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SLAMF7/STAT6 Pathway Inhibits Innate Immune Response in Late-Stage Human Acanthamoeba Keratitis: A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020365. [PMID: 36838330 PMCID: PMC9961001 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a blinding corneal infection caused by the protozoan Acanthamoeba. The long-term course of AK suggests the host immunity could not kill Acanthamoeba rapidly. The immune status is still unclear in the late stage of AK. The comparative transcriptome analysis was made based on the bulk RNA sequencing of cornea tissues from AK patients and donors. Differentially expressed genes and enriched signaling pathways were calculated. CIBERSORT algorithm was used for immune infiltration analysis of cornea tissue between AK and normal controls. A total of 2668 differentially expressed genes, including 1477 upregulated genes and 1191 downregulated genes, were detected. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that the pathways were significantly enriched in leukocyte migration, regulation of T-cell activation, the external side of plasma membrane, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, immune receptor activity, and cytokine binding. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the pathways were significantly enriched in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, hematopoietic cell lineage, and Staphylococcus aureus infection pathway. The immune infiltration profiles varied little between AK and normal controls. Compared with normal tissue, cornea tissue of AK contained a higher proportion of M0 macrophages and CD8 T cells, while resting memory CD4 T cells contributed to a relatively lower portion (p < 0.05). Finally, the expression levels of cell markers and SLAMF7/STAT6 pathway were confirmed by histopathology examinations, RT-qPCR, and Western blot.
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Innate immunity dysregulation in aging eye and therapeutic interventions. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101768. [PMID: 36280210 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of eye diseases increases considerably with age, resulting in significant vision impairment. Although the pathobiology of age-related eye diseases has been studied extensively, the contribution of immune-related changes due to aging remains elusive. In the eye, tissue-resident cells and infiltrating immune cells regulate innate responses during injury or infection. But due to aging, these cells lose their protective functions and acquire pathological phenotypes. Thus, dysregulated ocular innate immunity in the elderly increases the susceptibility and severity of eye diseases. Herein, we emphasize the impact of aging on the ocular innate immune system in the pathogenesis of infectious and non-infectious eye diseases. We discuss the role of age-related alterations in cellular metabolism, epigenetics, and cellular senescence as mechanisms underlying altered innate immune functions. Finally, we describe approaches to restore protective innate immune functions in the aging eye. Overall, the review summarizes our current understanding of innate immune functions in eye diseases and their dysregulation during aging.
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Konda N, Chakrabarti S, Garg P, Willcox MDP. Association of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Interleukin Genes with Microbial Keratitis in a South Indian Population. Pathogens 2022; 11:1387. [PMID: 36422638 PMCID: PMC9692714 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukin (IL) genes and keratitis and its clinical manifestations. METHODS SNPs in IL1B, IL6, CXCL8, IL10, and IL12B were analysed. Differences in frequencies of alleles, genotypes and haplotypes between cases and controls as well as associations between SNPs and clinical variables were calculated by χ2 tests with odds ratios. RESULTS The minor homologous genotype in IL1B rs16944 (p = 0.036; odds ratio (OR) = 2.063, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.048-4.061) and CXCL8 rs4073 (p = 0.041; OR = 0.463, 95% CI: 0.224-0.956) and the heterologous genotypes in IL6 rs1800795 (p = 0.046; OR = 0.563, 95% CI: 0.326-0.972) and IL12B rs2569254 (p = 0.0446; OR = 0.557, 95% CI: 0.314-0.989) or rs730691 (p = 0.0051; OR = 0.451, 95% CI: 0.260-0.784) were associated with keratitis. The minor genotype of rs16944 was associated with severe infection (p = 0.046). The heterologous genotype in rs2569254 was associated with hospital admission, photophobia, and mode of contact lens wear (p ≤ 0.041). The heterologous genotype in rs730691 was associated with blurred vision, discharge, anterior chamber reaction, and mode of wear (p ≤ 0.047). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that SNPs in IL1B and CXCL8 are associated with risk of developing keratitis. The study also found relationships between SNPs and clinical measures of keratitis. The potential for ethnic differences in frequency of SNPs and their association with keratitis should be followed up using different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraju Konda
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney 2052, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Subhabrata Chakrabarti
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, Telangana, India
| | - Prashant Garg
- The Cornea Institute, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India
| | - Mark D. P. Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Concentrations of PGE2 and TXB2 in the Eyes of Mice with Disseminated Acanthamoebiasis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040438. [PMID: 35456113 PMCID: PMC9025194 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Acanthamoeba spp. may invade the eyes by migrating along the optic nerve to the eyes from the brain. This study aimed to confirm the presence of inflammation in the eyes of mice with disseminated acanthamoebiasis by examining prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentrations in the eyes of immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice intranasally inoculated with Acanthamoeba spp. The PGE2 concentration was statistically significantly lower in the immunocompromised amoebae-infected mice on 8 dpi compared with the noninfected group of animals, and it was higher in the eyes of immunosuppressed amoebae-infected mice on 16 dpi than in the control group of animals. There was a statistically significant lower TXB2 concentration in the eyes of immunocompetent infected mice compared with the noninfected group on 8 dpi. However, on 24 dpi, we noted statistically significant higher TXB2 levels in the immunocompetent infected mice than in the control group. In immunocompromised mice, there was a lower TXB2 level on 8 dpi than in control mice. This study confirmed the existence of an inflammatory process in the eyes of immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. without damaged corneas.
