1
|
Heggi MT, Nour El-Din HT, Morsy DI, Abdelaziz NI, Attia AS. Microbial evasion of the complement system: a continuous and evolving story. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1281096. [PMID: 38239357 PMCID: PMC10794618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a fundamental part of the innate immune system that plays a key role in the battle of the human body against invading pathogens. Through its three pathways, represented by the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, the complement system forms a tightly regulated network of soluble proteins, membrane-expressed receptors, and regulators with versatile protective and killing mechanisms. However, ingenious pathogens have developed strategies over the years to protect themselves from this complex part of the immune system. This review briefly discusses the sequence of the complement activation pathways. Then, we present a comprehensive updated overview of how the major four pathogenic groups, namely, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, control, modulate, and block the complement attacks at different steps of the complement cascade. We shed more light on the ability of those pathogens to deploy more than one mechanism to tackle the complement system in their path to establish infection within the human host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam T. Heggi
- Clinical Pharmacy Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T. Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Syed I, Wooten RM. Interactions Between Pathogenic Burkholderia and the Complement System: A Review of Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:701362. [PMID: 34660335 PMCID: PMC8515183 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.701362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia contains over 80 different Gram-negative species including both plant and human pathogens, the latter of which can be classified into one of two groups: the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex (Bpc) or the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Bpc pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are highly virulent, and both have considerable potential for use as Tier 1 bioterrorism agents; thus there is great interest in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections. While Bcc pathogens Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia cepacia are not considered bioterror threats, the incredible impact these infections have on the cystic fibrosis community inspires a similar demand for vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections as well. Understanding how these pathogens interact with and evade the host immune system will help uncover novel therapeutic targets within these organisms. Given the important role of the complement system in the clearance of bacterial pathogens, this arm of the immune response must be efficiently evaded for successful infection to occur. In this review, we will introduce the Burkholderia species to be discussed, followed by a summary of the complement system and known mechanisms by which pathogens interact with this critical system to evade clearance within the host. We will conclude with a review of literature relating to the interactions between the herein discussed Burkholderia species and the host complement system, with the goal of highlighting areas in this field that warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irum Syed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Unraveling Haemophilus influenzae virulence mechanisms enable discovery of new targets for antimicrobials and vaccines. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 33:231-237. [PMID: 32304471 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The human upper respiratory tract is colonized with a variety of bacterial microorganisms including Haemophilus influenzae. The species H. influenzae consists of typeable and nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) variants. Typeable H. influenzae are subdivided into types a through f, based on the polysaccharide capsule, whereas the NTHi strains do not express a polysaccharide capsule. In this review, we highlight the current advances in the field of H. influenzae, with the focus on bacterial virulence mechanisms that facilitate bacterial colonization and disease, particularly for NTHi. RECENT FINDINGS In the past decade, it has become apparent that NTHi has the ability to cause invasive infections. Recently, a number of adhesins have been shown to be crucial for bacterial colonization and invasion and these proteins were investigated as vaccine antigens. Although NTHi lacks a polysaccharide capsule, it expresses lipooligosaccharide that contribute to adhesion and evasion of complement-mediated killing, both contributing to bacterial virulence, which could potentially be targeted by novel antimicrobial drugs or vaccines. SUMMARY The unraveling of H. influenzae virulence mechanisms resulted in the identification of promising targets for novel antimicrobials and vaccine antigens aiming to prevent or treat both typeable and nontypeable H. influenzae infections.
