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Kaviany S, Bartkowiak T, Dulek DE, Khan YW, Hayes MJ, Schaefer SG, Ye X, Dahunsi DO, Connelly JA, Irish JM, Rathmell JC. Systems Immunology Analyses of STAT1 Gain-of-Function Immune Phenotypes Reveal Heterogeneous Response to IL-6 and Broad Immunometabolic Roles for STAT1. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:447-464. [PMID: 35840326 PMCID: PMC9623573 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) pathogenic variants have enhanced or prolonged STAT1 phosphorylation following cytokine stimulation and exhibit increased yet heterogeneous susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity, and cancer. Although disease phenotypes are diverse and other genetic factors contribute, how STAT1 GOF affects cytokine sensitivity and cell biology remains poorly defined. In this study, we analyzed the immune and immunometabolic profiles of two patients with known pathogenic heterozygous STAT1 GOF mutation variants. A systems immunology approach of peripheral blood cells from these patients revealed major changes in multiple immune cell compartments relative to healthy adult and pediatric donors. Although many phenotypes of STAT1 GOF donors were shared, including increased Th1 cells but decreased class-switched B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell populations, others were heterogeneous. Mechanistically, hypersensitivity for cytokine-induced STAT1 phosphorylation in memory T cell populations was particularly evident in response to IL-6 in one STAT1 GOF patient. Immune cell metabolism directly influences cell function, and the STAT1 GOF patients shared an immunometabolic phenotype of heightened glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1a) expression across multiple immune cell lineages. Interestingly, the metabolic phenotypes of the pediatric STAT1 GOF donors more closely resembled or exceeded those of healthy adult than healthy age-similar pediatric donors, which had low expression of these metabolic markers. These results define new features of STAT1 GOF patients, including a differential hypersensitivity for IL-6 and a shared increase in markers of metabolism in many immune cell types that suggests a role for STAT1 in metabolic regulation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Kaviany
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Todd Bartkowiak
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Daniel E Dulek
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yasmin W Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Madeline J Hayes
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Samuel G Schaefer
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Debolanle O Dahunsi
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - James A Connelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; and
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Human Immunology Discovery Initiative of the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; .,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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2
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Shive C, Pandiyan P. Inflammation, Immune Senescence, and Dysregulated Immune Regulation in the Elderly. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:840827. [PMID: 35821823 PMCID: PMC9261323 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.840827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An optimal immune response requires the appropriate interaction between the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system as well as a proper balance of activation and regulation. After decades of life, the aging immune system is continuously exposed to immune stressors and inflammatory assaults that lead to immune senescence. In this review, we will discuss inflammaging in the elderly, specifically concentrating on IL-6 and IL-1b in the context of T lymphocytes, and how inflammation is related to mortality and morbidities, specifically cardiovascular disease and cancer. Although a number of studies suggests that the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-b is elevated in the elderly, heightened inflammation persists. Thus, the regulation of the immune response and the ability to return the immune system to homeostasis is also important. Therefore, we will discuss cellular alterations in aging, concentrating on senescent T cells and CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in aging
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey Shive
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Pushpa Pandiyan
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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3
