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Le Page L, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. γδ T cells in artiodactyls: Focus on swine. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:104334. [PMID: 34919982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective medical strategy for disease prevention but there is a need to improve livestock vaccine efficacy. Understanding the structure of the immune system of swine, which are considered a γδ T cell "high" species, and thus, particularly how to engage their γδ T cells for immune responses, may allow for development of vaccine optimization strategies. The propensity of γδ T cells to home to specific tissues, secrete pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, exhibit memory or recall responses and even function as antigen-presenting cells for αβ T cells supports the concept that they have enormous potential for priming by next generation vaccine constructs to contribute to protective immunity. γδ T cells exhibit several innate-like antigen recognition properties including the ability to recognize antigen in the absence of presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules enabling γδ T cells to recognize an array of peptides but also non-peptide antigens in a T cell receptor-dependent manner. γδ T cell subpopulations in ruminants and swine can be distinguished based on differential expression of the hybrid co-receptor and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) known as workshop cluster 1 (WC1). Expression of various PRR and other innate-like immune receptors diversifies the antigen recognition potential of γδ T cells. Finally, γδ T cells in livestock are potent producers of critical master regulator cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17, whose production orchestrates downstream cytokine and chemokine production by other cells, thereby shaping the immune response as a whole. Our knowledge of the biology, receptor expression and response to infectious diseases by swine γδ T cells is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Le Page
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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2
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Defining the caprine γδ T cell WC1 multigenic array and evaluation of its expressed sequences and gene structure conservation among goat breeds and relative to cattle. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:347-365. [PMID: 35138437 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Workshop cluster 1 (WC1) molecules are part of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily and act as hybrid co-receptors for the γδ T cell receptor and as pattern recognition receptors for binding pathogens. These members of the CD163 gene family are expressed on γδ T cells in the blood of ruminants. While the presence of WC1+ γδ T cells in the blood of goats has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies, there was no information available about the goat WC1 gene family. The caprine WC1 multigenic array was characterized here for number, structure and expression of genes, and similarity to WC1 genes of cattle and among goat breeds. We found sequence for 17 complete WC1 genes and evidence for up to 30 SRCR a1 or d1 domains which represent distinct signature domains for individual genes. This suggests substantially more WC1 genes than in cattle. Moreover, goats had seven different WC1 gene structures of which 4 are unique to goats. Caprine WC1 genes also had multiple transcript splice variants of their intracytoplasmic domains that eliminated tyrosines shown previously to be important for signal transduction. The most distal WC1 SRCR a1 domains were highly conserved among goat breeds, but fewer were conserved between goats and cattle. Since goats have a greater number of WC1 genes and unique WC1 gene structures relative to cattle, goat WC1 molecules may have expanded functions. This finding may impact research on next-generation vaccines designed to stimulate γδ T cells.