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Lasagni Vitar RM, Bonelli F, Rama P, Ferrari G. Immunity and pain in the eye: focus on the ocular surface. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 207:149-163. [PMID: 35020868 PMCID: PMC8982975 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most ocular diseases are associated with pain. While pain has been generally considered a mere (deleterious) additional symptom, it is now emerging that it is a key modulator of innate/adaptive immunity. Because the cornea receives the highest nerve density of the entire body, it is an ideal site to demonstrate interactions between pain and the immune response. Indeed, most neuropeptides involved in pain generation are also potent regulators of innate and adaptive leukocyte physiology. On the other hand, most inflammatory cells can modulate the generation of ocular pain through release of specific mediators (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and lipid mediators). This review will discuss the reciprocal role(s) of ocular surface (and specifically: corneal) pain on the immune response of the eye. Finally, we will discuss the clinical implications of such reciprocal interactions in the context of highly prevalent corneal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mayra Lasagni Vitar
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Bonelli
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rama
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrari
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy,Correspondence: Giulio Ferrari, Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit, Eye Repair Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. E-mail:
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Wen TH, Tsai KW, Wu YJ, Liao MT, Lu KC, Hu WC. The Framework for Human Host Immune Responses to Four Types of Parasitic Infections and Relevant Key JAK/STAT Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413310. [PMID: 34948112 PMCID: PMC8705408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human host immune responses to parasitic infections are complex. They can be categorized into four immunological pathways mounted against four types of parasitic infections. For intracellular protozoa, the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH1 immunity involving macrophages (M1), interferon gamma (IFNγ) CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 1 (NKp44+ ILC1), CD8 T cells (Effector-Memory4, EM4), invariant natural killer T cells 1 (iNKT1) cells, and immunoglobulin G3 (IgG3) B cells. For intracellular protozoa, the tolerable host immunological pathway is TH1-like immunity involving macrophages (M2), interferon gamma (IFNγ)/TGFβ CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 1 (NKp44- ILC1), CD8 T cells (EM3), invariant natural killer T 1 (iNKT1) cells, and immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) B cells. For free-living extracellular protozoa, the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH22 immunity involving neutrophils (N1), interleukin-22 CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 3 (NCR+ ILC3), iNKT17 cells, and IgG2 B cells. For free-living extracellular protozoa, the tolerable host immunological pathway is TH17 immunity involving neutrophils (N2), interleukin-17 CD4 T cells, innate lymphoid cells 3 (NCR- ILC3), iNKT17 cells, and IgA2 B cells. For endoparasites (helminths), the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH2a immunity with inflammatory eosinophils (iEOS), interleukin-5/interleukin-4 CD4 T cells, interleukin-25 induced inflammatory innate lymphoid cells 2 (iILC2), tryptase-positive mast cells (MCt), iNKT2 cells, and IgG4 B cells. For ectoparasites (parasitic insects and arachnids), the eradicable host immunological pathway is TH2b immunity with inflammatory basophils, chymase- and tryptase-positive mast cells (MCct), interleukin-3/interleukin-4 CD4 T cells, interleukin-33 induced nature innate lymphoid cells 2 (nILC2), iNKT2 cells, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) B cells. The tolerable host immunity against ectoparasites and endoparasites is TH9 immunity with regulatory eosinophils, regulatory basophils, interleukin-9 mast cells (MMC9), thymic stromal lymphopoietin induced innate lymphoid cells 2, interleukin-9 CD4 T cells, iNKT2 cells, and IgA2 B cells. In addition, specific transcription factors important for specific immune responses were listed. This JAK/STAT signaling is key to controlling or inducing different immunological pathways. In sum, Tfh is related to STAT5β, and BCL6 expression. Treg is related to STAT5α, STAT5β, and FOXP3. TH1 immunity is related to STAT1α, STAT4, and T-bet. TH2a immunity is related to STAT6, STAT1α, GATA1, and GATA3. TH2b immunity is related to STAT6, STAT3, GATA2, and GATA3. TH22 immunity is associated with both STAT3α and AHR. THαβ immunity is related to STAT1α, STAT1β, STAT2, STAT3β, and ISGF. TH1-like immunity is related to STAT1α, STAT4, STAT5α, and STAT5β. TH9 immunity is related to STAT6, STAT5α, STAT5β, and PU.1. TH17 immunity is related to STAT3α, STAT5α, STAT5β, and RORG. TH3 immunity is related to STAT1α, STAT1β, STAT2, STAT3β, STAT5α, STAT5β, and ISGF. This categorization provides a complete framework of immunological pathways against four types of parasitic infections. This framework as well as relevant JAK/STAT signaling can provide useful knowledge to control allergic hypersensitivities and parasitic infections via development of vaccines or drugs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Wen
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
| | - Yan-Jun Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (M.-T.L.)
