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Kalkusova K, Smite S, Darras E, Taborska P, Stakheev D, Vannucci L, Bartunkova J, Smrz D. Mast Cells and Dendritic Cells as Cellular Immune Checkpoints in Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911080. [PMID: 36232398 PMCID: PMC9569882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. These inhibitors are game changers in many cancers and for many patients, sometimes show unprecedented therapeutic efficacy. However, their therapeutic efficacy is largely limited in many solid tumors where the tumor-controlled immune microenvironment prevents the immune system from efficiently reaching, recognizing, and eliminating cancer cells. The tumor immune microenvironment is largely orchestrated by immune cells through which tumors gain resistance against the immune system. Among these cells are mast cells and dendritic cells. Both cell types possess enormous capabilities to shape the immune microenvironment. These capabilities stage these cells as cellular checkpoints in the immune microenvironment. Regaining control over these cells in the tumor microenvironment can open new avenues for breaking the resistance of solid tumors to immunotherapy. In this review, we will discuss mast cells and dendritic cells in the context of solid tumors and how these immune cells can, alone or in cooperation, modulate the solid tumor resistance to the immune system. We will also discuss how this modulation could be used in novel immunotherapeutic modalities to weaken the solid tumor resistance to the immune system. This weakening could then help other immunotherapeutic modalities engage against these tumors more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kalkusova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sindija Smite
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Elea Darras
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Taborska
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry Stakheev
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Vannucci
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Bartunkova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Smrz
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-435-968; Fax: +420-224-435-962
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Shaik GM, Draberova L, Cernohouzova S, Tumova M, Bugajev V, Draber P. Pentacyclic triterpenoid ursolic acid interferes with mast cell activation via a lipid-centric mechanism affecting FcεRI signalosome functions. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102497. [PMID: 36115460 PMCID: PMC9587013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids, including ursolic acid (UA), are bioactive compounds with multiple biological activities involving anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mode of their action on mast cells, key players in the early stages of allergic inflammation, and underlying molecular mechanisms remain enigmatic. To better understand the effect of UA on mast cell signaling, here we examined the consequences of short-term treatment of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells with UA. Using IgE-sensitized and antigen- or thapsigargin-activated cells, we found that 15 min exposure to UA inhibited high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI)–mediated degranulation, calcium response, and extracellular calcium uptake. We also found that UA inhibited migration of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells toward antigen but not toward prostaglandin E2 and stem cell factor. Compared to control antigen-activated cells, UA enhanced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α at the mRNA and protein levels. However, secretion of this cytokine was inhibited. Further analysis showed that UA enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the SYK kinase and several other proteins involved in the early stages of FcεRI signaling, even in the absence of antigen activation, but inhibited or reduced their further phosphorylation at later stages. In addition, we show that UA induced changes in the properties of detergent-resistant plasma membrane microdomains and reduced antibody-mediated clustering of the FcεRI and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein Thy-1. Finally, UA inhibited mobility of the FcεRI and cholesterol. These combined data suggest that UA exerts its effects, at least in part, via lipid-centric plasma membrane perturbations, hence affecting the functions of the FcεRI signalosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouse M Shaik
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubica Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Cernohouzova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Tumova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Bugajev
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Thapsigargin-Stimulated LAD2 Human Mast Cell Line Is a Potent Cellular Adjuvant for the Maturation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells for Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083978. [PMID: 33921475 PMCID: PMC8069665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of dendritic cells (DCs) for adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI) requires the maturation of ex vivo-produced immature(i) DCs. This maturation ensures that the antigen presentation triggers an immune response towards the antigen-expressing cells. Although there is a large number of maturation agents capable of inducing strong DC maturation, there is still only a very limited number of these agents approved for use in the production of DCs for ACI. In seeking novel DC maturation agents, we used differentially activated human mast cell (MC) line LAD2 as a cellular adjuvant to elicit or modulate the maturation of ex vivo-produced monocyte-derived iDCs. We found that co-culture of iDCs with differentially activated LAD2 MCs in serum-containing media significantly modulated polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C)-elicited DC maturation as determined through the surface expression of the maturation markers CD80, CD83, CD86, and human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-DR. Once iDCs were generated in serum-free conditions, they became refractory to the maturation with poly I:C, and the LAD2 MC modulatory potential was minimized. However, the maturation-refractory phenotype of the serum-free generated iDCs was largely overcome by co-culture with thapsigargin-stimulated LAD2 MCs. Our data suggest that differentially stimulated mast cells could be novel and highly potent cellular adjuvants for the maturation of DCs for ACI.
