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Cooper CG, Kafetzis KN, Patabendige A, Tagalakis AD. Blood-brain barrier disruption in dementia: Nano-solutions as new treatment options. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1359-1385. [PMID: 38154805 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Candidate drugs targeting the central nervous system (CNS) demonstrate extremely low clinical success rates, with more than 98% of potential treatments being discontinued due to poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Neurological conditions were shown to be the second leading cause of death globally in 2016, with the number of people currently affected by neurological disorders increasing rapidly. This increasing trend, along with an inability to develop BBB permeating drugs, is presenting a major hurdle in the treatment of CNS-related disorders, like dementia. To overcome this, it is necessary to understand the structure and function of the BBB, including the transport of molecules across its interface in both healthy and pathological conditions. The use of CNS drug carriers is rapidly gaining popularity in CNS research due to their ability to target BBB transport systems. Further research and development of drug delivery vehicles could provide essential information that can be used to develop novel treatments for neurological conditions. This review discusses the BBB and its transport systems and evaluates the potential of using nanoparticle-based delivery systems as drug carriers for CNS disease with a focus on dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adjanie Patabendige
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aristides D Tagalakis
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Boykins RA, Mahieux R, Shankavaram UT, Gho YS, Lee SF, Hewlett IK, Wahl LM, Kleinman HK, Brady JN, Yamada KM, Dhawan S. Cutting Edge: A Short Polypeptide Domain of HIV-1-Tat Protein Mediates Pathogenesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
HIV-1 encodes the transactivating protein Tat, which is essential for virus replication and progression of HIV disease. However, Tat has multiple domains, and consequently the molecular mechanisms by which it acts remain unclear. In this report, we provide evidence that cellular activation by Tat involves a short core domain, Tat21–40, containing only 20 aa including seven cysteine residues highly conserved in most HIV-1 subtypes. Effective induction by Tat21–40 of both NF-κB-mediated HIV replication and TAR-dependent transactivation of HIV-long terminal repeat indicates that this short sequence is sufficient to promote HIV infection. Moreover, Tat21–40 possesses potent angiogenic activity, further underscoring its role in HIV pathogenesis. These data provide the first demonstration that a 20-residue core domain sequence of Tat is sufficient to transactivate, induce HIV replication, and trigger angiogenesis. This short peptide sequence provides a potential novel therapeutic target for disrupting the functions of Tat and inhibiting progression of HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- ‡Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | | | - Yong Song Gho
- ¶Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sherwin F. Lee
- †Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Indira K. Hewlett
- †Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Hynda K. Kleinman
- ¶Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John N. Brady
- ‡Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Kenneth M. Yamada
- ¶Craniofacial Developmental Biology and Regeneration Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Subhash Dhawan
- †Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Green DM, Trial J, Birdsall HH. TNF-α Released by Comigrating Monocytes Promotes Transendothelial Migration of Activated Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated mechanisms that increase motility and transendothelial trafficking of activated lymphocytes. Freshly isolated lymphocytes stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3 for 2 h migrate into polymerized collagen in 1.99 ± 0.25-fold greater numbers and across confluent endothelial monolayers in 4.8 ± 0.5-fold greater numbers compared with leukocytes incubated with nonspecific IgG. Activated lymphocytes form clusters with monocytes, and their increased motility was dependent on the presence of comigrating monocytes. Five lines of evidence support the idea that monocytes modulate lymphocyte motility through the release of TNF-α: 1) flow-cytometric analyses, using highly specific and avid mAbs to probe permeabilized whole blood leukocytes, showed that >80% of circulating monocytes contain intracellular TNF-α, whereas <5% contain IL-1 and none contain IL-6; 2) stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 that was intended to activate lymphocytes also induced monocytes to release increased quantities of TNF-α; 3) rTNF-α, added in doses of 1 to 20 pg/ml to purified anti-CD3-stimulated lymphocytes, reproduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the motility-enhancing effect of adding monocytes; 4) the transient increase in the expression of TNF R-I on CD3-activated T lymphocytes parallels their transiently increased motility; and 5) addition of anti-TNF-α, anti-TNF R-I, anti-TNF R-II, or soluble TNF R-I decreased the motility of stimulated lymphocytes. These results suggest that T lymphocyte stimulation via the CD3-TCR complex signals nearby monocytes to release TNF-α, which feeds back on the lymphocytes to increase their locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JoAnn Trial
- *Medicine, and
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology,
| | - Holly H. Birdsall
- †Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Research Center for AIDS and HIV Infections, Immunology Research Laboratory at Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology,
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