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Zhang C, Liu X, Xiao J, Jiang F, Fa L, Jiang H, Zhou L, Su W, Xu Z. γδ T cells in autoimmune uveitis pathogenesis: A promising therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115629. [PMID: 37257721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a non-infectious, inflammatory intraocular disease that affects the uveal and adjacent tissues. It frequently causes varying degrees of visual loss. Evidence for the strong association between activated γδ T cells and the development of autoimmune uveitis is growing. The innate and adaptive immune response are connected in the early phases by the γδ T cells that contain the γ and δ chains. γδ T cells can identify antigens in a manner that is not constrained by the MHC. When activated by various pathways, γδ T cells can not only secrete pro-inflammatory factors early on (such as IL-17), but they can also promote Th17 cells responses, which ultimately exacerbates autoimmune uveitis. Therefore, we review the mechanisms by which γδ T cells affect autoimmune uveitis in different activation and disease states. Moreover, we also prospect for immunotherapies targeting different γδ T cell-related action pathways, providing a reference for exploring new drug for the treatment of autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiuxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fanwen Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Luzhong Fa
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Zhuping Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Uchida Y, Gherardini J, Pappelbaum K, Chéret J, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, Gross CC, Strbo N, Gilhar A, Rossi A, Funk W, Kanekura T, Almeida L, Bertolini M, Paus R. Resident human dermal γδT-cells operate as stress-sentinels: Lessons from the hair follicle. J Autoimmun 2021; 124:102711. [PMID: 34479087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Murine γδT-cells have stress-surveillance functions and are implicated in autoimmunity. Yet, whether human γδT-cells are also stress sentinels and directly promote autoimmune responses in the skin is unknown. Using a novel (mini-)organ assay, we tested if human dermis resident γδT-cells can recognize stressed human scalp hair follicles (HFs) to promote an alopecia areata (AA)-like autoimmune response. Accordingly, we show that γδT-cells from healthy human scalp skin are activated (CD69+), up-regulate the expression of NKG2D and IFN-γ, and become cytotoxic when co-cultured with autologous stressed HFs ex vivo. These autologous γδT-cells induce HF immune privilege collapse, dystrophy, and premature catagen, i.e. three hallmarks of the human autoimmune HF disorder, AA. This is mediated by CXCL12, MICA, and in part by IFN-γ and CD1d. In conclusion, human dermal γδT-cells exert physiological stress-sentinel functions in human skin, where their excessive activity can promote autoimmunity towards stressed HFs that overexpress CD1d, CXCL12, and/or MICA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jennifer Gherardini
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany; Dr. Phillip Frost Dept. of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | | | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Dept. of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Andreas Schulte-Mecklenbeck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alfredo Rossi
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, University ''La Sapienza'', Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Funk
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dr. Dr. Med. Funk, Munich, Germany
| | - Takuro Kanekura
- Department of Dermatology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany; Dr. Phillip Frost Dept. of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, MAHSC, And Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.
