Cbl-b as target for immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lutz-Nicoladoni
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria ; Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Haematology and Rheumatology, University Clinic Bonn (UKB) , Bonn , Germany
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria ; Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute , Innsbruck , Austria
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35
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Biomarkers for glioma immunotherapy: the next generation. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:359-72. [PMID: 25724916 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term "biomarker" historically refers to a single parameter, such as the expression level of a gene or a radiographic pattern, used to indicate a broader biological state. Molecular indicators have been applied to several aspects of cancer therapy: to describe the genotypic and phenotypic state of neoplastic tissue for prognosis, to predict susceptibility to anti-proliferative agents, to validate the presence of specific drug targets, and to evaluate responsiveness to therapy. For glioblastoma (GBM), immunohistochemical and radiographic biomarkers accessible to the clinical lab have informed traditional regimens, but while immunotherapies have emerged as potentially disruptive weapons against this diffusely infiltrating, heterogeneous tumor, biomarkers with strong predictive power have not been fully established. The cancer immunotherapy field, through the recently accelerated expansion of trials, is currently leveraging this wealth of clinical and biological data to define and revise the use of biomarkers for improving prognostic accuracy, personalization of therapy, and evaluation of responses across the wide variety of tumors. Technological advancements in DNA sequencing, cytometry, and microscopy have facilitated the exploration of more integrated, high-dimensional profiling of the disease system-incorporating both immune and tumor parameters-rather than single metrics, as biomarkers for therapeutic sensitivity. Here we discuss the utility of traditional GBM biomarkers in immunotherapy and how the impending transformation of the biomarker paradigm-from single markers to integrated profiles-may offer the key to bringing predictive, personalized immunotherapy to GBM patients.
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Gebremeskel S, Clattenburg DR, Slauenwhite D, Lobert L, Johnston B. Natural killer T cell activation overcomes immunosuppression to enhance clearance of postsurgical breast cancer metastasis in mice. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e995562. [PMID: 25949924 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.995562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic lesions are responsible for over 90% of breast cancer associated deaths. Therefore, strategies that target metastasis are of particular interest. This study examined the efficacy of natural killer T (NKT) cell activation as a post-surgical immunotherapy in a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. Following surgical resection of orthotopic 4T1 mammary carcinoma tumors, BALB/c mice were treated with NKT cell activating glycolipid antigens (α-GalCer, α-C-GalCer or OCH) or α-GalCer-loaded dendritic cells (DCs). Low doses of glycolipids transiently reduced metastasis but did not increase survival. A high dose of α-GalCer enhanced overall survival, but was associated with increased toxicity and mortality at early time points. Treatment with α-GalCer-loaded DCs limited tumor metastasis, prolonged survival, and provided curative outcomes in ∼45% of mice. However, survival was not increased further by additional DC treatments or co-transfer of expanded NKT cells. NKT cell activation via glycolipid-loaded DCs decreased the frequency and immunosuppressive activity of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumor-resected mice. In vitro, NKT cells were resistant to the immunosuppressive effects of MDSCs and were able to reverse the inhibitory effects of MDSCs on T cell proliferation. NKT cell activation enhanced antitumor immunity in tumor-resected mice, increasing 4T1-specific cytotoxic responses and IFNγ production from natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells. Consistent with increased tumor immunity, mice surviving to day 150 were resistant to a second tumor challenge. This work provides a clear rationale for manipulating NKT cells to target metastatic disease.
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Key Words
- dendritic cells
- metastatic breast cancer
- myeloid derived suppressor cells
- natural killer T cells
- tumor immunotherapy
- α-GalCer, α-galacotosylceramide; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; DC, dendritic cell; FBS, fetal bovine serum; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFNγ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.v., intravenous; MDSC, myeloid derived suppressor cell; NK cell, natural killer cell; NKT cell, natural killer T cell; RPMI-1640, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium-1640; TCR, T cell receptor; Th, T helper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gebremeskel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daniel R Clattenburg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Drew Slauenwhite
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lynnea Lobert
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Pediatrics; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Department of Pathology; Dalhousie University ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute ; Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Robertson FC, Berzofsky JA, Terabe M. NKT cell networks in the regulation of tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:543. [PMID: 25389427 PMCID: PMC4211539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells lie at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems and are important mediators of immune responses and tumor immunosurveillance. These NKT cells uniquely recognize lipid antigens, and their rapid yet specific reactions influence both innate and adaptive immunity. In tumor immunity, two NKT subsets (type I and type II) have contrasting roles in which they not only cross-regulate one another, but also impact innate immune cell populations, including natural killer, dendritic, and myeloid lineage cells, as well as adaptive populations, especially CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. The extent to which NKT cells promote or suppress surrounding cells affects the host’s ability to prevent neoplasia and is consequently of great interest for therapeutic development. Data have shown the potential for therapeutic use of NKT cell agonists and synergy with immune response modifiers in both pre-clinical studies and preliminary clinical studies. However, there is room to improve treatment efficacy by further elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying NKT cell networks. Here, we discuss the progress made in understanding NKT cell networks, their consequent role in the regulation of tumor immunity, and the potential to exploit that knowledge in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith C Robertson
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Hung JT, Tsai YC, Lin WD, Jan JT, Lin KH, Huang JR, Cheng JY, Chen MW, Wong CH, Yu AL. Potent adjuvant effects of novel NKT stimulatory glycolipids on hemagglutinin based DNA vaccine for H5N1 influenza virus. Antiviral Res 2014; 107:110-8. [PMID: 24786174 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
H5N1 influenza virus is a highly pathogenic virus, posing a pandemic threat. Previously, we showed that phenyl analogs of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) displayed greater NKT stimulation than α-GalCer. Here, we examined the adjuvant effects of one of the most potent analogs, C34, on consensus hemagglutinin based DNA vaccine (pCHA5) for H5N1 virus. Upon intramuscular electroporation of mice with pCHA5 with/without various α-GalCer analogs, C34-adjuvanted group developed the highest titer against consensus H5 and more HA-specific IFN-γ secreting CD8 cells (203±13.5) than pCHA5 alone (152.6±13.7, p<0.05). Upon lethal challenge of NIBRG-14 virus, C34-adjuvanted group (84.6%) displayed higher survival rate than pCHA5 only group (46.1%). In the presence of C34 as adjuvant, the antisera displayed broader and greater neutralizing activities against virions pseudotyped with HA of clade 1, and 2.2 than pCHA5 only group. Moreover, to simulate an emergency response to a sudden H5N1 outbreak, we injected mice intramuscularly with single dose of a new consensus H5 (pCHA5-II) based on 1192 full-length H5 sequences, with C34 as adjuvant. The latter not only enhanced the humoral immune response and protection against virus challenge, but also broadened the spectrum of neutralization against pseudotyped HA viruses. Our vaccine strategy can be easily implemented for any H5N1 virus outbreak by single IM injection of a consensus H5 DNA vaccine based on updated HA sequences using C34 as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Tung Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Der Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsien Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Rong Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yan Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alice L Yu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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