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Dickerson LK, Carter JA, Kohli K, Pillarisetty VG. Emerging interleukin targets in the tumour microenvironment: implications for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumours. Gut 2023; 72:1592-1606. [PMID: 37258094 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of antitumour immunity is dependent on intricate cytokine networks. Interleukins (ILs) are important mediators of complex interactions within the tumour microenvironment, including regulation of tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation, migration and activation. Our evolving and increasingly nuanced understanding of the cell type-specific and heterogeneous effects of IL signalling has presented unique opportunities to fine-tune elaborate IL networks and engineer new targeted immunotherapeutics. In this review, we provide a primer for clinicians on the challenges and potential of IL-based treatment. We specifically detail the roles of IL-2, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-15 in shaping the tumour-immune landscape of gastrointestinal malignancies, paying particular attention to promising preclinical findings, early-stage clinical research and innovative therapeutic approaches that may properly place ILs to the forefront of immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason A Carter
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karan Kohli
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Flatiron Bio, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Venu G Pillarisetty
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Mullins DW, Burger CJ, Elgert KD. Paclitaxel Enhances Macrophage IL-12 Production in Tumor-Bearing Hosts Through Nitric Oxide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor-induced macrophages (Mφs) mediate immunosuppression, in part, through increased production of factors that suppress T cell responsiveness and underproduction of positive regulatory cytokines. Pretreatment of tumor-bearing host (TBH) Mφs with the anticancer agent paclitaxel (Taxol) partially reverses tumor-induced Mφ suppressor activity, suggesting that paclitaxel may restore TBH Mφ production of proimmune factors. Because paclitaxel demonstrates LPS-mimetic capabilities and increased production of the LPS-induced immunostimulatory cytokine IL-12 could account for enhanced T cell responsiveness, we investigated whether paclitaxel induces Mφ IL-12 production. Tumor growth significantly down-regulated Mφ IL-12 p70 production through selective dysregulation of IL-12 p40 expression. LPS stimulation failed to overcome tumor-induced dysregulation of p40 expression. In contrast, paclitaxel significantly enhanced both normal host and TBH Mφ IL-12 p70 production in vitro, although TBH Mφ IL-12 production was lower than that of similarly treated normal host Mφs. Paclitaxel enhanced p40 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Through reconstituted Mφ IL-12 expression, paclitaxel pretreatment relieved tumor-induced Mφ suppression of T cell alloreactivity. Blocking Mφ NO suppressed paclitaxel’s ability to induce IL-12 production. This suggests that paclitaxel-induced activities may involve a NO-mediated autocrine induction pathway. Collectively, these data demonstrate that paclitaxel restores IL-12 production in the TBH and ascribe a novel immunotherapeutic component to the pleiotropic activities of NO. Through its capacity to induce IL-12 production, paclitaxel may contribute to the correction of tumor-induced immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Mullins
- Department of Biology, Microbiology and Immunology Section, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Carol J. Burger
- Department of Biology, Microbiology and Immunology Section, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Klaus D. Elgert
- Department of Biology, Microbiology and Immunology Section, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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García VE, Uyemura K, Sieling PA, Ochoa MT, Morita CT, Okamura H, Kurimoto M, Rea TH, Modlin RL. IL-18 Promotes Type 1 Cytokine Production from NK Cells and T Cells in Human Intracellular Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.10.6114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the role of IL-18 in leprosy, a disease characterized by polar cytokine responses that correlate with clinical disease. In vivo, IL-18 mRNA expression was higher in lesions from resistant tuberculoid as compared with susceptible lepromatous patients, and, in vitro, monocytes produced IL-18 in response to Mycobacterium leprae. rIL-18 augmented M. leprae-induced IFN-γ in tuberculoid patients, but not lepromatous patients, while IL-4 production was not induced by IL-18. Anti-IL-12 partially inhibited M. leprae-induced release of IFN-γ in the presence of IL-18, suggesting a combined effect of IL-12 and IL-18 in promoting M. leprae-specific type 1 responses. IL-18 enhanced M. leprae-induced IFN-γ production rapidly (24 h) by NK cells and in a more sustained manner (5 days) by T cells. Finally, IL-18 directly induced IFN-γ production from mycobacteria-reactive T cell clones. These results suggest that IL-18 induces type 1 cytokine responses in the host defense against intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Craig T. Morita
- ‡Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Haruki Okamura
- §Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masashi Kurimoto
- ¶Fujisaki Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Labs, Fujisaki, Okayama, Japan; and
| | - Thomas H. Rea
- ∥Section of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- *Division of Dermatology and