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Sun D, Ko MK, Shao H, Kaplan HJ. Augmented Th17-stimulating activity of BMDCs as a result of reciprocal interaction between γδ and dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:13-24. [PMID: 33689926 PMCID: PMC8629029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that γδ T cells have a strong regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In the current study, we show that reciprocal interactions between mouse γδ T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) played a major role in γδ regulation of Th17 responses. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) acquired an increased ability to enhance Th17 autoimmune responses after exposure to γδ T cells; meanwhile, after exposure, a significant portion of the BMDCs expressed CD73 - a molecule that is fundamental in the conversion of immunostimulatory ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine. Functional studies showed that CD73+ BMDCs were uniquely effective in stimulating the Th17 responses, as compared to CD73- BMDCs; and activated γδ T cells are much more effective than non-activated γδ T cells at inducing CD73+ BMDCs. As a result, activated γδ T cells acquired greater Th17-enhancing activity. Treatment of BMDCs with the CD73-specific antagonist APCP abolished the enhancing effect of the BMDCs. γδ T cells more effectively induced CD73+ BMDCs from the BMDCs that were pre-exposed to TLR ligands, and the response was further augmented by adenosine. Moreover, BMDCs acquired increased ability to stimulate γδ activation after pre-exposure to TLR ligands and adenosine. Our results demonstrated that both extra-cellular adenosine and TLR ligands are critical factors in augmented Th17 responses in this autoimmune disease, and the reciprocal interactions between γδ T cells and DCs play a major role in promoting Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Minhee K Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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Wang B, Tian Q, Guo D, Lin W, Xie X, Bi H. Activated γδ T Cells Promote Dendritic Cell Maturation and Exacerbate the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) in Mice. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:164-183. [PMID: 31985304 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1716786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study reveals that gamma delta (γδ) T cells were activated and dendritic cells (DCs) underwent maturation during the inflammation phase in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) mice, and the interaction between DCs and γδ T cells may significantly exacerbate the development of EAU. However, the interactions between DCs and γδ T cells that can affect DCs maturation to influence EAU development must be further addressed. In this study we showed that mature DC numbers in TCR-δ-/- (KO) EAU mice were lower than those in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 (B6) mice. The γδ T cells harvested from WT EAU mice secreted more interferon-γ (IFN-γ), however, after blocking IFN-γ, the maturation of DCs was significantly downregulated. By contrast, the percentage of IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells in KO EAU mice decreased to a greater extent than that in WT EAU mice during the inflammatory phase. Additionally, the levels of IFN-γ/IL-17 in serum were in agreement with those of CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, after activated γδ T cells injection, the inflammatory symptoms of EAU mice were more aggravated. In vitro co-cultures of both cell types showed that activated γδ T cells may induce DCs to generate higher levels of intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1/CD54), CD80, CD83, and CD86. Moreover, co-culture of the two cells may induce the activation of CD4+ T cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that activated γδ T cells may promote DCs maturation and further enhance the generation of Th1/Th17 cells in EAU mice, resulting in exacerbated EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, P. R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Qingmei Tian
- First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, P. R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, P. R. China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, P. R. China
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Li X, Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Adenosine receptor activation in the Th17 autoimmune responses of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Cell Immunol 2019; 339:24-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. High level expression of A2ARs is required for the enhancing function, but not for the inhibiting function, of γδ T cells in the autoimmune responses of EAU. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199601. [PMID: 29928041 PMCID: PMC6013223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that activated γδ T cells greatly enhance autoimmune responses, particularly the Th17 response. To determine the mechanisms involved, we made a series of comparisons between activated and non-activated γδ T cells. Our results showed that activated γδ T cells expressed greatly increased levels of A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) and decreased amounts of CD73, as well as increased amounts of T cell activation markers such as CD69, CD44 and CD25. We show that A2AR is a major functional molecule in the enhancing activity of γδ T cells. A2AR-/- γδ T cells (isolated from A2AR-/- mouse), lost their Th17-enhancing activity as did A2AR+/+ γδ T cells (isolated from wt-B6 mouse) after treatment with an A2AR antagonist. Since γδ T cells possess either an enhancing or an inhibiting effect, we also tested whether A2AR expression on γδ T cells is essential to their inhibiting effect. Our results showed that the inhibiting effect of A2AR-/- γδ T cells was as potent as that of A2AR+/+ γδ T cells. In a previous report we showed that the expression of different levels of CD73 molecule allowed γδ T cells to adjust their suppressive activity; in the current study, we show that expression of increased amounts of A2AR allows γδ T cells to more effectively exert their enhancing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Liang D, Woo JI, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Ability of γδ T cells to modulate the Foxp3 T cell response is dependent on adenosine. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197189. [PMID: 29771938 PMCID: PMC5957379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether γδ T cells inhibit or enhance the Foxp3 T cell response depends upon their activation status. The critical enhancing effector in the supernatant is adenosine. Activated γδ T cells express adenosine receptors at high levels, which enables them to deprive Foxp3+ T cells of adenosine, and to inhibit their expansion. Meanwhile, cell-free supernatants of γδ T cell cultures enhance Foxp3 T cell expansion. Thus, inhibition and enhancement by γδ T cells of Foxp3 T cell response are a reflection of the balance between adenosine production and absorption by γδ T cells. Non-activated γδ T cells produce adenosine but bind little, and thus enhance the Foxp3 T cell response. Activated γδ T cells express high density of adenosine receptors and have a greatly increased ability to bind adenosine. Extracellular adenosine metabolism and expression of adenosine receptor A2ARs by γδ T cells played a major role in the outcome of γδ and Foxp3 T cell interactions. A better understanding of the functional conversion of γδ T cells could lead to γδ T cell-targeted immunotherapies for related diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Im Woo
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sandhu HS, Kaplan HJ. Novel therapies in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2018.1477590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harpal Singh Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Innately versatile: γδ17 T cells in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2018; 87:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, O’Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Connection between γδ T-cell- and Adenosine- Mediated Immune Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 38:233-243. [PMID: 30004859 PMCID: PMC6361114 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory effects of γδ T-cells on immune responses have been studied for years. We have investigated the regulatory effect of γδ T-cells on Th1 and Th17 autoimmune responses, and have studied molecular and cellular mechanisms by which γδ T-cells enhance or inhibit immune responses, exploiting a well-characterized murine model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Our results show that (1) aberrant γδ T-cell activation is an important pathogenic event in EAU; (2) γδ T-cells have a unique regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses, which is shaped by the activation status of γδ T-cells; and (3) γδ-mediated immunoregulation is closely linked with the extracellular adenosine metabolism. Reciprocal interactions between γδ T-cells and extracellular adenosine partially determine the development of EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rebecca L. O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Fan Z, Gu C, Wu Y. Changes of peripheral blood Vδ1 T cells in patients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:9052-9060. [PMID: 31966777 PMCID: PMC6965381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To observe the ratio of peripheral blood Vδ1 T cells in patients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (ACI) and their function changes, and preliminarily explore the mechanism of change in ratio of peripheral blood Vδ1 T cells in ACI patients. 30 ACI patients enrolled in the neurology department in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2016 were selected, and 30 healthy subjects enrolled in the hospital during the same period were selected as healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained by density gradient centrifugation. The ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients was detected by flow cytometry, and the correlations between the ratio of Vδ1 T cells and the neurological deficits and infarction size in ACI patients were analyzed. A high proportion of Vδ1 T cells were obtained by in vitro amplification, and high-purity Vδ1 T cells and Naïve CD4 T cells were obtained by flow cytometry and magnetic bead sorting respectively. The effect of Vδ1 T cells on the proliferation of Naïve CD4 T cells and the secretion of IFN-γ were investigated by CFSE staining method; the correlation between the ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood and the Ox-LDL level in peripheral blood of ACI patients was analyzed. The Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood were treated by Ox-LDL, and the effect of Ox-LDL on Vδ1 T cell apoptosis was determined by apoptosis staining method. Compared with the healthy control group, the ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients was significantly decreased (P<0.0001). The ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients was not significantly correlated with age, sex, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia (P>0.05). However, with the gradual aggravation of neurological deficit and gradual increase of infarct volume, the ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients decreased gradually. Besides, the functional studies showed that the immunosuppressive functions of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients were also significantly decreased (P<0.0001). The ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients was negatively correlated with the Ox-LDL level in peripheral blood (r2=0.1691; P=0.0240); the Ox-LDL treatment of Vδ1 T cells induced apoptosis of Vδ1 T cells, and with the increased Ox-LDL concentration, the ratio of Vδ1 T cell apoptosis gradually increased. The decreased ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood and loss of functions in ACI patients lead to the occurrence of immunoinflammatory reactions, which may be one of the possible causes of ACI. In addition, this study also showed that, Ox-LDL could induce Vδ1 T cell apoptosis and lead to decrease in ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood, which may be one of the reasons for decreased ratio of Vδ1 T cells in peripheral blood of ACI patients. In summary, this study can further help the understanding of the pathogenesis of ACI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Fan
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengyao Gu
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunqin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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