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Abstract
The Ras oncogene is notoriously difficult to target with specific therapeutics. Consequently, there is interest to better understand the Ras signaling pathways to identify potential targetable effectors. Recently, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) was identified as an evolutionarily conserved Ras effector. mTORC2 regulates essential cellular processes, including metabolism, survival, growth, proliferation and migration. Moreover, increasing evidence implicate mTORC2 in oncogenesis. Little is known about the regulation of mTORC2 activity, but proposed mechanisms include a role for phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate - which is produced by class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks), well-characterized Ras effectors. Therefore, the relationship between Ras, PI3K and mTORC2, in both normal physiology and cancer is unclear; moreover, seemingly conflicting observations have been reported. Here, we review the evidence on potential links between Ras, PI3K and mTORC2. Interestingly, data suggest that Ras and PI3K are both direct regulators of mTORC2 but that they act on distinct pools of mTORC2: Ras activates mTORC2 at the plasma membrane, whereas PI3K activates mTORC2 at intracellular compartments. Consequently, we propose a model to explain how Ras and PI3K can differentially regulate mTORC2, and highlight the diversity in the mechanisms of mTORC2 regulation, which appear to be determined by the stimulus, cell type, and the molecularly and spatially distinct mTORC2 pools.
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Kiptiyah K, Widodo W, Ciptadi G, Aulanni'Am A, Widodo MA, Sumitro SB. 10-gingerol induces oxidative stress through HTR1A in cumulus cells: in-vitro and in-silico studies. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 17:/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2019-0042/jcim-2019-0042.xml. [PMID: 32284444 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2019-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background We investigated whether 10-gingerol is able to induce oxidative stress in cumulus cells. Methods For the in-vitro research, we used a cumulus cell culture in M199, containing 10-gingerol in various concentrations (0, 12, 16, and 20 µM), and detected oxidative stress through superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, with incubation periods of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The obtained results were confirmed by in-silico studies. Results The in-vitro data revealed that SOD activity and MDA concentration increased with increasing incubation periods: SOD activity at 0 µM (1.39 ± 0.24i), 12 µM (16.42 ± 0.35ab), 16 µM (17.28 ± 0.55ab), 20 µM (17.81 ± 0.12a), with a contribution of 71.1%. MDA concentration at 0 µM (17.82 ± 1.39 l), 12 µM (72.99 ± 0.31c), 16 µM (79.77 ± 4.19b), 20 µM (85.07 ± 2.57a), with a contribution of 73.1%. Based on this, the in-silico data uncovered that 10-gingerol induces oxidative stress in cumulus cells by inhibiting HTR1A functions and inactivating GSK3B and AKT-1. Conclusions 10-gingerol induces oxidative stress in cumulus cells through enhancing SOD activity and MDA concentration by inhibiting HTR1A functions and inactivating GSK3B and AKT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiptiyah Kiptiyah
- Department of Biology, Maulana Malik Ibrahim Islamic State University of Malang, Malang 65144, Indonesia
| | - Widodo Widodo
- Department of Biology, Brawijaya University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Gatot Ciptadi
- Husbandry Faculty, Brawijaya University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | | | - Mohammad A Widodo
- Biomedical Study Programme, Brawijaya University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Sutiman B Sumitro
- Department of Biology, Brawijaya University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
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Draberova L, Draberova H, Potuckova L, Halova I, Bambouskova M, Mohandas N, Draber P. Cytoskeletal Protein 4.1R Is a Positive Regulator of the FcεRI Signaling and Chemotaxis in Mast Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3068. [PMID: 31993060 PMCID: PMC6970983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein 4.1R, a member of the 4.1 family, functions as a bridge between cytoskeletal and plasma membrane proteins. It is expressed in T cells, where it binds to a linker for activation of T cell (LAT) family member 1 and inhibits its phosphorylation and downstream signaling events after T cell receptor triggering. The role of the 4.1R protein in cell activation through other immunoreceptors is not known. In this study, we used 4.1R-deficient (4.1R-KO) and 4.1R wild-type (WT) mice and explored the role of the 4.1R protein in the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) signaling in mast cells. We found that bone marrow mast cells (BMMCs) derived from 4.1R-KO mice showed normal growth in vitro and expressed FcεRI and c-KIT at levels comparable to WT cells. However, 4.1R-KO cells exhibited reduced antigen-induced degranulation, calcium response, and secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α. Chemotaxis toward antigen