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan; (Y.-J.W.); (M.-T.L.)
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan;
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation No. 289, Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-89676779
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Park S, Lee K, Kang H, Lee Y, Lee J, Kim JH, Song HB, Ryu W. Single Administration of a Biodegradable, Separable Microneedle Can Substitute for Repeated Application of Eyedrops in the Treatment of Infectious Keratitis. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002287. [PMID: 33930253 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Infectious keratitis is mainly treated with topical antibiotics. To achieve and maintain the required therapeutic concentration in the cornea where the tear fluid continuously rinses the surface, the antibiotics must be frequently applied, even while the patient is sleeping, and oral medication is sometimes required. However, the inevitably poor compliance and avascular nature of the cornea decrease drug bioavailability. In this study, a single microneedle (MN) is injected into the cornea to substitute for the repeated application of eyedrops in the treatment of infectious keratitis. After comparing the mechanical integrity and drug release profiles of three different drug-tips, the drug-tip with the "high" drug concentration that releases 12.5 ng drug within 3 days is applied to a cornea to evaluate the transferability and in vivo drug release. In the treatment of infectious keratitis with repeated application of eyedrops for six consecutive days, a single MN injection is substituted for the initial 3 days of eyedrop applications. The progression remains similarly attenuated after 3 days without eyedrops, and comparable efficacy is achieved on day 6 when combined with delayed eyedrop treatment from day 3. Thus, the single administration of a biodegradable MN can substitute for the repeated application of eyedrops in the treatment of infectious keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeungHyun Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - KangJu Lee
- Department of Healthcare and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyoung Kang
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - YeJin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - JiYong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Beom Song
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - WonHyoung Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Carnt NA, Pang I, Burdon KP, Calder V, Dart JK, Subedi D, Hardcastle AJ. Innate and Adaptive Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Susceptibility of Severe Inflammatory Complications in Acanthamoeba Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:33. [PMID: 33755043 PMCID: PMC7991962 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.3.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Over a third of patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) experience severe inflammatory complications (SICs). This study aimed to determine if some contact lens (CL) wearers with AK were predisposed to SICs due to variations in key immune genes. Methods CL wearers with AK who attended Moorfields Eye Hospital were recruited prospectively between April 2013 and October 2014. SICs were defined as scleritis and/or stromal ring infiltrate. Genomic DNA was processed with an Illumina Low Input Custom Amplicon assay of 58 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) targets across 18 genes and tested for association in PLINK. Results Genomic DNA was obtained and analyzed for 105 cases of AK, 40 (38%) of whom experienced SICs. SNPs in the CXCL8 gene encoding IL-8 was significantly associated with protection from SICs (chr4: rs1126647, odds ratio [OR] = 0.3, P = 0.005, rs2227543, OR = 0.4, P = 0.007, and rs2227307, OR = 0.4, P = 0.02) after adjusting for age, sex, steroids prediagnosis, and herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) misdiagnosis. Two TLR-4 SNPs were associated with increased risk of SICs (chr9: rs4986791 and rs4986790, both OR = 6.9, P = 0.01). Th-17 associated SNPs (chr1: IL-23R rs11209026, chr2: IL-1β rs16944, and chr12: IL-22 rs1179251) were also associated with SICs. Conclusions The current study identifies biologically relevant genetic variants in patients with AK with SICs; IL-8 is associated with a strong neutrophil response in the cornea in AK, TLR-4 is important in early AK disease, and Th-17 genes are associated with adaptive immune responses to AK in animal models. Genetic screening of patients with AK to predict severity is viable and this would be expected to assist disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Carnt
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ignatius Pang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn P Burdon
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Virginia Calder
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - John K Dart
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dinesh Subedi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Alison J Hardcastle
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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Mousa HM, Saban DR, Perez VL. The cornea IV immunology, infection, neovascularization, and surgery chapter 1: Corneal immunology. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108502. [PMID: 33607075 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE of Review: This review offers an informed and up-to-date insight on the immune profile of the cornea and the factors that govern the regulation of such a unique immune environment. SUMMARY The cornea is a unique tissue that performs the specialized task of allowing light to penetrate for visual interpretation. To accomplish this, the ocular surface requires a distinct immune environment that is achieved through unique structural, cellular and molecular factors. Not only must the cornea be able to fend off invasive infectious agents but also control the inflammatory response as to avoid collateral, and potentially blinding damage; particularly of post-mitotic cells such as the corneal endothelium. To combat infections, both innate and adaptive arms of the inflammatory immune response are at play in the cornea. Dendritic cells play a critical role in coordinating both these responses in order to fend off infections. On the other side of the spectrum, the ocular surface is also endowed with a variety of anatomic and physiologic components that aid in regulating the immune response to prevent excessive, potentially damaging, inflammation. This attenuation of the immune response is termed immune privilege. The balance between pro and anti-inflammatory reactions is key for preservation of the functional integrity of the cornea. RECENT FINDINGS The understanding of the molecular and cellular factors governing corneal immunology and its response to antigens is a growing field. Dendritic cells in the normal cornea play a crucial role in combating infections and coordinating the inflammatory arms of the immune response, particularly through coordination with T-helper cells. The role of neuropeptides is recently becoming more highlighted with different factors working on both sides of the inflammatory balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem M Mousa