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Chen K, Wu X, Wang Q, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhao S, Li C, Hu Z, Yang Z, Li L. The protective effects of a D-tetra-peptide hydrogel adjuvant vaccine against H7N9 influenza virus in mice. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Pritzl CJ, Daniels MA, Teixeiro E. Interplay of Inflammatory, Antigen and Tissue-Derived Signals in the Development of Resident CD8 Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636240. [PMID: 34234771 PMCID: PMC8255970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 positive, tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) are a specialized subset of CD8 memory T cells that surveil tissues and provide critical first-line protection against tumors and pathogen re-infection. Recently, much effort has been dedicated to understanding the function, phenotype and development of TRM. A myriad of signals is involved in the development and maintenance of resident memory T cells in tissue. Much of the initial research focused on the roles tissue-derived signals play in the development of TRM, including TGFß and IL-33 which are critical for the upregulation of CD69 and CD103. However, more recent data suggest further roles for antigenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review will focus on the interplay of pro-inflammatory, tissue and antigenic signals in the establishment of resident memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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5
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Xia J, Kuang Y, Liang J, Jones M, Swain SL. Influenza Vaccine-Induced CD4 Effectors Require Antigen Recognition at an Effector Checkpoint to Generate CD4 Lung Memory and Antibody Production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:2077-2090. [PMID: 32929040 PMCID: PMC8525320 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we discovered that influenza-generated CD4 effectors must recognize cognate Ag at a defined effector checkpoint to become memory cells. Ag recognition was also required for efficient protection against lethal influenza infection. To extend these findings, we investigated if vaccine-generated effectors would have the same requirement. We compared live infection with influenza to an inactivated whole influenza vaccine. Live infection provided strong, long-lasting Ag presentation that persisted through the effector phase. It stimulated effector generation, long-lived CD4 memory generation, and robust generation of Ab-producing B cells. In contrast, immunization with an inactivated virus vaccine, even when enhanced by additional Ag-pulsed APC, presented Ag for 3 d or less and generated few CD4 memory cells or long-lived Ab-producing B cells. To test if checkpoint Ag addition would enhance this vaccine response, we immunized mice with inactivated vaccine and injected Ag-pulsed activated APC at the predicted effector checkpoint to provide Ag presentation to the effector CD4 T cells. This enhanced generation of CD4 memory, especially tissue-resident memory in the lung, long-lived bone marrow Ab-secreting cells, and influenza-specific IgG Ab. All responses increased as we increased the density of peptide Ag on the APC to high levels. This suggests that CD4 effectors induced by inactivated vaccine require high levels of cognate Ag recognition at the effector checkpoint to most efficiently become memory cells. Thus, we suggest that nonlive vaccines will need to provide high levels of Ag recognition throughout the effector checkpoint to optimize CD4 memory generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Xia
- Department of Pathology, 368 Plantation Ave, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Pathology, 368 Plantation Ave, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655,Merck Exploratory Science Center, Cambridge, MA 02141
| | - Jialing Liang
- Department of Pathology, 368 Plantation Ave, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Michael Jones
- Department of Pathology, 368 Plantation Ave, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Susan L. Swain
- Department of Pathology, 368 Plantation Ave, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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6
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Zhou C, Zhang N, He TT, Wang Y, Wang LF, Sun YQ, Jing J, Zhang JJ, Fu SN, Wang X, Liang XX, Li X, Gong M, Li J. High levels of serum interleukin-6 increase mortality of hepatitis B virus-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4479-4488. [PMID: 32874059 PMCID: PMC7438191 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i30.4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hepatitis B virus-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) present a complex and poor prognosis. Systemic inflammation plays an important role in its pathogenesis, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a pro-inflammatory cytokine is related with severe liver impairment and also plays a role in promoting liver regeneration. Whether serum IL-6 influences HBV-ACLF prognosis has not been studied.
AIM To determine the impact of serum IL-6 on outcome of patients with HBV-ACLF.
METHODS We performed a retrospective study of 412 HBV-ACLF patients. The findings were analyzed with regard to mortality and the serum IL-6 level at baseline, as well as dynamic changes of serum IL-6 within 4 wk.