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Damani-Yokota P, Zhang F, Gillespie A, Park H, Burnside A, Telfer JC, Baldwin CL. Transcriptional programming and gene regulation in WC1 + γδ T cell subpopulations. Mol Immunol 2021; 142:50-62. [PMID: 34959072 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells represent a high proportion of lymphocytes in the blood of ruminants with the majority expressing lineage-specific glycoproteins from the WC1 family. WC1 receptors are coded for by a multigenic array whose genes have variegated but stable expression among cells in the γδ T cell population. WC1 molecules function as hybrid pattern recognition receptors as well as co-receptors for the TCR and are required for responses by the cells. Because of the variegated gene expression, WC1+ γδ T cells can be divided into two main populations known as WC1.1+ and WC1.2+ based on monoclonal antibody reactivity with the expressed WC1 molecules. These subpopulations differ in their ability to respond to specific pathogens. Here, we showed these populations are established in the thymus and that WC1.1+ and WC1.2+ subpopulations have transcriptional programming that is consistent with stratification towards Tγδ1 or Tγδ17. WC1.1+ cells exhibited the Tγδ1 phenotype with greater transcription of Tbx21 and production of more IFNγ while the WC1.2+ subpopulation tended towards Tγδ17 programming producing higher levels of IL-17 and had greater transcription of Rorc. However, when activated both WC1+ subpopulations' cells transcribed Tbx21 and secreted IFNγ and IL-17 reflecting the complexity of these subpopulations defined by WC1 gene expression. The gene networks involved in development of these two subpopulations including expression of their archetypal genes wc1-3 (WC1.1+) and wc1-4 (WC1.2+) were unknown but we report that SOX-13, a γδ T cell fate-determining transcription factor, has differential occupancy on these WC1 gene loci and suggest a model for development of these subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Damani-Yokota
- Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Haeree Park
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Amy Burnside
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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Gillespie A, Gervasi MG, Sathiyaseelan T, Connelley T, Telfer JC, Baldwin CL. Gamma Delta TCR and the WC1 Co-Receptor Interactions in Response to Leptospira Using Imaging Flow Cytometry and STORM. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712123. [PMID: 34394114 PMCID: PMC8356672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The WC1 cell surface family of molecules function as hybrid gamma delta (γδ) TCR co-receptors, augmenting cellular responses when cross-linked with the TCR, and as pattern recognition receptors, binding pathogens. It is known that following activation, key tyrosines are phosphorylated in the intracytoplasmic domains of WC1 molecules and that the cells fail to respond when WC1 is knocked down or, as shown here, when physically separated from the TCR. Based on these results we hypothesized that the colocalization of WC1 and TCR will occur following cellular activation thereby allowing signaling to ensue. We evaluated the spatio-temporal dynamics of their interaction using imaging flow cytometry and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. We found that in quiescent γδ T cells both WC1 and TCR existed in separate and spatially stable protein domains (protein islands) but after activation using Leptospira, our model system, that they concatenated. The association between WC1 and TCR was close enough for fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Prior to concatenating with the WC1 co-receptor, γδ T cells had clustering of TCR-CD3 complexes and exclusion of CD45. γδ T cells may individually express more than one variant of the WC1 family of molecules and we found that individual WC1 variants are clustered in separate protein islands in quiescent cells. However, the islands containing different variants merged following cell activation and before merging with the TCR islands. While WC1 was previously shown to bind Leptospira in solution, here we showed that Leptospira bound WC1 proteins on the surface of γδ T cells and that this could be blocked by anti-WC1 antibodies. In conclusion, γδ TCR, WC1 and Leptospira interact directly on the γδ T cell surface, further supporting the role of WC1 in γδ T cell pathogen recognition and cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Maria Gracia Gervasi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.,Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.,Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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5
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Special features of γδ T cells in ruminants. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:161-169. [PMID: 33774521 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ruminant γδ T cells were discovered in the mid-1980's shortly after a novel T cell receptor (TCR) gene from murine cells was described in 1984 and the murine TCRγ gene locus in 1985. It was possible to identify γδ T cell populations early in ruminants because they represent a large proportion of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This null cell population, γδ T cells, was designated as such by its non-reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against ovine and bovine CD4, CD8 and surface immunoglobulin (Ig). γδ T cells are non-conventional T cells known as innate-like cells capable of using both TCR as well as other types of receptor systems including pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and natural killer receptors (NKR). Bovine γδ T cells have been shown to respond to stimulation through toll-like receptors, NOD, and NKG2D as well as to cytokines alone, protein and non-protein antigens through their TCR, and to pathogen-infected host cells. The two main populations of γδ T cells are distinguished by the presence or absence of the hybrid co-receptor/PRR known as WC1 or T19. These two populations not only differ by their proportional representation in various tissues and organs but also by their migration into inflamed tissues. The WC1+ cells are found in the blood, skin and spleen while the WC1- γδ T cells predominate in the gut, mammary gland and uterus. In ruminants, γδ T cells may produce IFNγ, IL-17, IL-10 and TGFβ, have cytotoxic activity and memory responses. The expression of particular WC1 family members controls the response to particular pathogens and correlates with differences in cytokine responses. The comparison of the WC1 gene families in cattle, sheep and goats is discussed relative to other multigenic arrays that differentiate γδ T cells by function in humans and mice.
