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González-Madrid E, Rangel-Ramírez MA, Mendoza-León MJ, Álvarez-Mardones O, González PA, Kalergis AM, Opazo MC, Riedel CA. Risk Factors from Pregnancy to Adulthood in Multiple Sclerosis Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137080. [PMID: 35806081 PMCID: PMC9266360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a robust inflammatory response against myelin sheath antigens, which causes astrocyte and microglial activation and demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). Multiple genetic predispositions and environmental factors are known to influence the immune response in autoimmune diseases, such as MS, and in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Although the predisposition to suffer from MS seems to be a multifactorial process, a highly sensitive period is pregnancy due to factors that alter the development and differentiation of the CNS and the immune system, which increases the offspring’s susceptibility to develop MS. In this regard, there is evidence that thyroid hormone deficiency during gestation, such as hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia, may increase susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as MS. In this review, we discuss the relevance of the gestational period for the development of MS in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique González-Madrid
- Laboratorio Endocrinología-Inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (E.G.-M.); (M.A.R.-R.); (M.J.M.-L.); (O.Á.-M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Ma. Andreina Rangel-Ramírez
- Laboratorio Endocrinología-Inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (E.G.-M.); (M.A.R.-R.); (M.J.M.-L.); (O.Á.-M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
| | - María José Mendoza-León
- Laboratorio Endocrinología-Inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (E.G.-M.); (M.A.R.-R.); (M.J.M.-L.); (O.Á.-M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Oscar Álvarez-Mardones
- Laboratorio Endocrinología-Inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (E.G.-M.); (M.A.R.-R.); (M.J.M.-L.); (O.Á.-M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ma. Cecilia Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Manuel Montt 948, Providencia 7500000, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Laboratorio Endocrinología-Inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (E.G.-M.); (M.A.R.-R.); (M.J.M.-L.); (O.Á.-M.)
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (P.A.G.); (A.M.K.); (M.C.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Pulawska K, Ponikwicka-Tyszko D, Lebiedzinska W, Guo P, Bernaczyk P, Pilaszewicz-Puza A, Li X, Chrusciel M, Lupu O, Leskinen S, Makela JA, Toppari J, Wolczynski S, Coelingh Bennink HJT, Huhtaniemi I, Rahman NA. Novel expression of zona pellucida 3 protein in normal testis; potential functional implications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 539:111502. [PMID: 34736966 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (ZP3), originally thought to be specific for oocytes, was recently extended to ovarian, prostate, colorectal and lung cancers. Earlier successful ZP3 immunization of a transgenic mouse model carrying a ZP3 positive ovarian tumor emphasized the suitability of ZP3 for cancer immunotherapy. This study was carried out to determine whether any other normal tissues besides the ovary in healthy human and mouse tissues may express ZP3, considered important to exclude off-target effects of ZP3 cancer immunotherapy. Strong ZP3 expression was found in normal human and mouse testis. ZP3 protein and mRNA transcripts were localized in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and round and elongated spermatids of both human and mouse testis, as well as in a mouse spermatogonial cell line, but absent in testicular Sertoli, Leydig, spermatogonial stem and progenitor cells. All other normal human and mouse tissues were ZP3 negative. This surprising testicular ZP3 expression has implications for the development of ZP3 cancer immunotherapies, and it also alludes to the potential of using ZP3 as a target for the development of a male immunocontraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Pulawska
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Donata Ponikwicka-Tyszko
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Weronika Lebiedzinska
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Peilan Guo
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Piotr Bernaczyk
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; State Key Laboratory of the Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Oana Lupu
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sini Leskinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Slawomir Wolczynski
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nafis A Rahman