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Victor L Perez
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Acanthamoeba - pathogen and vector of highly pathogenic bacteria strains to healthy and immunocompromised individuals. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 45:228-232. [PMID: 33456336 PMCID: PMC7792437 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2020.97667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is a free-living protist pathogen, which is present in every place on Earth. 50 to 100 percent of the adult population has serum antibodies, specific for Acanthamoeba antigens. Acanthamoeba is an etiological agent of keratitis and encephalitis diagnosed in human. Acanthamoeba keratitis occurs in healthy persons and may lead to visual impairment and blindness, because corneal infection with this parasite fails to induce cell-mediated immune response due to the absence of resident antigen-presenting cells in the cornea. Systemic immunization with Acanthamoeba antigens induces Th1 cell-mediated immunity and serum IgG antibody, but do not prevent the development of keratitis. Immunization via mucosal surfaces stimulates IgA antibodies in tears and protects against the development of keratitis. Amoebae feed mainly on bacteria, fungi, and algae. By transferring intracellular bacteria, amoeba contributes to the spread of diseases dangerous to humans. Some microorganisms have evolved to become resistant to protist, since they are not internalized or able to survive, grow, and exit free-living protists after internalization. In many cases, the bacteria inside living amoebae survive longer, and multiply better, showing higher virulence. There is a hypothesis, which assumes that Acanthamoeba and symbiontic bacteria survive and multiply better in moist soil, rich in nitrogen compounds, particularly in the vicinity of the root systems of Alnus glutinosa, infected with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Frankia alni. Impact of soil environment created by nitrogen-fixing bacterium Frankia alni on specific relations between protists Acanthamoeba and highly pathogenic bacteria strains in Alnus glutinosa habitats in Poland continue to be established.
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Niederkorn JY. The biology of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108365. [PMID: 33221372 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare protozoal infection of the cornea. At least eight species of Acanthamoeba are known to cause this sight-threatening disease of the ocular surface. Acanthamoeba spp. exist in a wide array of niches ranging from thermal springs to under ice and every conceivable habitat in between. Contact lens wear is the leading risk factor for AK and is practiced by over 30 million individuals in the United States, yet the incidence of AK is less than 33 cases per one million contact lens wearers. Serological studies have reported that 90%-100% of individuals with no history of AK possess antibodies specific for Acanthamoeba antigens indicating that exposure to this organism is commonplace, yet disease is remarkably rare. Animal studies have shed light on the pathobiology and immunobiology of AK and indicate that a constellation of factors including the ocular surface microbiome and the microbiome of Acanthamoeba itself contribute to the pathogenesis of AK. Interesting, secretory antibodies produced by the adaptive immune response can prevent the initiation of corneal infection, but once Acanthamoeba trophozoites breach the corneal epithelium the adaptive immune system is helpless in altering the course of AK. It has been almost 50 years since AK was first described, yet many questions remain unanswered about this curious and enigmatic disease of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Shi L, Hager T, Fries FN, Daas L, Holbach L, Hofmann-Rummelt C, Zemova E, Seitz B, Szentmáry N. Reactive uveitis, retinal vasculitis and scleritis as ocular end-stage of Acanthamoeba keratitis: a histological study. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1966-1971. [PMID: 31850183 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed histologically two Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) eyes with anterior and posterior segment inflammation and blindness. Two enucleated eyes of 2 patients (age 45 and 51y) with AK (PCR of epithelial abrasion positive) were analysed. Histological analysis was performed using hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff and Gömöri-methenamine silver staining. We could not observe Acanthamoeba trophozoites or cysts neither in the cornea nor in other ocular tissues. Meanwhile, we found uveitis, retinal vasculitis and scleritis in these eyes, due to the long-standing, recalcitrant AK. So in this stage of AK, systemic immune suppression may be necessary for a longer time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar 66424, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, P.R. China
| | - Tobias Hager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar 66424, Germany
| | - Fabian Norbert Fries
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar 66424, Germany
| | - Loay Daas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar 66424, Germany
| | - Leonard Holbach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Carmen Hofmann-Rummelt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91052, Germany
| | - Elena Zemova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar 66424, Germany
| | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar 66424, Germany
| | - Nóra Szentmáry
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar 66424, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1093, Hungary
