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Stensland ZC, Magera CA, Broncucia H, Gomez BD, Rios-Guzman NM, Wells KL, Nicholas CA, Rihanek M, Hunter MJ, Toole KP, Gottlieb PA, Smith MJ. Identification of an anergic BND cell-derived activated B cell population (BND2) in young-onset type 1 diabetes patients. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221604. [PMID: 37184563 PMCID: PMC10192302 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a role for B cells in the pathogenesis of young-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), wherein rapid progression occurs. However, little is known regarding the specificity, phenotype, and function of B cells in young-onset T1D. We performed a cross-sectional analysis comparing insulin-reactive to tetanus-reactive B cells in the blood of T1D and controls using mass cytometry. Unsupervised clustering revealed the existence of a highly activated B cell subset we term BND2 that falls within the previously defined anergic BND subset. We found a specific increase in the frequency of insulin-reactive BND2 cells in the blood of young-onset T1D donors, which was further enriched in the pancreatic lymph nodes of T1D donors. The frequency of insulin-binding BND2 cells correlated with anti-insulin autoantibody levels. We demonstrate BND2 cells are pre-plasma cells and can likely act as APCs to T cells. These findings identify an antigen-specific B cell subset that may play a role in the rapid progression of young-onset T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C. Stensland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A. Magera
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hali Broncucia
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brittany D. Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nasha M. Rios-Guzman
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristen L. Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Catherine A. Nicholas
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marynette Rihanek
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Maya J. Hunter
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kevin P. Toole
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Ozaki ME, Coren BA, Huynh TN, Redondo DJ, Kikutani H, Webb SR. CD4+ T Cell Responses to CD40-Deficient APCs: Defects in Proliferation and Negative Selection Apply Only with B Cells as APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.10.5250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
During T-APC interactions in vivo, interfering with CD40-CD154 interactions leads to reduced T cell priming, defects in effector function, and, in some cases, T cell tolerance. As shown here, however, presentation of conventional peptide Ags by CD40-deficient spleen APC in vitro leads to normal CD4+ T cell proliferative responses. By contrast, responses to the same peptides presented by purified B cells were markedly reduced in the absence of CD40. Thus, the requirement for CD40-CD154 interactions appears to be strongly influenced by the type of APC involved. Analysis of responses to endogenous superantigens, which are known to be strongly dependent on B cells for presentation, indicated that CD4+ responses to strong Ags are less dependent on CD40 than are responses to weak Ags. Similar findings applied to negative selection in the thymus. Thus, deletion of potentially autoreactive cells depended on CD40 expression when B APC were involved, and this requirement was most pronounced when negative selection was directed to weak Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minette E. Ozaki
- *Ozaki, Coven, Huynh, Redondo and Webb-Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Barbara A. Coren
- *Ozaki, Coven, Huynh, Redondo and Webb-Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Tracy N. Huynh
- *Ozaki, Coven, Huynh, Redondo and Webb-Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Deborah J. Redondo
- *Ozaki, Coven, Huynh, Redondo and Webb-Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Hitoshi Kikutani
- †Kikutani-Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susan R. Webb
- *Ozaki, Coven, Huynh, Redondo and Webb-Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
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Malkiel S, Factor S, Diamond B. Autoimmune Myocarditis Does Not Require B Cells for Antigen Presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.10.5265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cells constitute the pathogenic effector cell population in autoimmune myocarditis in BALB/c mice. Using mice rendered deficient for B cells by a targeted disruption to the IgM transmembrane domain or by treatment with anti-IgM Ab from birth, we asked whether B cells are a critical APC in the induction of autoimmune myocarditis. B cell-deficient mice immunized with cardiac myosin develop myocarditis comparable in incidence and severity to that in wild-type mice, suggesting that autoreactive T cells that cause myocarditis in BALB/c mice are activated by macrophages or dendritic cells. Since it does not appear that presentation of cryptic epitopes is critical for the breakdown of self tolerance, potentially pathogenic T cells recognizing dominant myosin epitopes must have escaped tolerization. Either anatomic sequestration of cardiac myosin peptide-MHC complexes or subthreshold presentation of cardiac myosin peptides by conventional APC can explain the survival of these autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Malkiel
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Stephen Factor
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Betty Diamond