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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Jiao X, Zhang X, Li N, Zhang D, Zhao S, Dang Y, Zanvit P, Jin W, Chen Z, Chen W, Qin Y. T reg deficiency-mediated T H 1 response causes human premature ovarian insufficiency through apoptosis and steroidogenesis dysfunction of granulosa cells. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e448. [PMID: 34185428 PMCID: PMC8214854 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation has long been proposed as a component of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), but the underlying mediators and mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we showed that patients with POI had augmented T helper 1 (TH 1) responses and regulatory T (Treg ) cell deficiency in both the periphery and the ovary compared to the control women. The increased ratio of TH 1:Treg cells was strongly correlated with the severity of POI. In mouse models of POI, the increased infiltration of TH 1 cells in the ovary resulted in follicle atresia and ovarian insufficiency, which could be prevented and reversed by Treg cells. Importantly, interferon (IFN) -γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α cooperatively promoted the apoptosis of granulosa cells and suppressed their steroidogenesis by modulating CTGF and CYP19A1. We have thus revealed a previously unrecognized Treg cell deficiency-mediated TH 1 response in the pathogenesis of POI, which should have implications for therapeutic interventions in patients with POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiao
- Center for Reproductive MedicineCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Mucosal Immunology SectionNIDCRNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticsShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Xiruo Zhang
- Center for Reproductive MedicineCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticsShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Nianyu Li
- Center for Reproductive MedicineCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticsShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology SectionNIDCRNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Shidou Zhao
- Center for Reproductive MedicineCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticsShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yujie Dang
- Center for Reproductive MedicineCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticsShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Peter Zanvit
- Mucosal Immunology SectionNIDCRNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Mucosal Immunology SectionNIDCRNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Zi‐Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive MedicineCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticsShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghaiChina
- Center for Reproductive MedicineRen Ji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wanjun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology SectionNIDCRNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive MedicineCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticsShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
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Mohd-Lila MA, Yee LK, Cen LS, Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Allaudin ZN, Abdul Rahman SO, Hani H, Abdullah R. The application of naked DNA plasmid (DrZP3) and recombinant adenovirus (Ad-rZP3) in rat animal model to determine comparative efficacy of ZP3-Immunocontraceptive vaccines. Microb Pathog 2019; 134:103572. [PMID: 31163251 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The common physical and chemical methods for controlling rat pest are less than satisfactory and inhumane. Immunocontraception approach has been considered more humane and it can be accomplished by inducing the relevant host immune response that block further development of reproductive gametes. ZP3 proteins are known to play very important role during sperm-ovum fertilization. It is a self-antigen and only localized in female ovaries. Therefore, an immunization with ZP3 protein elsewhere will induce a generalize host immune response against ZP3 protein. This study employed rat ZP3 (rZP3) gene prepared from its cDNA of Rattus rattus diardii. It was delivered and expressed in vivo by naked plamid DNA (DrZP3) or recombinant ZP3-Adenovirus (Ad-rZP3). Expression studies in vitro with DrZP3 or Ad-ZP3 showed rZP3 proteins were successfully expressed in Vero cells. Hyperimmune serum against rZP3 that were prepared by immunizing several rats with purified rZP3-pichia yeast fusion protein showed it blocked sperms from binding DrZP3-transfected Vero cells. Female Sprague Dawley rats immunized with DrZP3 demonstrated a long-term effect for significant reduction of fertility up to 92.6%. Ovaries from rats immunized with DrZP3 were severely atrophied with disappearance of primordial follicles from ovarian cortex with an increased in the amount of oocyte-free cell clusters. Female rats immunized with Ad-rZP3 demonstrated 27% reduction of fertility. The infertility induced by Ad-rZP3 is comparatively low and ineffective. This could be due to a strong host immune response that suppresses the recombinant virus itself resulted in minimum rZP3 protein presentation to the host immune system. As a result, low antibody titers produced against rZP3 is insufficient to block oocytes from maturity and fertilization. Therefore, immunization with DrZP3 for immunocontraception is more effective than Ad-rZP3 recombinant adenovirus. It is proposed to explore further on the use of adenovirus or other alternative viruses to deliver ZP3 protein and for the development of enhanced expression of