Collapse
|
4
|
Giannakou LE, Giannopoulos AS, Hatzoglou C, Gourgoulianis KI, Rouka E, Zarogiannis SG. Investigation and Functional Enrichment Analysis of the Human Host Interaction Network with Common Gram-Negative Respiratory Pathogens Predicts Possible Association with Lung Adenocarcinoma. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:20-33. [PMID: 35366267 PMCID: PMC8830454 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi), Moraxella catarrhalis (MorCa) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Psa) are three of the most common gram-negative bacteria responsible for human respiratory diseases. In this study, we aimed to identify, using the functional enrichment analysis (FEA), the human gene interaction network with the aforementioned bacteria in order to elucidate the full spectrum of induced pathogenicity. The Human Pathogen Interaction Database (HPIDB 3.0) was used to identify the human proteins that interact with the three pathogens. FEA was performed via the ToppFun tool of the ToppGene Suite and the GeneCodis database so as to identify enriched gene ontologies (GO) of biological processes (BP), cellular components (CC) and diseases. In total, 11 human proteins were found to interact with the bacterial pathogens. FEA of BP GOs revealed associations with mitochondrial membrane permeability relative to apoptotic pathways. FEA of CC GOs revealed associations with focal adhesion, cell junctions and exosomes. The most significantly enriched annotations in diseases and pathways were lung adenocarcinoma and cell cycle, respectively. Our results suggest that the Hi, MorCa and Psa pathogens could be related to the pathogenesis and/or progression of lung adenocarcinoma via the targeting of the epithelial cellular junctions and the subsequent deregulation of the cell adhesion and apoptotic pathways. These hypotheses should be experimentally validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia-Eirini Giannakou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (L.-E.G.); (A.-S.G.); (C.H.); (S.G.Z.)
| | - Athanasios-Stefanos Giannopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (L.-E.G.); (A.-S.G.); (C.H.); (S.G.Z.)
| | - Chrissi Hatzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (L.-E.G.); (A.-S.G.); (C.H.); (S.G.Z.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Erasmia Rouka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (L.-E.G.); (A.-S.G.); (C.H.); (S.G.Z.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (L.-E.G.); (A.-S.G.); (C.H.); (S.G.Z.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Syed I, Wooten RM. Interactions Between Pathogenic Burkholderia and the Complement System: A Review of Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34660335 DOI: 10.1086/69216810.3389/fcimb.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia contains over 80 different Gram-negative species including both plant and human pathogens, the latter of which can be classified into one of two groups: the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex (Bpc) or the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Bpc pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are highly virulent, and both have considerable potential for use as Tier 1 bioterrorism agents; thus there is great interest in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections. While Bcc pathogens Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia cepacia are not considered bioterror threats, the incredible impact these infections have on the cystic fibrosis community inspires a similar demand for vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections as well. Understanding how these pathogens interact with and evade the host immune system will help uncover novel therapeutic targets within these organisms. Given the important role of the complement system in the clearance of bacterial pathogens, this arm of the immune response must be efficiently evaded for successful infection to occur. In this review, we will introduce the Burkholderia species to be discussed, followed by a summary of the complement system and known mechanisms by which pathogens interact with this critical system to evade clearance within the host. We will conclude with a review of literature relating to the interactions between the herein discussed Burkholderia species and the host complement system, with the goal of highlighting areas in this field that warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irum Syed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - R Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Riesbeck K. Complement evasion by the human respiratory tract pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2586-2597. [PMID: 32053211 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All infective bacterial species need to conquer the innate immune system in order to colonize and survive in their hosts. The human respiratory pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are no exceptions and have developed sophisticated mechanisms to evade complement-mediated killing. Both bacterial species carry lipooligosaccharides preventing complement attacks and attract and utilize host complement regulators C4b binding protein and factor H to inhibit the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, respectively. In addition, the regulator of the terminal pathway of complement activation, vitronectin, is hijacked by both bacteria. An array of different outer membrane proteins (OMP) in H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis simultaneously binds complement regulators, but also plasminogen. Several of the bacterial complement-binding proteins are important adhesins and contain highly conserved regions for interactions with the host. Thus, some of the OMP are viable targets for new therapeutics, including vaccines aimed at preventing respiratory tract diseases such as otitis media in children and exacerbations in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singh B, Mostajeran M, Su YC, Al-Jubair T, Riesbeck K. Assays for Studying the Role of Vitronectin in Bacterial Adhesion and Serum Resistance. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394376 DOI: 10.3791/54653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria utilize complement regulators as a means of evading the host immune response. Here, we describe protocols for evaluating the role vitronectin acquisition at the bacterial cell surface plays in resistance to the host immune system. Flow cytometry experiments identified human plasma vitronectin as a ligand for the bacterial receptor outer membrane protein H of Haemophilus influenzae type f. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to characterize the protein-protein interactions between purified recombinant protein H and vitronectin, and binding affinity was assessed using bio-layer interferometry. The biological importance of the binding of vitronectin to protein H at the bacterial cell surface in evasion of the host immune response was confirmed using a serum resistance assay with normal and vitronectin-depleted human serum. The importance of vitronectin in bacterial adherence was analyzed using glass slides with and without vitronectin coating, followed by Gram staining. Finally, bacterial adhesion to human alveolar epithelial cell monolayers was investigated. The protocols described here can be easily adapted to the study of any bacterial species of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Singh