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The WC1 γδ T cell pathogen receptor of ruminants is preserved in the genome of ancient extinct auroch. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:419-424. [PMID: 33712898 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The work reported here investigated the γδ T cell-specific cell surface receptor known as workshop cluster 1 (WC1) in the extinct Auroch and compared the gene sequences to those in modern cattle breeds. These molecules function as hybrid pattern recognition receptors (PRR), binders of microbial pathogens, and as signaling co-receptors of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), directing the immune responses by γδ T cell subsets. Sequences in the Auroch genome included both WC1.1 and WC1.2-like a-patterned scavenger receptor cytsteine-rich (SRCR) domains as well as the more conserved b, c, d, and e-patterned SRCR domains. While there was much sequence homology with bovine WC1 genes, there are also unique Auroch genes based on the signature a1 SRCR domain sequences that are used to identify individual WC1 genes. There was also conservation of genes coding for Type I and II intracytoplasmic endodomains although no evidence for gene sequences for Type III endodomains or the extracellular 6 SRCR domains that are associated with this endodomain. This particular WC1 molecule has been proposed to represent the most ancient WC1, and thus, it is particularly interesting that it is apparently missing in the Auroch genome although it could be due to incomplete sequencing. Overall, the results suggest that while WC1 genes have been preserved from Ancient Auroch to modern cattle, they may have co-evolved perhaps as a result of differing pathogen or environmental antigen exposure.
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Gillespie A, Yirsaw A, Kim S, Wilson K, McLaughlin J, Madigan M, Loonie K, Britton E, Zhang F, Damani-Yokota P, Gunasekaran KP, Telfer J, Baldwin CL. Gene characterization and expression of the γδ T cell co-receptor WC1 in sheep. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103911. [PMID: 33137393 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sheep are known to express the hybrid co-receptor/pattern recognition receptor WC1 on their γδ T cells but details of the ovine WC1 multigenic array and gene expression were unknown. Annotation of the sheep genome assembly (Oar_rambouillet_v1.0) yielded 15 complete and 42 partial WC1 genes predicted to code for six different protein structures. RT-PCR amplification of the most distal scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) domain known as a1, which serves as the gene signature, from genomic and cDNA templates verified the majority of annotated genes. As for cattle and goats, sheep a1 domain sequences included WC1.1 and WC1.2 types. A unique ovine gene, WC1-16, had multiple SRCR a-pattern domains in tandem similar to one found in goats. Intracytoplasmic domains of WC1 transcripts had splice variants that may affect signal transduction. The larger number of WC1 genes in sheep and differences in structures and splice variants relative to cattle could have implications in expression patterns and engagement of γδ T cells by pathogens or vaccine constructs.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cattle
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genome/genetics
- Goats
- Membrane Glycoproteins/classification
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sheep/genetics
- Sheep/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Al Yirsaw
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Sookyung Kim
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Katherine Wilson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Julie McLaughlin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Mackenzie Madigan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Kathleen Loonie
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Emily Britton
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Payal Damani-Yokota
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Karthick P Gunasekaran
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, 140 Governors Drive, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Janice Telfer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA.