rZP3 in target host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd-Azmi Mohd-Lila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lai Kit Yee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lo Sewn Cen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | - Zeenathul Nazariah Allaudin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheikh-Omar Abdul Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Homayoun Hani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rasedee Abdullah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Joonè C, Schulman M, Fosgate G, Plagis T, Crafford J, Gupta S, Bertschinger H. Antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in PBMC from pony mares immunized with either native or recombinant zona pellucida vaccines. Theriogenology 2019; 126:106-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nolan MB, Schulman ML, Botha AE, Human AM, Roth R, Crampton MC, Bertschinger HJ. Serum antibody immunoreactivity and safety of native porcine and recombinant zona pellucida vaccines formulated with a non-Freund’s adjuvant in horses. Vaccine 2019; 37:1299-1306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Evaluation of immunocontraceptive effect of the monoclonal antibody bZP3 on the morphology, FSH receptor, AMH and Bcl-2 of granulosa cells: A study in Balb/c mice. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Ovarian dysfunction associated with zona pellucida–based immunocontraceptive vaccines. Theriogenology 2017; 89:329-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Harakal J, Rival C, Qiao H, Tung KS. Regulatory T Cells Control Th2-Dominant Murine Autoimmune Gastritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:27-41. [PMID: 27259856 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pernicious anemia and gastric carcinoma are serious sequelae of autoimmune gastritis (AIG). Our study indicates that in adult C57BL/6-DEREG mice expressing a transgenic diphtheria toxin receptor under the Foxp3 promoter, transient regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion results in long-lasting AIG associated with both H(+)K(+)ATPase and intrinsic factor autoantibody responses. Although functional Tregs emerge over time during AIG occurrence, the effector T cells rapidly become less susceptible to Treg-mediated suppression. Whereas previous studies have implicated dysregulated Th1 cell responses in AIG pathogenesis, eosinophils have been detected in gastric biopsy specimens from patients with AIG. Indeed, AIG in DEREG mice is associated with strong Th2 cell responses, including dominant IgG1 autoantibodies, elevated serum IgE, increased Th2 cytokine production, and eosinophil infiltration in the stomach-draining lymph nodes. In addition, the stomachs exhibit severe mucosal and muscular hypertrophy, parietal cell loss, mucinous epithelial cell metaplasia, and massive eosinophilic inflammation. Notably, the Th2 responses and gastritis severity are significantly ameliorated in IL-4- or eosinophil-deficient mice. Furthermore, expansion of both Th2-promoting IFN regulatory factor 4(+) programmed death ligand 2(+) dendritic cells and ILT3(+) rebounded Tregs was detected after transient Treg depletion. Collectively, these data suggest that Tregs maintain physiological tolerance to clinically relevant gastric autoantigens, and Th2 responses can be a pathogenic mechanism in AIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Harakal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Claudia Rival
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Hui Qiao
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kenneth S Tung
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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Kadir Z, Ma X, Li J, Zhang F. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the humoral immune responses of mouse zona pellucida 3 vaccine strategy based on DNA and protein coadministration in BALB/c mice. Reprod Sci 2012; 20:400-7. [PMID: 23111125 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112459236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that co-administration of mouse zona pellucida 3 (mZP3) DNA and protein vaccine enhanced the contraception of mice by increasing humoral immune responses. In this study, we try to use granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to further improve the humoral immune responses induced by mZP3 DNA and protein co-administration. BALB/c mice were intranasally pre-injected with GM-CSF 4 days before co-administration. Compared to DNA and protein coadministration without GM-CSF, the combination of GM-CSF and coadministration significantly enhances humoral immune responses, especially the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in vaginal washes. The enhanced antibody responses are correlated with the upregulated level of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and enhanced maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Thus, GM-CSF is a potential candidate adjuvant to be used for the development of a safe and effective contraceptive vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibirnisa Kadir
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, Urumqi, China
