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Klemm S, Freidank-Pohl C, Bauer L, Mantouvalou I, Simon U, Fleck C. Hierarchical structure and chemical composition of complementary segments of the fruiting bodies of Fomes fomentarius fungi fine-tune the compressive properties. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304614. [PMID: 38870218 PMCID: PMC11175439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Humanity is often fascinated by structures and materials developed by Nature. While structural materials such as wood have been widely studied, the structural and mechanical properties of fungi are still largely unknown. One of the structurally interesting fungi is the polypore Fomes fomentarius. The present study deals with the investigation of the light but robust fruiting body of F. fomentarius. The four segments of the fruiting body (crust, trama, hymenium, and mycelial core) were examined. The comprehensive analysis included structural, chemical, and mechanical characterization with particular attention to cell wall composition, such as chitin/chitosan and glucan content, degree of deacetylation, and distribution of trace elements. The hymenium exhibited the best mechanical properties even though having the highest porosity. Our results suggest that this outstanding strength is due to the high proportion of skeletal hyphae and the highest chitin/chitosan content in the cell wall, next to its honeycomb structure. In addition, an increased calcium content was found in the hymenium and crust, and the presence of calcium oxalate crystals was confirmed by SEM-EDX. Interestingly, layers with different densities as well as layers of varying calcium and potassium depletion were found in the crust. Our results show the importance of considering the different structural and compositional characteristics of the segments when developing fungal-inspired materials and products. Moreover, the porous yet robust structure of hymenium is a promising blueprint for the development of advanced smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Klemm
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Fachgebiet Werkstofftechnik/Chair of Materials Science & Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Freidank-Pohl
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leona Bauer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty II Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BLiX, Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Analytical X-ray physics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioanna Mantouvalou
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty II Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BLiX, Institute for Optics and Atomic Physics, Analytical X-ray physics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulla Simon
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Fleck
- Technische Universität Berlin, Faculty III Process Sciences, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Fachgebiet Werkstofftechnik/Chair of Materials Science & Engineering, Berlin, Germany
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Dallaporta B, Marchetti P, de Pablo MA, Maisse C, Duc HT, Métivier D, Zamzami N, Geuskens M, Kroemer G. Plasma Membrane Potential in Thymocyte Apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Apoptosis is accompanied by major changes in ion compartmentalization and transmembrane potentials. Thymocyte apoptosis is characterized by an early dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, with transient mitochondrial swelling and a subsequent loss of plasma membrane potential (ΔΨp) related to the loss of cytosolic K+, cellular shrinkage, and DNA fragmentation. Thus, a gross perturbation of ΔΨp occurs at the postmitochondrial stage of apoptosis. Unexpectedly, we found that blockade of plasma membrane K+ channels by tetrapentylammonium (TPA), which leads to a ΔΨp collapse, can prevent the thymocyte apoptosis induced by exposure to the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone, the topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide, γ-irradiation, or ceramide. The TPA-mediated protective effect extends to all features of apoptosis, including dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, loss of cytosolic K+, phosphatidylserine exposure on the cell surface, chromatin condensation, as well as caspase and endonuclease activation. In strict contrast, TPA is an ineffective inhibitor when cell death is induced by the potassium ionophore valinomycin, the specific mitochondrial benzodiazepine ligand PK11195, or by primary caspase activation by Fas/CD95 cross-linking. These results underline the importance of K+ channels for the regulation of some but not all pathways leading to thymocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Dallaporta
- *Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 420, Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Marchetti
- *Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 420, Villejuif, France
- †Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 459, Lille, France
| | - Manuel A. de Pablo
- *Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 420, Villejuif, France
| | - Carine Maisse
- *Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 420, Villejuif, France
| | - Huynh-Thien Duc
- ‡Centre Hépatobiliaire de l’Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; and
| | - Didier Métivier
- *Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 420, Villejuif, France
| | - Naoufal Zamzami
- *Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 420, Villejuif, France
| | - Maurice Geuskens
- §Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rhode-Saint-Genèse, Belgium
| | - Guido Kroemer
- *Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 420, Villejuif, France
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