RESULTS The serum IL-6 level was associated with mortality. Within 4 wk, deceased patients had significantly higher levels of IL-6 at baseline than surviving patients [17.9 (7.3-57.6) vs 10.4 (4.7-22.3), P = 0.011]. Patients with high IL-6 levels (> 11.8 pg/mL) had a higher mortality within 4 wk than those with low IL-6 levels (≤ 11.8 pg/mL) (24.2% vs 13.2%, P = 0.004). The odds ratios calculated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression were 2.10 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26-3.51, P = 0.005) and 2.11 (95%CI: 1.15-3.90, P = 0.017), respectively. The mortality between weeks 5 and 8 in patients with high IL-6 levels at 4 wk was 15.0%, which was significantly higher than the 6.6% mortality rate in patients with low IL-6 levels at 4 wk (hazard ratio = 2.39, 95%CI: 1.05-5.41, P = 0.037). The mortality was 5.0% in patients with high IL-6 levels at baseline and low IL-6 levels at 4 wk, 7.5% in patients with low IL-6 levels both at baseline and at 4 wk, 11.5% in patients with low IL-6 levels at baseline and high IL-6 levels at 4 wk, and 16.7% in patients with high IL-6 levels both at baseline and at 4 wk. The increasing trend of the mortality rate with the dynamic changes of IL-6 was significant (P for trend = 0.023).
CONCLUSION A high level of serum IL-6 is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with HBV-ACLF. Furthermore, a sustained high level or dynamic elevated level of serum IL-6 indicates a higher mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Li-Fu Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shuang-Nan Fu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Liang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Man Gong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
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7
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T-bet optimizes CD4 T-cell responses against influenza through CXCR3-dependent lung trafficking but not functional programming. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1220-1230. [PMID: 31278374 PMCID: PMC6717559 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although clearance of many intracellular pathogens requires T-bet-dependent CD4 T cell programming, the extent to which T-bet is needed to direct protective CD4 responses against influenza is not known. Here, we characterize wild-type and T-bet-deficient CD4 cells during murine influenza infection. Surprisingly, although T-bet expression has broad impacts on cytokine production by virus-specific CD4 cells, the protective efficacy of T-bet-deficient effector cells is only marginally reduced. This reduction is due to lower CXCR3 expression, leading to suboptimal accumulation of activated T-bet-deficient cells in the infected lung. However, T-bet-deficient cells outcompete wild-type cells to form lung-resident and circulating memory populations following viral clearance, and primed T-bet-deficient mice efficiently clear supralethal heterosubtypic influenza challenges even when depleted of CD8 T cells. These results are relevant to the identification of more incisive correlates of protective T cells and for vaccines that aim to induce durable cellular immunity against influenza.
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8
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McKinstry KK, Alam F, Flores-Malavet V, Nagy MZ, Sell S, Cooper AM, Swain SL, Strutt TM. Memory CD4 T cell-derived IL-2 synergizes with viral infection to exacerbate lung inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007989. [PMID: 31412088 PMCID: PMC6693742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the most penetrating correlates of protective memory T cells is key for designing improved vaccines and T cell therapies. Here, we evaluate how interleukin (IL-2) production by memory CD4 T cells, a widely held indicator of their protective potential, impacts immune responses against murine influenza A virus (IAV). Unexpectedly, we show that IL-2-deficient memory CD4 T cells are more effective on a per cell basis at combating IAV than wild-type memory cells that produce IL-2. Improved outcomes orchestrated by IL-2-deficient cells include reduced weight loss and improved respiratory function that correlate with reduced levels of a broad array of inflammatory factors in the infected lung. Blocking CD70-CD27 signals to reduce CD4 T cell IL-2 production tempers the inflammation induced by wild-type memory CD4 T cells and improves the outcome of IAV infection in vaccinated mice. Finally, we show that IL-2 administration drives rapid and extremely potent lung inflammation involving NK cells, which can synergize with sublethal IAV infection to promote acute death. These results suggest that IL-2 production is not necessarily an indicator of protective CD4 T cells, and that the lung environment is particularly sensitive to IL-2-induced inflammation during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kai McKinstry
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fahmida Alam
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Valeria Flores-Malavet
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mate Z. Nagy
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Stewart Sell
- Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Cooper
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tara M. Strutt
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Activation of naïve CD4 + T cells re-tunes STAT1 signaling to deliver unique cytokine responses in memory CD4 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:458-470. [PMID: 30890796 PMCID: PMC7610646 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-6 controls the survival, proliferation and effector characteristics of lymphocytes through activation of the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT3. While STAT3 activity is an ever-present feature of IL-6 signaling in CD4+ T cells, prior T-cell receptor activation limits the IL-6 control of STAT1 in effector and memory populations. Here we show that STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IL-6 was regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPN2, PTPN22) expressed in response to the activation of naïve CD4+ T cells. Transcriptomic and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing of IL-6 responses in naïve and effector memory CD4+ T cells showed how the suppression of STAT1 activation shaped the functional identity and effector characteristics of memory CD4+ T cells. Thus, protein tyrosine phosphatases induced by activation of naïve T cells determined the way activated or memory CD4+ T cells sensed and interpreted cytokine signals.