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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Yu XZ, Bidwell S, Martin PJ, Anasetti C. Visualization, Fate, and Pathogenicity of Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells in the Graft-Versus-Host Reaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.9.4780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To follow the fate of alloreactive T cell effectors in graft-vs-host disease, Ld-specific CD8+ T cells from C57BL/6 2C TCR-transgenic donors were transplanted into sublethally irradiated (750 cGy) Ld+ or Ld− recipients. In Ld− C57BL/6 or (BALB/c-dm2 × C57BL/6)F1 recipients, naive 2C T cells engrafted and survived long term, but did not acquire effector function. In Ld+ (BALB/c × C57BL/6)F1 recipients, 2C T cells engrafted, expanded, became cytolytic, destroyed host B cells and double-positive thymocytes, and later disappeared. Despite marked damage to lymphoid and hemopoietic cells by 2C T cells, no significant pathology was detected in other organs, and recipients survived. Ld+ (BALB/c × C57BL/6)F1 recipients died when LPS/endotoxin was administered on day 7 after cell transfer, while Ld− (BALB/c-dm2 × C57BL/6)F1 recipients survived. Our findings show that under certain conditions, a CD8+ T cell population recognizing an extremely limited repertoire of Ags can initiate graft-vs-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Zhong Yu
- *Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and
| | - Sasha Bidwell
- *Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and
| | - Paul J. Martin
- *Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and
- †Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Claudio Anasetti
- *Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and
- †Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
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Chan OTM, Madaio MP, Shlomchik MJ. B Cells Are Required for Lupus Nephritis in the Polygenic, Fas-Intact MRL Model of Systemic Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.7.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
B cells are required for both the expression of lupus nephritis and spontaneous T cell activation/memory cell accumulation in MRL-Faslpr mice (MRL/lpr). Autoimmunity in the MRL/lpr strain is the result of Fas-deficiency and multiple background genes; however, the precise roles of background genes vs Fas-deficiency have not been fully defined. Fas-deficiency (i.e., the lpr defect) is required in B cells for optimal autoantibody expression, raising the possibility that the central role for B cells in MRL/lpr mice may not extend to MRL/+ mice and, thus, to lupus models that do not depend on Fas-deficiency (“polygenic lupus”). To address this issue, B cell-deficient, Fas-intact MRL/+ mice (JHd-MRL/+) were created; and disease was evaluated in aged animals (>9 mo). The JHd-MRL/+ animals did not develop nephritis or vasculitis at a time when the B cell-intact littermates had severe disease. In addition, while activated/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells accumulated in B cell-intact mice, such accumulation was substantially inhibited in the absence of B cells. This effect appeared to be restricted to the MRL strain because it was not seen in B cell-deficient BALB/c mice (JHd-BALB) of similar ages. The results indicate that B cells are essential in promoting systemic autoimmunity in a Fas-independent model. Therefore, B cells have an important role in pathogenesis, generalizable to lupus models that depend on multiple genes even when Fas expression is intact. The results provide further rationale for B cell suppression as therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael P. Madaio
- ‡Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- *Section of Immunobiology and
- †Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510; and
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Noorchashm H, Lieu YK, Noorchashm N, Rostami SY, Greeley SAS, Schlachterman A, Song HK, Noto LE, Jevnikar AM, Barker CF, Naji A. I-Ag7-Mediated Antigen Presentation by B Lymphocytes Is Critical in Overcoming a Checkpoint in T Cell Tolerance to Islet β Cells of Nonobese Diabetic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
B cell-deficient nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are protected from the development of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, suggesting a requisite role for Ag presentation by B lymphocytes for the activation of a diabetogenic T cell repertoire. This study specifically examines the importance of B cell-mediated MHC class II Ag presentation as a regulator of peripheral T cell tolerance to islet β cells. We describe the construction of NOD mice with an I-Ag7 deficiency confined to the B cell compartment. Analysis of these mice, termed NOD BCIID, revealed the presence of functionally competent non-B cell APCs (macrophages/dendritic cells) with normal I-Ag7 expression and capable of activating Ag-reactive T cells. In addition, the secondary lymphoid organs of these mice harbored phenotypically normal CD4+ and CD8+ T cell compartments. Interestingly, whereas control NOD mice harboring I-Ag7-sufficient B cells developed diabetes spontaneously, NOD BCIID mice were resistant to the development of autoimmune diabetes. Despite their diabetes resistance, histologic examination of pancreata from NOD BCIID mice revealed foci of noninvasive peri-insulitis that could be intentionally converted into a destructive process upon treatment with cyclophosphamide. We conclude that I-Ag7-mediated Ag presentation by B cells serves to overcome a checkpoint in T cell tolerance to islet β cells after their initial targeting has occurred. Overall, this work indicates that the full expression of the autoimmune potential of anti-islet T cells in NOD mice is intimately regulated by B cell-mediated MHC class II Ag presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Noorchashm
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Yen K. Lieu
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Negin Noorchashm
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Susan Y. Rostami
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Siri Atma S. Greeley
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Alexander Schlachterman
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Howard K. Song
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Lauren E. Noto
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Anthony M. Jevnikar
- †Division of Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clyde F. Barker
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Ali Naji
- *Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
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