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Kang Y, Zheng G, Chen A, Wang J, Hu Y, Li J, Zhang J, Gao W, Fu H, Xia G, Wang B. Tolerogenic DNA vaccine for prevention of autoimmune ovarian disease. Immunol Invest 2012; 41:249-60. [PMID: 22221010 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.622828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been widely used to induce immune responses against molecular targets. In this study, we explored the possibility of using DNA vaccine combined with the immunosuppressant FK506 (tacrolimus) to antigen-specifically suppress unwanted immune responses and prevent autoimmune ovarian disease. To that end, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with a DNA vaccine encoding mouse zona pellucida 3 (ZP3) together with FK506. The immunization induced ZP3-specific CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg), which suppressed the induction of ZP3-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity in the animals. Significantly, the immunization also protected the animals from experimentally induced autoimmune ovarian disease. These results suggest that DNA vaccination in the presence of FK506 may be used to induce Treg cells and prevent AOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youmin Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Resources and Applications of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Cheng MH, Nelson LM. Mechanisms and models of immune tolerance breakdown in the ovary. Semin Reprod Med 2011; 29:308-16. [PMID: 21969265 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1280916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian autoimmunity is increasingly implicated in the etiology of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), previously termed PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE or PREMATURE MENOPAUSE. Links to autoimmunity in human POI have long been noted due to the close association of POI with several autoimmune diseases and syndromes such as Addison's disease and Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome 1. However, diagnosis of autoimmune-mediated POI (aPOI) remains challenging because of the lack of sensitive or specific markers of disease. Autoimmunity can arise from the breakdown of immunological tolerance in several ways. How then may we discern what constitutes a relevant target and what represents a downstream phenomenon? The answer lies in the study of pathogenic mechanisms in translational models of disease. From examples in humans and mice, we see that ovarian autoimmunity likely arises from a limited number of antigens targeted in the ovary that are organ specific. These antigens may be conserved but not limited to those seen in animal models of autoimmune ovarian disease. Recent advances in these areas have begun to define the relevant antigens and mechanisms of immune tolerance breakdown in the ovary. Work in translational models continues to provide insight into mechanisms of disease pathogenesis that will allow more accurate diagnosis and, ultimately, improved interventions for women with aPOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickie H Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UCSF Diabetes Center, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 1102 Box 0540, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Notarianni E. Reinterpretation of evidence advanced for neo-oogenesis in mammals, in terms of a finite oocyte reserve. J Ovarian Res 2011; 4:1. [PMID: 21211009 PMCID: PMC3024995 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The central tenet of ovarian biology, that the oocyte reserve in adult female mammals is finite, has been challenged over recent years by proponents of neo-oogenesis, who claim that germline stem cells exist in the ovarian surface epithelium or the bone marrow. Currently opinion is divided over these claims, and further scrutiny of the evidence advanced in support of the neo-oogenesis hypothesis is warranted - especially in view of the enormous implications for female fertility and health. This article contributes arguments against the hypothesis, providing alternative explanations for key observations, based on published data. Specifically, DNA synthesis in germ cells in the postnatal mouse ovary is attributed to mitochondrial genome replication, and to DNA repair in oocytes lagging in meiotic progression. Lines purported to consist of germline stem cells are identified as ovarian epithelium or as oogonia, from which cultures have been derived previously. Effects of ovotoxic treatments are found to negate claims for the existence of germline stem cells. And arguments are presented for the misidentification of ovarian somatic cells as de novo oocytes. These clarifications, if correct, undermine the concept that germline stem cells supplement the oocyte quota in the postnatal ovary; and instead comply with the theory of a fixed, unregenerated reserve. It is proposed that acceptance of the neo-oogenesis hypothesis is erroneous, and may effectively impede research in areas of ovarian biology. To illustrate, a novel explanation that is consistent with orthodox theory is provided for the observed restoration of fertility in chemotherapy-treated female mice following bone marrow transplantation, otherwise interpreted by proponents of neo-oogenesis as involving stimulation of endogenous germline stem cells. Instead, it is proposed that the chemotherapeutic regimens induce autoimmunity to ovarian antigens, and that the haematopoietic chimaerism produced by bone marrow transplantation circumvents activation of an autoreactive response, thereby rescuing ovarian function. The suggested mechanism draws from animal models of autoimmune ovarian disease, which implicate dysregulation of T cell regulatory function; and from a surmised role for follicular apoptosis in the provision of ovarian autoantigens, to sustain self-tolerance during homeostasis. This interpretation has direct implications for fertility preservation in women undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Notarianni