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Gillespie A, Yirsaw A, Gunasekaran KP, Smith TP, Bickhart DM, Turley M, Connelley T, Telfer JC, Baldwin CL. Characterization of the domestic goat γδ T cell receptor gene loci and gene usage. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:187-201. [PMID: 33479855 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Goats and cattle diverged 30 million years ago but retain similarities in immune system genes. Here, the caprine T cell receptor (TCR) gene loci and transcription of its genes were examined and compared to cattle. We annotated the TCR loci using an improved genome assembly (ARS1) of a highly homozygous San Clemente goat. This assembly has already proven useful for describing other immune system genes including antibody and leucocyte receptors. Both the TCRγ (TRG) and TCRδ (TRD) loci were similarly organized in goats as in cattle and the gene sequences were highly conserved. However, the number of genes varied slightly as a result of duplications and differences occurred in mutations resulting in pseudogenes. WC1+ γδ T cells in cattle have been shown to use TCRγ genes from only one of the six available cassettes. The structure of that Cγ gene product is unique and may be necessary to interact with WC1 for signal transduction following antigen ligation. Using RT-PCR and PacBio sequencing, we observed the same restriction for goat WC1+ γδ T cells. In contrast, caprine WC1+ and WC1- γδ T cell populations had a diverse TCRδ gene usage although the propensity for particular gene usage differed between the two cell populations. Noncanonical recombination signal sequences (RSS) largely correlated with restricted expression of TCRγ and δ genes. Finally, caprine γδ T cells were found to incorporate multiple TRD diversity gene sequences in a single transcript, an unusual feature among mammals but also previously observed in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Gillespie
- Integrated Sciences Building, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Al Yirsaw
- Integrated Sciences Building, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Karthick P Gunasekaran
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 140 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Timothy P Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Derek M Bickhart
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael Turley
- Integrated Sciences Building, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | | | - Janice C Telfer
- Integrated Sciences Building, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Integrated Sciences Building, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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9
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Myeloid-like γδ T cell subset in the immune response to an experimental Rift Valley fever vaccine in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 233:110184. [PMID: 33454621 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a numerically significant subset of immune cells in ruminants, where they may comprise up to 70 % of all peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in young animals and 25 % in adults. These cells can be activated through traditional TCR-dependent mechanisms, or alternatively in a TCR-independent manner by pattern recognition receptors and have been shown to uptake antigen, as well as process and present it to αβ T cells. We have identified a novel CD11b+ subset of γδ T cells in normal sheep peripheral blood. An increase in the frequency of these cells in sheep peripheral blood in response to immunization with an experimental recombinant subunit Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine was observed. However, injection of the vaccine adjuvant ISA-25VG alone without the recombinant RVF virus antigens demonstrated the same effect, pointing to an antigen-independent innate immune function of CD11b+ γδ T cells in response to the adjuvant. In vitro studies showed repeatable increases of CD11b-, CD14-, CD86-, CD40-, CD72-, and IFNγ- expressing γδ T cells in PBMCs after 24 h of incubation in the absence of a mitogen. Moreover, the majority of these myeloid-like γδ T cells were demonstrated to process exogenous antigen even in the absence of mitogen. ConA activation increased CD25- and MHCII- expression in γδ T cells, but not the myeloid associated receptors CD14 or CD11b or co-stimulatory molecules such as CD86 and CD40. Considering the role of CD11b and CD14 in the activation of innate immunity, we hypothesize that this subpopulation of sheep γδ T cells may function as innate antigen presenting and pro-inflammatory cells during immune responses. The results presented here also suggest that stress molecules and/or damage-associated molecular patterns may be involved in triggering antigen presenting and pro-inflammatory functions of γδ T cells, given their appearance in vitro in the absence of specific stimulation. Taken together, these data suggest that the early appearance of γδ T cells following adjuvant administration and their possible role in early activation of αβ T cell subsets may non-specifically contribute to augmented innate immunity and may promote strong initiation of the adaptive immune response to vaccines in general.
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Antonacci R, Massari S, Linguiti G, Caputi Jambrenghi A, Giannico F, Lefranc MP, Ciccarese S. Evolution of the T-Cell Receptor (TR) Loci in the Adaptive Immune Response: The Tale of the TRG Locus in Mammals. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E624. [PMID: 32517024 PMCID: PMC7349638 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are the principal actors of vertebrates' cell-mediated immunity. Like B cells, they can recognize an unlimited number of foreign molecules through their antigen-specific heterodimer receptors (TRs), which consist of αβ or γδ chains. The diversity of the TRs is mainly due to the unique organization of the genes encoding the α, β, γ, and δ chains. For each chain, multi-gene families are arranged in a TR locus, and their expression is guaranteed by the somatic recombination process. A great plasticity of the gene organization within the TR loci exists among species. Marked structural differences affect the TR γ (TRG) locus. The recent sequencing of multiple whole genome provides an opportunity to examine the TR gene repertoire in a systematic and consistent fashion. In this review, we report the most recent findings on the genomic organization of TRG loci in mammalian species in order to show differences and similarities. The comparison revealed remarkable diversification of both the genomic organization and gene repertoire across species, but also unexpected evolutionary conservation, which highlights the important role of the T cells in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Antonacci
- Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Serafina Massari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Linguiti
- Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Anna Caputi Jambrenghi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.J.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesco Giannico
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.C.J.); (F.G.)