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University; Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University
| | - Maryam Mostajeran
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University
| | - Tamim Al-Jubair
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hovingh ES, van den Broek B, Jongerius I. Hijacking Complement Regulatory Proteins for Bacterial Immune Evasion. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2004. [PMID: 28066340 PMCID: PMC5167704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human complement system plays an important role in the defense against invading pathogens, inflammation and homeostasis. Invading microbes, such as bacteria, directly activate the complement system resulting in the formation of chemoattractants and in effective labeling of the bacteria for phagocytosis. In addition, formation of the membrane attack complex is responsible for direct killing of Gram-negative bacteria. In turn, bacteria have evolved several ways to evade complement activation on their surface in order to be able to colonize and invade the human host. One important mechanism of bacterial escape is attraction of complement regulatory proteins to the microbial surface. These molecules are present in the human body for tight regulation of the complement system to prevent damage to host self-surfaces. Therefore, recruitment of complement regulatory proteins to the bacterial surface results in decreased complement activation on the microbial surface which favors bacterial survival. This review will discuss recent advances in understanding the binding of complement regulatory proteins to the bacterial surface at the molecular level. This includes, new insights that have become available concerning specific conserved motives on complement regulatory proteins that are favorable for microbial binding. Finally, complement evasion molecules are of high importance for vaccine development due to their dominant role in bacterial survival, high immunogenicity and homology as well as their presence on the bacterial surface. Here, the use of complement evasion molecules for vaccine development will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise S. Hovingh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Bryan van den Broek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthoven, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Duell BL, Su YC, Riesbeck K. Host-pathogen interactions of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: from commensal to pathogen. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3840-3853. [PMID: 27508518 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a commensal microbe often isolated from the upper and lower respiratory tract. This bacterial species can cause sinusitis, acute otitis media in preschool children, exacerbations in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as conjunctivitis and bacteremia. Since the introduction of a vaccine against H. influenzae serotype b in the 1990s, the burden of H. influenzae-related infections has been increasingly dominated by NTHi. Understanding the ability of NTHi to cause infection is currently an expanding area of study. NTHi is able to exert differential binding to the host tissue through the use of a broad range of adhesins. NTHi survival in the host is multifaceted, that is, using virulence factors involved in complement resistance, biofilm, modified immunoglobulin responses, and, finally, formation and utilization of host proteins as a secondary strategy of increasing the adhesive ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Luke Duell
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Richter C, Mukherjee O, Ermert D, Singh B, Su YC, Agarwal V, Blom AM, Riesbeck K. Moonlighting of Helicobacter pylori catalase protects against complement-mediated killing by utilising the host molecule vitronectin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24391. [PMID: 27087644 PMCID: PMC4834553 DOI: 10.1038/srep24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen and a common cause of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Despite H. pylori provoking strong innate and adaptive immune responses, the bacterium is able to successfully establish long-term infections. Vitronectin (Vn), a component of both the extracellular matrix and plasma, is involved in many physiological processes, including regulation of the complement system. The aim of this study was to define a receptor in H. pylori that binds Vn and determine the significance of the interaction for virulence. Surprisingly, by using proteomics, we found that the hydrogen peroxide-neutralizing enzyme catalase KatA is a major Vn-binding protein. Deletion of the katA gene in three different strains resulted in impaired binding of Vn. Recombinant KatA was generated and shown to bind with high affinity to a region between heparin-binding domain 2 and 3 of Vn that differs from previously characterised bacterial binding sites on the molecule. In terms of function, KatA protected H. pylori from complement-mediated killing in a Vn-dependent manner. Taken together, the virulence factor KatA is a Vn-binding protein that moonlights on the surface of H. pylori to promote bacterial evasion of host innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Richter
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - David Ermert
- Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Birendra Singh
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Agarwal
- Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna M. Blom
- Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|