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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Immunoglobulin to zona pellucida 3 mediates ovarian damage and infertility after contraceptive vaccination in mice. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:77-85. [PMID: 20382503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies reactive with the ovarian glycoprotein zona pellucida (ZP) have been linked with human female infertility. Anti-fertility vaccines that target ZP antigens have been utilized to restrict pest animal populations and their efficacy is associated with ovary-specific antibody induction. However, the necessity for zona pellucida-specific antibody in mediating infertility has not been examined in vivo. A recombinant mouse cytomegalovirus vaccine encoding murine zona pellucida 3 that induces rapid and complete infertility in BALB/c mice has been produced. The onset of infertility is temporally related to the presence of antibody sequestered into ovarian follicles and binding to the ZP of infected mice and the loss of mature follicles. When this vaccine was inoculated into immunoglobulin-deficient BALB/c mice with a null mutation in the immunoglobulin mu chain gene Igh-6, fertility was unaffected. Passive transfer of serum containing ZP3 antibodies also elicited transient infertility. Electron microscopy of ovarian tissue collected from ZP3-immunized immunocompetent mice demonstrated significant focal thinning of the zona pellucida (ZP) with reduced length and concentration of transzonal processes and many oocytes displayed evidence of injury. None of these changes were found in vaccinated immunoglobulin-deficient mice. These data confirm that ZP3-reactive antibody is necessary and sufficient to induce autoimmune-mediated follicular depletion and fertility suppression following the inoculation of this vaccine, and suggest that this is due to impaired zona pellucida formation. These findings have relevance in understanding the etiology of autoimmune ovarian disease in woman where anti-ZP antibodies are likely to have a causal role in infertility.
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Cui X, Duckworth JA, Molinia FC, Cowan PE. Identification and evaluation of an infertility-associated ZP3 epitope from the marsupial brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Vaccine 2010; 28:1499-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Li J, Jin H, Zhang F, Du X, Zhao G, Yu Y, Wang B. Treatment of autoimmune ovarian disease by co-administration with mouse zona pellucida protein 3 and DNA vaccine through induction of adaptive regulatory T cells. J Gene Med 2008; 10:810-20. [PMID: 18452236 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) caused by auto-reactive T cells is considered a major reason for human premature ovarian failure, which affects 5% of women worldwide. METHODS AND RESULTS To develop an effective treatment for AOD, we showed that the co-administration of mouse zona pellucida protein 3 (mZP3) protein and DNA vaccine encoding the mZP3 was able to meliorate AOD in an AOD murine model induced by the mZP3. We observed that established AOD in mice reverted to a normal ovarian morphology without notable T-cell infiltration in the co-administrated group; whereas mice in the control groups developed severe AOD. The amelioration appears to be antigen specific because other co-administration combinations failed to reverse AOD and correlates with significant reductions of pathogenic T-cell responses and productions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Furthermore, the melioration is apparently associated with the induction of mZP3 specific regulatory T cells that exhibit a phenotypic CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(+)IL-10(+) in the co-administrated group, which can be transferred to reverse AOD in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Thus, co-administration of mZP3 DNA and protein vaccines can be used to treat established AOD, and may provide a novel immunotherapy strategy to treat other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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17