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10
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Abstract
Pneumonia is a type of acute lower respiratory infection that is common and severe. The outcome of lower respiratory infection is determined by the degrees to which immunity is protective and inflammation is damaging. Intercellular and interorgan signaling networks coordinate these actions to fight infection and protect the tissue. Cells residing in the lung initiate and steer these responses, with additional immunity effectors recruited from the bloodstream. Responses of extrapulmonary tissues, including the liver, bone marrow, and others, are essential to resistance and resilience. Responses in the lung and extrapulmonary organs can also be counterproductive and drive acute and chronic comorbidities after respiratory infection. This review discusses cell-specific and organ-specific roles in the integrated physiological response to acute lung infection, and the mechanisms by which intercellular and interorgan signaling contribute to host defense and healthy respiratory physiology or to acute lung injury, chronic pulmonary disease, and adverse extrapulmonary sequelae. Pneumonia should no longer be perceived as simply an acute infection of the lung. Pneumonia susceptibility reflects ongoing and poorly understood chronic conditions, and pneumonia results in diverse and often persistent deleterious consequences for multiple physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Quinton
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allan J Walkey
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph P Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Li B, Jones LL, Geiger TL. IL-6 Promotes T Cell Proliferation and Expansion under Inflammatory Conditions in Association with Low-Level RORγt Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2934-2946. [PMID: 30315140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a critical driver of acute and chronic inflammation and has been reported to act as a T cell survival factor. The influence of IL-6 on T cell homeostasis is not well resolved. We demonstrate that IL-6 signaling drives T cell expansion under inflammatory conditions but not during normal homeostasis. During inflammation, IL-6Rα-deficient T cells are unable to effectively compete with wild type T cells. IL-6 promotes T cell proliferation, and this is associated with low-level expression of the RORγt transcription factor. T cells upregulate Rorc mRNA at levels substantially diminished from that seen in Th17 cells. Blockade of RORγt through genetic knockout or a small molecule inhibitor leads to T cell expansion defects comparable to those in IL-6Rα-deficient T cells. Our results indicate that IL-6 plays a key role in T cell expansion during inflammation and implicates a role for the transient induction of low-level RORγt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofeng Li
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Lindsay L Jones
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
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12
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The Regulation of Inflammation by Innate and Adaptive Lymphocytes. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1467538. [PMID: 29992170 PMCID: PMC6016164 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1467538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an essential role in the control of pathogens and in shaping the ensuing adaptive immune responses. Traditionally, innate immunity has been described as a rapid response triggered through generic and nonspecific means that by definition lacks the ability to remember. Recently, it has become clear that some innate immune cells are epigenetically reprogrammed or “imprinted” by past experiences. These “trained” innate immune cells display altered inflammatory responses upon subsequent pathogen encounter. Remembrance of past pathogen encounters has classically been attributed to cohorts of antigen-specific memory T and B cells following the resolution of infection. During recall responses, memory T and B cells quickly respond by proliferating, producing effector cytokines, and performing various effector functions. An often-overlooked effector function of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells is the promotion of an inflammatory milieu at the initial site of infection that mirrors the primary encounter. This memory-conditioned inflammatory response, in conjunction with other secondary effector T cell functions, results in better control and more rapid resolution of both infection and the associated tissue pathology. Recent advancements in our understanding of inflammatory triggers, imprinting of the innate immune responses, and the role of T cell memory in regulating inflammation are discussed.