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Carnt NA, Cipriani V, Stapleton FJ, Calder V, Willcox MD. Association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-10 and IL-17 genes with the severity of microbial keratitis. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2019; 42:658-661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Sheean ME, Malikova E, Duarte D, Capovilla G, Fregonese L, Hofer MP, Magrelli A, Mariz S, Mendez-Hermida F, Nistico R, Leest T, Sipsas NV, Tsigkos S, Vitezic D, Larsson K, Sepodes B, Stoyanova-Beninska V. Nonclinical data supporting orphan medicinal product designations in the area of rare infectious diseases. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:274-291. [PMID: 31704277 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of nonclinical in vivo models that can be used to support orphan designation in selected rare infectious diseases in Europe, with the aim to inform and stimulate the planning of nonclinical development in this area of often neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Sheean
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in Helmholz Association, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eva Malikova
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; State Institute for Drug Control, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Comenius University, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dinah Duarte
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INFARMED - Autoridade Nacional do Medicamento, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Capovilla
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; C. Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy; Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Fregonese
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias P Hofer
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Armando Magrelli
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Segundo Mariz
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Mendez-Hermida
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Nistico
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Malta Medicines Authority, San Ġwann, Malta
| | - Tim Leest
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V Sipsas
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Tsigkos
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dinko Vitezic
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Rijeka Medical School and University Hospital Centre Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristina Larsson
- Orphan Medicines Office, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Sepodes
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INFARMED - Autoridade Nacional do Medicamento, Lisbon, Portugal; Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Farmácia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Violeta Stoyanova-Beninska
- Committee of Orphan Medicinal Products, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Expression of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) in the Eyes of Mice with Disseminated Acanthamoebiasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1401894. [PMID: 31309100 PMCID: PMC6594330 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1401894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the innate immune response to numerous pathogens, including Acanthamoeba spp. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the eyes of mice following intranasal infection with Acanthamoeba spp. in relation to the host's immunological status. Amoebae used in this study were isolated from the bronchial aspirate of a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and atypical symptoms of pneumonia. We found statistically significant differences in the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the eye of immunocompetent mice at 8, 16, and 24 days after Acanthamoeba spp. infection (dpi) compared to control group. Immunosuppressed mice showed significant differences in the expression of TLR2 at 16 and 24 dpi compared to uninfected animals. Our results indicate that TLR2 and TLR4 are upregulated in the eyes of mice in response to Acanthamoeba spp. We suggest that it is possible for trophozoites to migrate through the optic nerve from the brain to the eyes. The course of disseminated acanthamoebiasis may be influenced by the host's immunological status, and the observed changes in expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the host's organs may indicate the role of these receptors in the pathomechanism of acanthamoebiasis.
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16
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Qin XH, Ma X, Fang SF, Zhang ZZ, Lu JM. IL-17 produced by Th17 cells alleviates the severity of fungal keratitis by suppressing CX43 expression in corneal peripheral vascular endothelial cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:274-287. [PMID: 30661459 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1556059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a relatively common ocular disease requiring positive medical management combined with surgical intervention. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) was reported to promote the activation and mobilization of neutrophile granulocyte to foci of inflammation. This study investigated the effect of IL-17 production from Th17 cells on the progression of fungal keratitis. A mouse model of fungal keratitis induced by Candida albicans was successfully constructed to detect infiltration of inflammatory cells in corneal tissues by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry. Fungal load capacity of mouse cornea was also detected. The regulatory role of IL-17 in fungal keratitis with the involvement of CX43 was investigated with the relevant expression of inflammatory factors detected and activation of vascular endothelial cells assessed. Furthermore, in vivo experiment was also performed to confirm the role of CX43 in keratitis. Mice with fungal keratitis showed increased level of inflammatory cytokines and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Silencing IL-17 in Th17 cells and overexpressing CX43 could inhibit the activation of vascular endothelial cells. Besides, CX43 knockdown in vivo alleviated fungal keratitis in mice. The possible mechanism of the above findings could be IL-17 inhibiting the level of CX43 through the AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, IL-17 could inhibit the occurrence and development of fungal keratitis by suppressing CX43 expression through the AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, this study provides a potential target for the treatment of fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hong Qin
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ma
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , P. R. China
| | - Shi-Feng Fang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Jian-Min Lu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , P. R. China