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O'Leary S, Lloyd ML, Shellam GR, Robertson SA. Immunization with recombinant murine cytomegalovirus expressing murine zona pellucida 3 causes permanent infertility in BALB/c mice due to follicle depletion and ovulation failure. Biol Reprod 2008; 79:849-60. [PMID: 18667753 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.067884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins are promising candidate antigens for use in immunocontraceptive vaccines because of their crucial role in mammalian fertilization. A single intraperitoneal immunization with recombinant murine cytomegalovirus engineered to express murine ZP3 (rMCMV-mZP3) induces permanent infertility with no evident systemic illness in female BALB/c mice. To investigate the mechanisms underpinning reproductive failure elicited by rMCMV-mZP3, ovarian parameters and reproductive function were evaluated at time points spanning 10 days to 5 wk after virus inoculation. Fertility was substantially impaired by 14 days after inoculation with rMCMV-mZP3 and was fully ablated by 21 days. Pregnancies established after inoculation but before complete infertility showed no adverse effects on fetal viability assessed at Day 17.5 post coitum (pc). Infertile mice retained estrous cycling activity and remained receptive to mating; however, at Day 3.5 pc there were fewer developing embryos and corpora lutea, plasma progesterone content was reduced, and there was no evidence of excess unfertilized oocytes. Consistent with this, profound ovarian pathology was evident from 10 days after rMCMV-mZP3 inoculation, with a decline first in mature ovarian follicles and then in immature ovarian follicles and with diminished expression of genes regulating follicle development, including Nobox, Gdf9, and Gja1 (connexin43). Follicle loss was associated with mild focal oophoritis and with recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes, predominantly CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells evident from 10 days after virus inoculation. These data indicate that vaccination with rMCMV-mZP3 causes permanent infertility in BALB/c mice principally due to induction of ovarian autoimmune pathology leading to progressive oocyte depletion and eventual ovulation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean O'Leary
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5005
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Li J, Jin H, Zhang A, Li Y, Wang B, Zhang F. Enhanced contraceptive response by co-immunization of DNA and protein vaccines encoding the mouse zona pellucida 3 with minimal oophoritis in mouse ovary. J Gene Med 2008; 9:1095-103. [PMID: 17957814 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Zona pellucida 3 (ZP3) acts as the primary sperm receptor, induces autoantibody that can prevent oocyte fertilization and has been proposed as a vaccine candidate for contraception in humans. Due to the elicited autoreactive T cell inflammation that causes ovarian destruction, ZP3-based vaccine with removed T epitopes from the ZP3 is considered as a preferred approach. We present here a new strategy to eliminate the T cell inflammation while retaining a high level of antibody by co-immunization of mZP3 DNA and protein vaccines, which resulted in a higher reduction rate of fertility in this group. Histological analysis showed that there were normal follicular developments of infertile mice in the co-immunized group; while other vaccine groups of the most infertile mice lacked mature follicles. There was a significant correlation between normal follicular development and the inhibition of T cell response in co-immunized mice. At the same time, co-immunization reduced the production of inflammatory cytokine, IFN-gamma, and increased the productions of IL-10 and FoxP3 in CD4 T cells, suggesting the anti-inflammation may be via a T regulatory function. The results indicate that co-immunization of mZP3 DNA- and protein-based vaccines can reduce fertility without interfering with the normal follicular development and present a novel strategy to develop a contraceptive vaccine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, P R China
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Ziemssen T, Ziemssen F. The role of the humoral immune system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Autoimmun Rev 2008; 4:460-7. [PMID: 16137612 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic events in multiple sclerosis (MS) that result in immune cell infiltration, multifocal demyelination and axonal loss have been focused by the strong impact of the classical MS model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) towards the hypothesis that MS is an entirely T cell-mediated disease. Although conspicuous humoral immune responses have been known since Kabal's seminal finding of elevated immunoglobulins (Igs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), only in the past few years evidence derived from recent studies of the MS lesion of anti-myelin antibodies (Abs) in patients with early MS and of MS animal models has led to a renewed interest in the role for B cells, plasma cells and their products in the pathogenesis of MS. This review surveys the actual data concerning the role of the humoral immune system in MS and EAE and explains potential modes of action and long-time persistence in the inflamed brain tissue as a B cell-supportive microenvironment in MS. These mechanisms include the modulation of antigen presentation and costimulation to T cells, increased myelin opsonisation und recruitment of inflammatory cells to the CNS, but also immunoregulatory influences on the remyelination by anti-myelin B cells and Abs. So, affecting the humoral immune system in MS would be a reasonable therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjalf Ziemssen