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13
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Naseem S, Hussain T, Manzoor S. Interleukin-6: A promising cytokine to support liver regeneration and adaptive immunity in liver pathologies. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 39:36-45. [PMID: 29361380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver pathologies (fibrosis, cirrhosis, alcoholic, non-alcoholic diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma) represent one of the most common causes of death worldwide. A number of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of liver diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine, exerting variety of effects on inflammation, liver regeneration, and defence against infections by regulating adaptive immunity. Due to its high abundance in inflammatory settings, IL-6 is often viewed as a detrimental cytokine. However, accumulating evidence supports the view that IL-6 has a beneficial impact in numerous liver pathologies, due to its roles in liver regeneration and in promoting an anti-inflammatory response in certain conditions. IL-6 promotes proliferation, angiogenesis and metabolism, and downregulates apoptosis and oxidative stress; together these functions are critical for mediating hepatoprotection. IL-6 is also an important regulator of adaptive immunity where it induces T cell differentiation and regulates autoimmunity. It can augment antiviral adaptive immune responses and mitigate exhaustion of T cells during chronic infection. This review focuses on studies that present IL-6 as a key factor in regulating liver regeneration and in supporting effector immune functions and suggests that these functions of IL-6 can be exploited in treatment strategies for liver pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidrah Naseem
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Tabinda Hussain
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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14
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Tsukamoto H, Fujieda K, Senju S, Ikeda T, Oshiumi H, Nishimura Y. Immune-suppressive effects of interleukin-6 on T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Sci 2017; 109:523-530. [PMID: 29090850 PMCID: PMC5834784 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accompanied by the growing clinical applications of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer patients, development of novel therapeutic approaches to reverse the immune-suppressive environment in cancer patients is eagerly anticipated, because the success of cancer immunotherapy is currently limited by immune-suppressive effects in tumor-bearing hosts. Interleukin (IL)-6, a pleotropic proinflammatory cytokine, participates in tumor cell-autonomous processes that are required for their survival and growth, and is therefore known as a poor prognostic factor in cancer patients. In addition, an emerging role of IL-6 in modulating multiple functions of immune cells including T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages is responsible for the dysfunction of innate and adaptive immunity against tumors. Therefore, the IL-6-targeting approach is of value as a promising strategy for desensitization and prevention of immune-suppressive effects, and should be an effective treatment when combined with current immunotherapies. The aim of the present review is to discuss the immune-suppressive aspects of IL-6, notably with modification of T-cell functions in cancer patients, and their relationship to anti-tumor immune responses and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Fujieda
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tokunori Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Nishimura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Tsukamoto H, Fujieda K, Senju S, Ikeda T, Oshiumi H, Nishimura Y. Immune-suppressive effects of interleukin-6 on T-cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Sci 2017. [PMID: 29090850 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13433.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accompanied by the growing clinical applications of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer patients, development of novel therapeutic approaches to reverse the immune-suppressive environment in cancer patients is eagerly anticipated, because the success of cancer immunotherapy is currently limited by immune-suppressive effects in tumor-bearing hosts. Interleukin (IL)-6, a pleotropic proinflammatory cytokine, participates in tumor cell-autonomous processes that are required for their survival and growth, and is therefore known as a poor prognostic factor in cancer patients. In addition, an emerging role of IL-6 in modulating multiple functions of immune cells including T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages is responsible for the dysfunction of innate and adaptive immunity against tumors. Therefore, the IL-6-targeting approach is of value as a promising strategy for desensitization and prevention of immune-suppressive effects, and should be an effective treatment when combined with current immunotherapies. The aim of the present review is to discuss the immune-suppressive aspects of IL-6, notably with modification of T-cell functions in cancer patients, and their relationship to anti-tumor immune responses and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Fujieda
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tokunori Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Nishimura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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