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, the International ImMunoGeneTics Information System, Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM, Institut de Génétique Humaine IGH, UMR9002 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34396 Montpellier, France;
| | - Salvatrice Ciccarese
- Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (S.C.)
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11
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Criado M, Benavides J, Vallejo R, Arteche N, Gutiérrez D, Ferreras MC, Pérez V, Espinosa J. Local assessment of WC1 + γδ T lymphocyte subset in the different types of lesions associated with bovine paratuberculosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101422. [PMID: 31982851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The local expression of WC1+ γδ T lymphocytes subset has been evaluated by immunohistochemical methods at the different types of lesions present in cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) and in non-infected control animals. Infected cattle were either in the latent/subclinical (focal lesions) or clinical (diffuse paucibacillary and multibacillary forms) stage of paratuberculosis. To assess the cell distribution, a differential cell count was carried out at the lamina propria, gut-associated lymphoid tissue and submucosa. A significant increase in the number of WC1+ γδ T cells was observed in all the infected animals, regardless of the type of lesion. Cows with focal lesions showed higher number of labeled cells than those with diffuse forms, where no differences were found between the two types. This increase in the number of positively immunolabelled lymphocytes in infected animals was seen in the lamina propria, with higher values in those with focal lesions. While in the lymphoid tissue no differences in the numbers were observed, in animals with focal lesions, WC1+ γδ T cells tended to be located at the periphery of the granulomas. These findings suggest a proinflammatory action of WC1+ γδ T lymphocytes in bovine paratuberculosis, which might play an important role in the containment of the Map-infection in the focal granulomas located in the lymphoid tissue, helping to prevent the progression toward diffuse forms responsible for the clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Criado
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Raquel Vallejo
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Noive Arteche
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - M Carmen Ferreras
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Instituto De Ganadería De Montaña (CSIC-Universidad De León), Facultad De Veterinaria, Campus De Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
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Baldwin CL, Yirsaw A, Gillespie A, Le Page L, Zhang F, Damani-Yokota P, Telfer JC. γδ T cells in livestock: Responses to pathogens and vaccine potential. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:119-128. [PMID: 31515956 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immediate objective of our research is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying activation and potentiation of the protective functional response of WC1+ γδ T cells to pathogens afflicting livestock species. The long-term goal is to incorporate stimulation of these cells into the next generation of vaccine constructs. γδ T cells have roles in the immune response to many infectious diseases including viral, bacterial, protozoan and worm infections, and their functional responses overlap with those of canonical αβ T cells, for example they produce cytokines including interferon-γ and IL-17. Stimulation of non-conventional lymphocytes including γδ T cells and αβ natural killer T (NKT) cells has been shown to contribute to protective immunity in mammals, bridging the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Because of their innate-like early response, understanding how to engage γδ T-cell responses has the potential to optimize strategies of those that aim to induce pro-inflammatory responses as discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alehegne Yirsaw
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren Le Page
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Fengqiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Payal Damani-Yokota
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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13
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Damani-Yokota P, Gillespie A, Pasman Y, Merico D, Connelley TK, Kaushik A, Baldwin CL. Bovine T cell receptors and γδ WC1 co-receptor transcriptome analysis during the first month of life. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 88:190-199. [PMID: 30048698 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we evaluated neonatal transcription of α, β, γ and δ TCR and the γδ T cell co-receptor family WC1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A previous report showed a rapid and global shift in transcription of immunoglobulin genes in neonatal calves during the first month after birth but this was not found here for the T cell genes. Transcription frequency of genes within TRAV subgroups correlated with the number of members, indicating a stochastic choice. In contrast, of the approximately 60 TRDV genes those in two of eleven TRDV1 clades and TRDVb3 were transcribed significantly more than the others while those in only one TRBV subgroup were. Transcription of genes in the TRGV5-containing cassette predominated among TRGV genes as a result of their exclusive usage by the WC1+ γδ T cells with a preference for transcription of two of four TRGV genes in that cassette. Finally, we report no large differences in transcription frequencies among the 13 WC1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Damani-Yokota
- Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Alexandria Gillespie
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yfke Pasman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Timothy K Connelley
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Azad Kaushik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Program in Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA; Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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14
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Elnaggar MM, Abdellrazeq GS, Dassanayake RP, Fry LM, Hulubei V, Davis WC. Characterization of αβ and γδ T cell subsets expressing IL-17A in ruminants and swine. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 85:115-124. [PMID: 29627456 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing program to expand immunological reagents available for research in cattle, we developed a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to bovine interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a multifunctional cytokine centrally involved in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Initial comparative studies demonstrated the mAb recognizes a conserved epitope expressed on orthologues of IL-17A in sheep, goats and pigs. Comparative flow cytometric analyses of lymphocyte subsets stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin revealed differences in expression of IL-17A by CD4, CD8, and γδ T cells across ruminants and swine species. Results in cattle showed the largest proportion of IL-17A+ cells were CD4+ followed by γδ and CD8+ T cells. Further analysis revealed the IL-17A+ γδ T cell subset was comprised of WC1.1+, WC1.2+, and WC1- subsets. Analysis of the IL-17A+ CD8+ T cell subset revealed it was comprised of αβ and γδ T cell subsets. Results in sheep and goats revealed IL-17A is expressed mainly by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with little expression by γδ T cells. Analysis of IL-17A+ CD8+ T cells showed the majority were CD8+ αβ in sheep, whereas they were CD8+ γδ in goats. The majority of the sheep and goat IL-17A+ γδ T cells were WC1+. Results obtained in swine showed expression of IL-17A by CD4, CD8, and γδ T cell subsets were similar to results reported in other studies. Comparison of expression of IL-17A with IFN-γ revealed subsets co-expressed IL-17A and IFN-γ in cattle, sheep, and goats. The new mAb expands opportunities for immunology research in ruminants and swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Rohana P Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, WA, USA; Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, WA, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, WA, USA
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Damani-Yokota P, Telfer JC, Baldwin CL. Variegated Transcription of the WC1 Hybrid PRR/Co-Receptor Genes by Individual γδ T Cells and Correlation With Pathogen Responsiveness. Front Immunol 2018; 9:717. [PMID: 29867919 PMCID: PMC5949365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells have broad reactivity and actively participate in protective immunity against tumors and infectious disease-causing organisms. In γδ-high species such as ruminants and other artiodactyls many γδ T cells bear the lineage-specific markers known as WC1. WC1 molecules are scavenger receptors coded for by a multigenic array and are closely related to SCART found on murine γδ T cells and CD163 found on a variety of cells. We have previously shown that WC1 molecules are hybrid pattern recognition receptors thereby binding pathogens as well as signaling co-receptors for the γδ T cell receptor. WC1+ γδ T cells can be divided into two major subpopulations differentiated by the WC1 genes they express and the pathogens to which they respond. Therefore, we hypothesize that optimal γδ T cell responses are contingent on pathogen binding to WC1 molecules, especially since we have shown that silencing WC1 results in an inability of γδ T cells from primed animals to respond to the pathogen Leptospira, a model system we have employed extensively. Despite this knowledge about the crucial role WC1 plays in γδ T cell biology, the pattern of WC1 gene expression by individual γδ T cells was not known but is critical to devise methods to engage γδ T cells for responses to specific pathogens. To address this gap, we generated 78 γδ T cell clones. qRT-PCR evaluation showed that approximately 75% of the clones had one to three WC1 genes transcribed but up to six per cell occurred. The co-transcription of WC1 genes by clones showed many combinations and some WC1 genes were transcribed by both subpopulations although there were differences in the overall pattern of WC1 genes transcription. Despite this overlap, Leptospira-responsive WC1+ memory γδ T cell clones were shown to have a significantly higher propensity to express WC1 molecules that are known to bind to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Damani-Yokota