and stem cell factor (SCF) and spreading on fibronectin were also reduced in 4.1R-KO BMMCs, whereas prostaglandin E2-mediated chemotaxis was not affected. Antibody-induced aggregation of tetraspanin CD9 inhibited chemotaxis toward antigen in WT but not 4.1R-KO BMMCs, implying a CD9-4.1R protein cross-talk. Further studies documented that in the absence of 4.1R, antigen-mediated phosphorylation of FcεRI β and γ subunits was not affected, but phosphorylation of SYK and subsequent signaling events such as phosphorylation of LAT1, phospholipase Cγ1, phosphatases (SHP1 and SHIP), MAP family kinases (p38, ERK, JNK), STAT5, CBL, and mTOR were reduced. Immunoprecipitation studies showed the presence of both LAT1 and LAT2 (LAT, family member 2) in 4.1R immunocomplexes. The positive regulatory role of 4.1R protein in FcεRI-triggered activation was supported by in vivo experiments in which 4.1R-KO mice showed the normal presence of mast cells in the ears and peritoneum, but exhibited impaired passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The combined data indicate that the 4.1R protein functions as a positive regulator in the early activation events after FcεRI triggering in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Draberova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucie Potuckova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Monika Bambouskova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Narla Mohandas
- Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Rakhmanova V, Park S, Lee S, Kim YH, Shin J. 3-Benzyl-5-((2-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one suppresses FcεRI-mediated mast cell degranulation via the inhibition of mTORC2-Akt signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:72-76. [PMID: 31629474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells express high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on their surface, cross-linking of which leads to the immediate release of proinflammatory mediators such as histamine but also late-phase cytokine secretion, which are central to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Despite the growing evidences that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays important roles in the immune system, it is still unclear how mTOR signaling regulates mast cell function. In this study, we investigated the effects of 3-benzyl-5-((2-nitrophenoxy) methyl)-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (3BDO) as an mTOR agonist on FcεRI-mediated allergic responses of mast cells. Our data showed that administration of 3BDO decreased β-hexosaminidase, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release in murine bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) after FcεRI cross-linking, which was associated with an increase in mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling but a decrease in activation of Erk1/2, Jnk, and mTORC2-Akt. In addition, we found that a specific Akt agonist, SC79, is able to fully restore the decrease of β-hexosaminidase release in 3BDO-treated BMMCs but has no effect on IL-6 release in these cells, suggesting that 3BDO negatively regulates FcεRI-mediated degranulation and cytokine release through differential mechanisms in mast cells. The present data demonstrate that proper activation of mTORC1 is crucial for mast cell effector function, suggesting the applicability of the mTORC1 activator as a useful therapeutic agent in mast cell-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Rakhmanova
- Department of Microbiology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Sukyoung Park
- Department of Microbiology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Sungwook Lee
- Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, South Korea
| | - Young Hyo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Jinwook Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
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Increased Levels of Rictor Prevent Mutant Huntingtin-Induced Neuronal Degeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7728-7742. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Jones RG, Pearce EJ. MenTORing Immunity: mTOR Signaling in the Development and Function of Tissue-Resident Immune Cells. Immunity 2017; 46:730-742. [PMID: 28514674 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells must balance survival in peripheral tissues with the capacity to respond rapidly upon infection or tissue damage, and in turn couple these responses with intrinsic metabolic control and conditions in the tissue microenvironment. The serine/threonine kinase mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central integrator of extracellular and intracellular growth signals and cellular metabolism and plays important roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review discusses the function of mTOR signaling in the differentiation and function of tissue-resident immune cells, with focus on the role of mTOR as a metabolic sensor and its impact on metabolic regulation in innate and adaptive immune cells. We also discuss the impact of metabolic constraints in tissues on immune homeostasis and disease, and how manipulating mTOR activity with drugs such as rapamycin can modulate immunity in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell G Jones