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17
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Habibpour H, Haddad MF, Shokri A, Nejadi SH. A review of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the middle East and Iran. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/2221-6189.263705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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18
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Lee K, Song HB, Cho W, Kim JH, Kim JH, Ryu W. Intracorneal injection of a detachable hybrid microneedle for sustained drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:48-57. [PMID: 30267886 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There are increasing demands for long-term and controlled corneal drug delivery to treat various ocular diseases. Although biodegradable ocular inserts or contact lenses have been developed, the invasiveness and inefficiency of the approaches still need to be improved. Microneedle (MN) technology can deliver therapeutic molecules to the eye in a minimally invasive manner. However, the current ocular MN technology is limited to either short-term corneal drug delivery or retinal drug delivery by suprachoroidal injection. For long-term and minimally invasive corneal drug delivery, we have developed a detachable biodegradable MN that can be delivered to the inside of the cornea for sustained drug release. The detachable and biodegradable MN is a hybrid MN consisting of a drug-loaded biodegradable tip and a supporting base. The hybrid MN can be applied to the cornea by impact insertion, and it leaves only the drug-loaded biodegradable tip within the corneal tissue so that it can release the drug for a certain period. By concentration-controlled molding, the dimension of drug-loaded MN tips was precisely controlled and their detachability was optimized. The detachable tip and a supporting base were assembled to form a hybrid MN by pressure-assisted transfer molding. We carefully optimized the dimension of the drug-tip, injection dwell time, and insertion depth to achieve effective intracorneal injection of the drug-tip. The detachable hybrid MN was applied to an Acanthamoeba keratitis model wherein a biodegradable drug-tip was successfully delivered to the inside of the mouse cornea in vivo. Follow-up of the MN-treated cases for 7 days confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of the detachable biodegradable MN tips. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: For the treatment of infectious diseases in the cornea, such as keratitis, eye drops need to be applied topically every hour for a couple of days. This is extremely uncomfortable, and poor compliance to such tightly scheduled drug administration can result in permanent scar formation in the cornea. In this work, we demonstrate a simple and rapid injection of biodegradable microneedle tips in the corneal tissue wherein the tips can deliver antibacterial drugs for 4 days to treat keratitis. Unlike other patch-style microneedle technologies, this approach allows for insertion depth-controlled and highly localized injection of detachable individual microneedle tips to the diseased tissue for sustained drug delivery. This overcomes the limitations of patch-style microneedles such as short-term drug delivery and unnecessary blockage of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- KangJu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Beom Song
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Fight against Angiogenesis, Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonwoo Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis, Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis, Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - WonHyoung Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Wojciechowska-Koszko I, Kot K, Roszkowska P, Krasnodębska-Szponder B, Paczkowska E, Machaliński B, Łuczkowska K, Wiszniewska B, Kosik-Bogacka D. Changes in the immune system in experimental acanthamoebiasis in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:517. [PMID: 30236160 PMCID: PMC6149055 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acanthamoebiasis is most often found in patients with immune deficiency, with infections facilitated by the intake of immunosuppressive drugs. The host immune response to Acanthamoeba spp. infection is poorly understood. Thus, in this study, we aimed to examine the course of Acanthamoeba spp. infection taking into account the host’s immunological status, including assessment of the hematological parameters, cytokine analysis, immunophenotypic changes in spleen populations, and histological spleen changes, which could help clarify some aspects of the immune response to acanthamoebiasis. In our experimental study, we used Acanthamoeba strain AM 22 isolated from the bronchoaspirate of a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and atypical pneumonia symptoms. Results Acanthamoeba spp. affected the hematological parameters in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice and induced a change in spleen weight during infection. Moreover, analysis of anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (IL-17A and IFN-γ) cytokines produced by splenocytes stimulated with concanavalin A demonstrated that Acanthamoeba spp. induced a selective Th1, Th2 and Th17 response at later stages of the infection in immunocompetent hosts. In the case of hosts with low immunity, Acanthamoeba elicited robust Th1 cell-mediated immunity without the participation of Th17. We observed suppression of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) T lymphocyte populations in the beginning, and in the case of CD3+/CD4+/CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells in the final phase of Acanthamoeba spp. infection in hosts with low immunity. Also, CD4+T lymphocytes and CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+/CD8+ lymphocyte counts during each stage of acanthamoebiasis were shown to be upregulated. Conclusions We demonstrated that analysis of the immune response and pathogenesis mechanisms of clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. in an animal model not only has purely cognitive significance but above all, may help in the development of effective methods of pharmacological therapy especially in patients with low immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paulina Roszkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Krasnodębska-Szponder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edyta Paczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Wiszniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204, Szczecin, Poland.