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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16
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Baquero MM, Plattner BL. Bovine peripheral blood WC1 + and WC1 neg γδ T lymphocytes modulate monocyte-derived macrophage effector functions during in vitro Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Cell Immunol 2017; 315:34-44. [PMID: 28284486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The importance of bovine γδ T lymphocytes during anti-mycobacterial immunity is recognized; however, the role of major subsets of γδ T lymphocytes (WC1+ and WC1neg) in this process remains unclear. We investigated how WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocyte subsets of calves modulate monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) functions during Map infection in vitro. To achieve this, Map-infected or uninfected MDMs from young calves were co-cultured with autologous WC1+ or WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes. Our data indicate that WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes of young calves modulate effector functions of MDMs with respect to Map killing, CD11b and MHC-II expression. We observed differences in IFN-γ production and CD25 expression on γδ T lymphocyte subsets, as well as MDM expression of CD1b when in contact with WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Pathobiology/AHL Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Pathobiology/AHL Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Bonneville M, Chen ZW, Déchanet-Merville J, Eberl M, Fournié JJ, Jameson JM, Lopez RD, Massaia M, Silva-Santos B. Chicago 2014 – 30years of γδ T cells. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Bovine gamma delta T cells and the function of gamma delta T cell specific WC1 co-receptors. Cell Immunol 2015; 296:76-86. [PMID: 26008759 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The study of γδ T cells in ruminants dates to the discovery of the γδ TCR in humans and mice. It is important since cattle offer an alternative model to the mouse for evaluating the role of γδ T cells in zoonotic disease research and for control of disease reservoirs in non-human animals. In addition, maintaining the health of cattle and other members of the order Artiodactyla is critical to meet the global human need for animal-source protein. In this review, we examine the bovine γδ T cell responses to Mycobacteria, which infects a third of the human population, and bovine γ and δ TCR diversity and the relationship to the TCR of human mycobacteria-responsive γδ T cells. We review the utilization of the γδ T cell specific scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) glycoproteins known as WC1, and that are part of the CD163 family, which function as both γδ T cell activating co-receptors and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) for bovine γδ T cells and highlight the presence and evolution of this multigenic array, with potential for the same function, in birds, reptiles, jawless and bony fishes, and prototherian and eutherian mammals.
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Hsu H, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. The Endocytosis and Signaling of the γδ T Cell Coreceptor WC1 Are Regulated by a Dileucine Motif. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2399-406. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Hsu H, Chen C, Nenninger A, Holz L, Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. WC1 is a hybrid γδ TCR coreceptor and pattern recognition receptor for pathogenic bacteria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2280-8. [PMID: 25632007 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
WC1 proteins are uniquely expressed on γδ T cells and belong to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily. While present in variable, and sometimes high, numbers in the genomes of mammals and birds, in cattle there are 13 distinct genes (WC1-1 to WC1-13). All bovine WC1 proteins can serve as coreceptors for the TCR in a tyrosine phosphorylation dependent manner, and some are required for the γδ T cell response to Leptospira. We hypothesized that individual WC1 receptors encode Ag specificity via coligation of bacteria with the γδ TCR. SRCR domain binding was directly correlated with γδ T cell response, as WC1-3 SRCR domains from Leptospira-responsive cells, but not WC1-4 SRCR domains from Leptospira-nonresponsive cells, bound to multiple serovars of two Leptospira species, L. borgpetersenii, and L. interrogans. Three to five of eleven WC1-3 SRCR domains, but none of the eleven WC1-4 SRCR domains, interacted with Leptospira spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi, but not with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. Mutational analysis indicated that the active site for bacterial binding in one of the SRCR domains is composed of amino acids in three discontinuous regions. Recombinant WC1 SRCR domains with the ability to bind leptospires inhibited Leptospira growth. Our data suggest that WC1 gene arrays play a multifaceted role in the γδ T cell response to bacteria, including acting as hybrid pattern recognition receptors and TCR coreceptors, and they may function as antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoting Hsu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Ariel Nenninger