- Neuroimmunological Lab, Department of Neurology, Neurological University Clinic Dresden Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Duckworth JA, Wilson K, Cui X, Molinia FC, Cowan PE. Immunogenicity and contraceptive potential of three infertility-relevant zona pellucida 2 epitopes in the marsupial brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Reproduction 2007; 133:177-86. [PMID: 17244744 DOI: 10.1530/rep-06-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, three infertility-relevant epitopes of possum ZP2 (Pep12 (amino acids 111–125), Pep31 (amino acids 301–315), and Pep44 (amino acids 431–445)) were identified using sera from possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) immunized with recombinant possum zona pellucida 2 (ZP2) constructs, and a synthetic peptide library of possum ZP2 protein. In this study, the three peptides were conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and 300 μg of each conjugated peptide were administered subcutaneously to female possums (n = 20 per peptide) in complete Freund’s adjuvant. Immunogen doses were repeated 3 and 6 weeks later using incomplete Freund’s adjuvant. Control animals were immunized with either phosphate-buffered saline only (n = 10) or 300 μg keyhole limpet hemocyanin (n = 10), administered with the same adjuvants. Serum antibodies from animals immunized against these three epitopes bound to the corresponding possum ZP2 peptides, recombinant possum ZP2 protein constructs, and native zona. Possum fertility was assessed following superovulation and artificial insemination. Peptides Pep12 and Pep31 had no significant effects on fertility parameters (P > 0.05). However, animals immunized with Pep44 had lower egg fertilization rates (immunized 19.5% versus control 60.5%, P < 0.05) and produced significantly fewer embryos than control animals (immunized 0.5 embryos versus control 2.4 embryos, P < 0.05). The number of Pep44-immunized females that produced embryos was reduced by 64%. Identification and characterization of possum infertility-relevant epitopes on possum ZP2 protein will assist development of safe, humane, and possum-specific immunocontraceptive vaccines for controlling the introduced possums in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine A Duckworth
- National Research Centre for Possum Biocontrol at Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
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21
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Li H, Piao YS, Zhang ZB, Hardy CM, Hinds LA. Molecular cloning and assessment of the immunocontraceptive potential of the zona pellucida subunit 3 from Brandt's vole (Microtus brandti). Reprod Fertil Dev 2006; 18:331-8. [PMID: 16554008 DOI: 10.1071/rd05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A full-length cDNA encoding Brandt's vole (Microtus brandti) zona pellucida glycoprotein subunit 3 (vZP3) was isolated using rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR). The cDNA contains an open reading frame of 1254 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 418 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of vZP3 revealed high overall homology with hamster (82.1%), mouse (81.3%) and rat (80.6%). A synthetic vZP3 peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 328-343 was conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH-vZP3(328-343)) and used to immunise female Brandt's voles in order to test the efficacy of this peptide as a contraceptive antigen. High IgG antibody levels to the vZP3(328-343) peptide were present in the sera of female voles immunised with KLH-vZP3(328-343) and these also cross-reacted to the zona pellucida in ovaries of Brandt's vole. The fertility of the KLH-vZP3(328-343) -immunised voles was reduced by 50% compared with controls without evidence of significant ovarian pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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22
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Tung KSK, Setiady YY, Samy ET, Lewis J, Teuscher C. Autoimmune ovarian disease in day 3-thymectomized mice: the neonatal time window, antigen specificity of disease suppression, and genetic control. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 293:209-47. [PMID: 15981482 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27702-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of the CD4+CD25+ T cells has stemmed from investigation of the AOD in the d3tx mice. Besides CD4+CD25+ T cell depletion, d3tx disease induction requires effector T cell activation prompted by lymphopenia. This is supported by other neonatal AOD models in which T cell-mediated injury has been found to be triggered by immune complex or Ag immunization. In addition, there is growing evidence that support a state of neonatal propensity to autoimmunity, which depends on concomitant endogenous antigenic stimulation, concomitant nematode infection, resistance to CD4+CD25+ T cell regulation, and participation of the neonatal innate system. The suppression of d3tx disease by polyclonal CD4+CD25+ T cells appears to be dependent on endogenous Ag and the persistence of regulatory T cells. Thus, suppression of AOD occurs in the ovarian LN, and AOD emerges upon ablation of the input regulatory T cells; and in AIP, the hormone-induced expression of prostate Ag in the CD4+CD25+ T cell donors rapidly enhances the capacity to suppress disease over Ag negative donors. Finally, genetic analysis of AOD and its component phenotypes has uncovered seven Aod loci. As the general themes that emerged, significant epistatic interactions among the loci play a role in controlling disease susceptibility, the majority of the Aod loci are linked to susceptibility loci of other autoimmune diseases, and the genetic intervals encompass candidate genes that are differentially expressed between CD4+CD25+ T cells and other T cells. The candidate genes include Pdcd1, TNFR superfamily genes, H2, Il2, Tgfb, Nalp5 or Mater, an oocyte autoAg that reacts with autoantibody in sera of d3tx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S K Tung