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20
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Garbutcheon-Singh KB, Carnt N, Pattamatta U, Samarawickrama C, White A, Calder V. A Review of the Cytokine IL-17 in Ocular Surface and Corneal Disease. Curr Eye Res 2018; 44:1-10. [PMID: 30230384 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1519834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the role of interleukin-17 in ocular surface and corneal disease. Ocular surface and corneal disease is a leading cause of blindness and is an ongoing challenge for the public health sector to implement effective therapies. The majority of cells in corneal lesions are derived primarily from neutrophils that induce inflammatory events that lead to tissue damage. One of the key pro-inflammatory cytokines is IL-17, and it has been investigated in order to facilitate the understanding of the pathogenesis of ocular surface lesion development. Method: A review of the literature was performed through a systematic approach. Results: IL-17 has been shown to exacerbate dry eye disease, viral and bacterial keratitis lesion severity, although it was found to be protective for Acanthamoeba. Antibodies developed to neutralize IL-17 have shown some promise in reducing the severity of some diseases. Conclusion: IL-17 plays a role in the pathogenesis of ocular surface and corneal disease and targeting this cytokine may provide a useful treatment option in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Carnt
- a Westmead Millennium Institute , Sydney , Australia.,b University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - U Pattamatta
- a Westmead Millennium Institute , Sydney , Australia.,c University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | | | - A White
- a Westmead Millennium Institute , Sydney , Australia.,c University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - V Calder
- d Institute of Ophthalmology , University College London , London , England
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21
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Matsuzaki G, Umemura M. Interleukin-17 family cytokines in protective immunity against infections: role of hematopoietic cell-derived and non-hematopoietic cell-derived interleukin-17s. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:1-13. [PMID: 29205464 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 family cytokines, consisting of six members, participate in immune response in infections and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The prototype cytokine of the family, IL-17A, was originally identified from CD4+ T cells which are now termed Th17 cells. Later, IL-17A-producing cells were expanded to include various hematopoietic cells, namely CD8+ T cells (Tc17), invariant NKT cells, γδ T cells, non-T non-B lymphocytes (termed type 3 innate lymphoid cells) and neutrophils. Some IL-17 family cytokines other than IL-17A are also expressed by CD4+ T cells: IL-17E by Th2 cells and IL-17F by Th17 cells. IL-17A and IL-17F induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines to induce inflammation and anti-microbial peptides to kill pathogens, whereas IL-17E induces allergic inflammation. However, the functions of other IL-17 family cytokines have been unclear. Recent studies have shown that IL-17B and IL-17C are expressed by epithelial rather than hematopoietic cells. Interestingly, expression of IL-17E and IL-17F by epithelial cells has also been reported and epithelial cell-derived IL-17 family cytokines shown to play important roles in immune responses to infections at epithelial sites. In this review, we summarize current information on hematopoietic cell-derived IL-17A and non-hematopoietic cell-derived IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E and IL-17F in infections and propose functional differences between these two categories of IL-17 family cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Matsuzaki
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center and Department of Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Masayuki Umemura
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Tropical Biosphere Research Center and Department of Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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22
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Neelam S, Niederkorn JY. Pathobiology and Immunobiology of Acanthamoeba Keratitis: Insights from Animal Models
. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:261-268. [PMID: 28656012 PMCID: PMC5482302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare but sight-threatening disease caused by pathogenic species of Acanthamoeba. Despite its ubiquitous nature, the incidence of AK is relatively low compared to other forms of infectious keratitis. Although contact lens wear is a major risk factor, exposure to contaminated water and ocular trauma are also associated with AK. Once a patient develops AK the prognosis is very poor unless an aggressive treatment regimen is initiated early. Some of the intriguing features of AK are the lack of immunological memory, resistance of the dormant cyst form to treatment, differences between the pathogenic strains and soil isolates of Acanthamoeba and the unique role of the innate immune system in controlling this disease. Understanding the series of steps involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and the host immune response against Acanthamoeba antigens is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies targeting the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerry Y. Niederkorn
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Jerry Y. Niederkorn, Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southeastern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, Tel: 214-648-3829. Fax: 214-648-9061. .
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23
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Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines, such as IL-17A and IL-17F, play
important protective roles in host immune response to a variety of infections
such as bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral. The IL-17R signaling and
downstream pathways mediate induction of proinflammatory molecules which
participate in control of these pathogens. However, the production of IL-17 can
also mediate pathology and inflammation associated with infections. In this
review, we will discuss the yin-and-yang roles of IL-17 in host immunity to
pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shabaana Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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Carnt N, Montanez VM, Galatowicz G, Veli N, Calder V. Tear Cytokine Levels in Contact Lens Wearers With Acanthamoeba Keratitis. Cornea 2017; 36:791-798. [PMID: 28489721 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine differences in key tear film cytokines between mild and severe cases of acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and control contact lens (CL) wearers. METHODS This was a prospective study of CL wearers with AK attending Moorfields Eye Hospital and control CL wearers from the Institute of Optometry, London. Basal tear specimens were collected by 10-μL capillary tubes (BLAUBRAND intraMark, Wertheim, Germany), and tear protein levels were measured with a multiplex magnetic bead array (Luminex 100; Luminex Corporation, Austin, TX) for cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17E, IL-17F, IL-22, and interferon gamma and with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) for CXCL2. Severe cases of AK were defined as having active infection for over 12 months and at least 1 severe inflammatory event. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-two tear samples were collected from a total of 61 cases (15 severe and 46 mild-moderate) and 22 controls. IL-8, part of the Toll-like receptor 4 cytokine cascade, was found to be expressed at a detectable level more often in cases of AK than in control CL wearers (P = 0.003) and in higher concentrations in severe cases than in milder forms of the disease (z = -2.35). IL-22, part of the IL-10 family, and a proinflammatory Th17 cytokine, was detected more often in severe cases than in milder forms of AK (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Profiling patients with AK during disease shows differences in cytokine levels between severe and milder disease that may inform clinical management. The Toll-like receptor 4 and IL-10/Th17 inflammatory pathways should be included in further investigations of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Carnt
- *UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; †Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; ‡The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and §National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Aqeel Y, Rodriguez R, Chatterjee A, Ingalls RR, Samuelson J. Killing of diverse eye pathogens (Acanthamoeba spp., Fusarium solani, and Chlamydia trachomatis) with alcohols. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005382. [PMID: 28182670 PMCID: PMC5321442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blindness is caused by eye pathogens that include a free-living protist (Acanthamoeba castellanii, A. byersi, and/or other Acanthamoeba spp.), a fungus (Fusarium solani), and a bacterium (Chlamydia trachomatis). Hand-eye contact is likely a contributor to the spread of these pathogens, and so hand washing with soap and water or alcohol–based hand sanitizers (when water is not available) might reduce their transmission. Recently we showed that ethanol and isopropanol in concentrations present in hand sanitizers kill walled cysts of Giardia and Entamoeba, causes of diarrhea and dysentery, respectively. The goal here was to determine whether these alcohols might kill infectious forms of representative eye pathogens (trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba, conidia of F. solani, or elementary bodies of C. trachomatis). Methodology/Principal findings We found that treatment with 63% ethanol or 63% isopropanol kills >99% of Acanthamoeba trophozoites after 30 sec exposure, as shown by labeling with propidium iodide (PI) and failure to grow in culture. In contrast, Acanthamoeba cysts, which contain cellulose fibers in their wall, are relatively more resistant to these alcohols, particularly isopropanol. Depending upon the strain tested, 80 to 99% of Acanthamoeba cysts were killed by 63% ethanol after 2 min and 95 to 99% were killed by 80% ethanol after 30 sec, as shown by PI labeling and reduced rates of excystation in vitro. Both ethanol and isopropanol (63% for 30 sec) kill >99% of F. solani conidia, which have a wall of chitin and glucan fibrils, as demonstrated by PI labeling and colony counts on nutrient agar plates. Both ethanol and isopropanol (63% for 60 sec) inactivate 96 to 99% of elementary bodies of C. trachomatis, which have a wall of lipopolysaccharide but lack peptidoglycan, as measured by quantitative cultures to calculate inclusion forming units. Conclusions/Significance In summary, alcohols kill infectious forms of Acanthamoeba, F. solani, and C. trachomatis, although longer times and higher ethanol concentrations are necessary for Acanthamoeba cysts. These results suggest the possibility that expanded use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers in places where water is not easily available might reduce transmission of these important causes of blindness. Hand washing with soap and water is an important public health tool for reducing transmission of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers, which are widely dispensed in hospitals and public places, kill many of these same pathogens. What is not known is how effectively the alcohol-based hand sanitizers kill protists, fungi, or bacteria that cause eye disease. Here we show ethanol and isopropanol penetrate the walls and kill a free-living protist (Acanthamoeba castellanii, A. byersi, and other Acanthamoeba spp.), and a fungus (Fusarium solani), each of which causes keratitis, as well as a bacterium (Chlamydia trachomatis) that causes trachoma. These results suggest the possible benefit of hand sanitizers in the prevention of these eye pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf Aqeel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raquel Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aparajita Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robin R. Ingalls
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jawed JJ, Majumder S, Bandyopadhyay S, Biswas S, Parveen S, Majumdar S. SLA-PGN-primed dendritic cell-based vaccination induces Th17-mediated protective immunity against experimental visceral leishmaniasis: a crucial role of PKCβ. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw041. [PMID: 27150838 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of drug resistance during visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major obstacle imposed during successful therapy. An effective vaccine strategy against this disease is therefore necessary. Our present study exploited the SLA (soluble leishmanial antigen) and PGN (peptidoglycan) stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) as a suitable vaccine candidate during experimental VL. SLA-PGN-stimulated DCs showed a significant decrease in hepatic and splenic parasite burden, which were associated with increased production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-17. Elevated level of IL-17 was accompanied with the generation of more Th17 cells. Further studies on DC provided the evidence that these SLA-PGN-stimulated DCs played an important role in providing necessary cytokines such as IL-6, IL-23 and TGF-β for the generation of Th17 cells. Interestingly, inhibition of protein kinase C-β (PKCβ) in DCs led to decreased production of Th17 polarizing cytokines, causing reduction of the Th17 population size. Altogether, our finding highlighted the important role of DC-based PKCβ in regulation of the function and generation of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Jibran Jawed
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Saikat Majumder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Syamdas Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Satabdi Biswas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Shabina Parveen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
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