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Hashemi S, Fernandez Martinez JL, Saligan L, Sonis S. Exploring Genetic Attributions Underlying Radiotherapy-Induced Fatigue in Prostate Cancer Patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2017; 54:326-339. [PMID: 28797855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite numerous proposed mechanisms, no definitive pathophysiology underlying radiotherapy-induced fatigue (RIF) has been established. However, the dysregulation of a set of 35 genes was recently validated to predict development of fatigue in prostate cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. OBJECTIVES To hypothesize novel pathways, and provide genetic targets for currently proposed pathways implicated in RIF development through analysis of the previously validated gene set. METHODS The gene set was analyzed for all phenotypic attributions implicated in the phenotype of fatigue. Initially, a "directed" approach was used by querying specific fatigue-related sub-phenotypes against all known phenotypic attributions of the gene set. Then, an "undirected" approach, reviewing the entirety of the literature referencing the 35 genes, was used to increase analysis sensitivity. RESULTS The dysregulated genes attribute to neural, immunological, mitochondrial, muscular, and metabolic pathways. In addition, certain genes suggest phenotypes not previously emphasized in the context of RIF, such as ionizing radiation sensitivity, DNA damage, and altered DNA repair frequency. Several genes also associated with prostate cancer depression, possibly emphasizing variable radiosensitivity by RIF-prone patients, which may have palliative care implications. Despite the relevant findings, many of the 35 RIF-predictive genes are poorly characterized, warranting their investigation. CONCLUSION The implications of herein presented RIF pathways are purely theoretical until specific end-point driven experiments are conducted in more congruent contexts. Nevertheless, the presented attributions are informative, directing future investigation to definitively elucidate RIF's pathoetiology. This study demonstrates an arguably comprehensive method of approaching known differential expression underlying a complex phenotype, to correlate feasible pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Hashemi
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Leorey Saligan
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Sonis
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Biomodels LLC, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Patel AB, Theoharides TC. Methoxyluteolin Inhibits Neuropeptide-stimulated Proinflammatory Mediator Release via mTOR Activation from Human Mast Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:462-471. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
The innate immune system is central for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and quickly responds to local or systemic perturbations by pathogenic or sterile insults. This rapid response must be metabolically supported to allow cell migration and proliferation and to enable efficient production of cytokines and lipid mediators. This Review focuses on the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in controlling and shaping the effector responses of innate immune cells. mTOR reconfigures cellular metabolism and regulates translation, cytokine responses, antigen presentation, macrophage polarization and cell migration. The mTOR network emerges as an integrative rheostat that couples cellular activation to the environmental and intracellular nutritional status to dictate and optimize the inflammatory response. A detailed understanding of how mTOR metabolically coordinates effector responses by myeloid cells will provide important insights into immunity in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weichhart
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Medical Genetics, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Medical Genetics, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Linke
- Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Medical Genetics, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Lu XF, Zhang SS. Role of mast cells in irritable bowel syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:2239-2244. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i14.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by high prevalence and recurrence rates, which contribute to the patient's poor quality of life and an economic burden to the society and family for substantial costs. Multiple factors (e.g., stress, infection, and food allergy) can induce IBS via the neuro-endocrine-immune system. Abdominal pain, a hallmark symptom of IBS, correlates with visceral hypersensitivity. In recent years, the immune-associated mechanism for IBS has received more and more attention. Mast cells (MCs) are important immune cells in the intestine. The changes in the number, degranulation and interaction of MCs with the nerve play an important role in the development of IBS. This paper reviews the association between mast cells and the onset of IBS.
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