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and
| | - Lauren Holz
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and
| | - Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003; and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
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21
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Baldwin CL, Telfer JC. The bovine model for elucidating the role of γδ T cells in controlling infectious diseases of importance to cattle and humans. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:35-47. [PMID: 25547715 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There are several instances of co-investigation and related discoveries and achievements in bovine and human immunology; perhaps most interesting is the development of the BCG vaccine, the tuberculin skin test and the more recent interferon-gamma test that were developed first in cattle to prevent and diagnosis bovine tuberculosis and then applied to humans. There are also a number of immune-physiological traits that ruminant share with humans including the development of their immune systems in utero which increases the utility of cattle as a model for human immunology. These are reviewed here with a particular focus on the use of cattle to unravel γδ T cell biology. Based on the sheer number of γδ T cells in this γδ T cell high species, it is reasonable to expect γδ T cells to play an important role in protective immune responses. For that reason alone cattle may provide good models for elucidating at least some of the roles γδ T cells play in protective immunity in all species. This includes fundamental research on γδ T cells as well as the responses of ruminant γδ T cells to a variety of infectious disease situations including to protozoan and bacterial pathogens. The role that pattern recognition receptors (PRR) play in the activation of γδ T cells may be unique relative to αβ T cells. Here we focus on that of the γδ T cell specific family of molecules known as WC1 or T19 in ruminants, which are part of the CD163 scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) family that includes SCART1 and SCART2 expressed on murine γδ T cells. We review the evidence for WC1 being a PRR as well as an activating co-receptor and the role that γδ T cells bearing these receptors play in immunity to leptospirosis and tuberculosis. This includes the generation of memory responses to vaccines, thereby continuing the tradition of co-discovery between cattle and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Baldwin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, United States.
| | - Janice C Telfer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, United States.
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Herzig CTA, Mailloux VL, Baldwin CL. Spectratype analysis of the T cell receptor δ CDR3 region of bovine γδ T cells responding to leptospira. Immunogenetics 2014; 67:95-109. [PMID: 25502871 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gamma delta T cells comprise the majority of blood T cells in ruminants at birth and remain at high levels for several years with most expressing the WC1 co-receptor. A subpopulation of Bos taurus WC1(+) cells expressing a restricted set of WC1 molecules respond immediately by proliferation and interferon-γ production to leptospira following vaccination, preceding the response by CD4 T cells. Our goal is to define the γδ T cell recognition elements involved. Previously, we showed that the responding cells employed a variety of TRDV genes indicating that the CDR1 and CDR2 of TCRδ could vary and may not be principally involved in antigen specificity. Murine and human γδ T cells bind T22 and self lipids through their CDR3δ. Like mice, cattle use up to five TRDD genes in a single CDR3δ adding flexibility to length and configuration for antigen binding. Here, we used spectratyping to evaluate the CDR3δ of leptospira-responsive cells. Little or no compartmentalization of CDR3δ was found for antigen-responsive cells that incorporated TRDV1, TRDV2, or TRDV3 even though they comprise the majority of the leptospira-responding population. Compartmentalization occurred for TRDV4-containing transcripts and was maintained over time and among cattle. However, no common amino acid motif was apparent in those CDR3δ sequences, although a bias in D gene usage occurred. We hypothesize that the restricted set of WC1 co-receptors expressed by the responding cells may lend specificity to the response through their ability to bind bacteria facilitating interaction of various TCRs with bacterial components resulting in cross-linking and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn T A Herzig
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Integrated Sciences Building, 661 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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