- †Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Gollob JA, Schnipper CP, Murphy EA, Ritz J, Frank DA. The Functional Synergy Between IL-12 and IL-2 Involves p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Is Associated with the Augmentation of STAT Serine Phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IL-12 and IL-2 can stimulate mitogen- or CD3-activated T cells to proliferate, produce IFN-γ, and kill tumor cells. The magnitude of these functional responses is greatly augmented when T cells are activated by the combination of IL-12 and IL-2. Although peripheral blood T cells are largely unresponsive to these cytokines without prior activation, a small subset of CD8+ T cells (CD8+CD18bright) is strongly activated by the combination of IL-12 and IL-2. In this report we show that the functional synergy between IL-12 and IL-2 in CD8+CD18bright T cells correlates with the activation of the stress kinases, p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Jun N-terminal kinase, but not with the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases. The functional synergy between IL-2 and IL-12 is also associated with a prominent increase in STAT1 and STAT3 serine phosphorylation over that observed with IL-12 or IL-2 alone. By contrast, STAT tyrosine phosphorylation is not augmented over that seen with either cytokine alone. A specific inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase completely inhibits the serine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 induced by IL-12 and IL-2 and abrogates the functional synergy between IL-12 and IL-2 without affecting STAT tyrosine phosphorylation. This suggests that p38 MAP kinase may play an important role in regulating STAT serine phosphorylation in response to the combination of IL-12 and IL-2. Furthermore, these findings indicate that the optimal activation of T cells by IL-12 and IL-2 may depend on an interaction between the p38 MAP kinase and Janus kinase/STAT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A. Gollob
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Claudia P. Schnipper
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Erin A. Murphy
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David A. Frank
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Hoshino T, Winkler-Pickett RT, Mason AT, Ortaldo JR, Young HA. IL-13 Production by NK Cells: IL-13-Producing NK and T Cells Are Present In Vivo in the Absence of IFN-γ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that human NK cells, human NK clones, the human NK cell line (NK3.3), and a population of murine NK cells can produce the type 2 cytokine IL-13 in response to IL-2 or phorbol myristate acetate plus ionomycin. IL-2 rapidly induced new IL-13 mRNA and protein synthesis in the NK3.3 cell line. Six of 12 human NK clones tested produced IL-13 protein in response to IL-2 or phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. Intracellular analysis revealed that ∼2% of human peripheral NK cells produced IL-13 protein in response to IL-2. Isolated NK cells from SCID and RAG-2 knockout (−/−) mice that lack T and B cells as well as normal mice also can produce IL-13 mRNA and protein in response to IL-2. We hypothesized that in the absence of IFN-γ, IL-13-producing NK cells may predominate in vivo. Utilizing IFN-γ knockout (−/−) mice as a model system, IL-2-activated liver NK and T cells expressed 10-fold more IL-13 and IL-5 mRNA and protein than normal controls following IL-2 treatment in vitro. These results suggest that in the absence of IFN-γ, an IL-13- and IL-5-producing NK and T cells predominate in vivo. The existence of this cell type has important implications in innate immunity given that the balance between IFN-γ and IL-13/IL-5-producing NK cells may influence the early development of a cell-mediated or humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Hoshino
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Robin T. Winkler-Pickett
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Anna T. Mason
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - John R. Ortaldo
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Howard A. Young
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
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Dubois B, Massacrier C, Vanbervliet B, Fayette J, Brière F, Banchereau J, Caux C. Critical Role of IL-12 in Dendritic Cell-Induced Differentiation of Naive B Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are potent APCs initiating immune responses. In a previous report, we demonstrated that DC directly enhance both proliferation and differentiation of CD40-activated naive and memory B cells. The present study deciphers the molecular mechanisms involved in DC-dependent regulation of B cell responses. Herein, we have identified IL-12 as the mandatory molecule secreted by CD40-activated DC that promote the differentiation of naive B cells into plasma cells secreting high levels of IgM. In fact, IL-12 synergizes with soluble IL-6R α-chain (sgp80), produced by DC, to drive naive B cell differentiation. IL-12 is critical for the differentiation of naive B cells into IgM plasma cells, whereas IL-6R signaling mainly promotes Ig secretion by already differentiated B cells. The differentiation of naive B cells in cocultures of B cells, T cells, and DC is IL-12 dependent, definitely demonstrating that the role of DC in humoral responses is not confined to the activation of T cells and further extending the physiologic relevance of DC/B cell interaction. Finally, this study also identifies differential requirements for DC-dependent naive and memory B cell differentiation, the latter being IL-12 independent. Altogether these results indicate that, in addition to prime T cells toward Th1 development, DC, through the production of IL-12, may also directly signal naive B cell during the initiation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Dubois
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
| | | | | | - Jérome Fayette
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
| | - Francine Brière
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
| | - Christophe Caux
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering Plough, Dardilly, France
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