- Department of Pathology, Health Science Center, University of Virginia, PO Box 800214, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Setiady YY, Agersborg S, Samy ET, Lewis JE, Tung KSK. Neonatal autoimmune disease: influence of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. Int Rev Immunol 2005; 24:227-45. [PMID: 16036376 DOI: 10.1080/08830180590934985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have emphasized the tolerogenic property of murine neonatal immune system, recent studies indicate that neonatal mice are prone to autoimmune disease. This chapter will summarize the evidence for neonatal propensity to autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) and describe the new finding that autoantibody can trigger a T cell-dependent autoimmune disease in neonatal but not adult mice. Based on depletion or addition of the CD4+ CD25+ T cells, disease resistance of older mice is explicable by the emergence of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T-cell function after day 5, whereas disease susceptibility is associated with resistance to regulation by CD4+ CD25+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulius Y Setiady
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection to trigger the disease. The activation of CD4+ autoreactive T cells and their differentiation into a Th1 phenotype are a crucial events in the initial steps, and these cells are probably also important players in the long-term evolution of the disease. Damage of the target tissue, the central nervous system, is, however, most likely mediated by other components of the immune system, such as antibodies, complement, CD8+ T cells, and factors produced by innate immune cells. Perturbations in immunomodulatory networks that include Th2 cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells, NK cells, and others may in part be responsible for the relapsing-remitting or chronic progressive nature of the disease. However, an important paradigmatic shift in the study of MS has occurred in the past decade. It is now clear that MS is not just a disease of the immune system, but that factors contributed by the central nervous system are equally important and must be considered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1400, USA.
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Clydesdale G, Pekin J, Beaton S, Jackson RJ, Vignarajan S, Hardy CM. Contraception in mice immunized with recombinant zona pellucida subunit 3 proteins correlates with Th2 responses and the levels of interleukin 4 expressed by CD4+ cells. Reproduction 2005; 128:737-45. [PMID: 15579591 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The immune responses and contraceptive effect in mice were tested following immunization with purified recombinant zona pellucida (ZP) proteins produced using a vaccinia (v) virus T7 mammalian expression system. Female BALB/c and CBA mice were immunized with recombinant mouse (m) ZP3 (vmZP3) or pig (p) ZPC (vpZPC) using Freund's adjuvants and boosted three times. Fertility and mean litter size were significantly reduced in groups of BALB/c mice immunized with recombinant vmZP3 and vpZPC compared with controls treated with Freund's adjuvants alone. In CBA mice, fertility and mean litter size were significantly reduced in groups of animals immunized with vmZP3 but not with vpZPC compared with the controls. Most infertile animals treated with vmZP3 and a single infertile BALB/c mouse treated with vpZPC lacked mature follicles in the ovaries, whilst no abnormalities were detected in the remaining vpZPC treated, fertile vmZP3 treated and control mice. All mice (both fertile and infertile) immunized with vmZP3 and vpZPC produced IgG antibodies, but the levels of total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a did not correlate with infertility. All BALB/c and CBA mice immunized with vmZP3 and vpZPC showed greater delayed type hypersensitivity responses in the footpads after challenge with their respective antigens than controls, but these did not differ between the fertile and infertile mice. There was, however, a significant correlation between infertility and the levels of the Type 2 T helper cell (Th2) cytokine interleukin 4 produced by CD4+ cells from vmZP3 immunized mice in response to stimulation with vmZP3 and this did not apply to the levels of the Type 1 T helper cell (Th1) cytokine interferon gamma or the general proliferation response. The results support the conclusion that induction of Th2 responses in individual mice determines whether infertility develops in response to immunization with zona pellucida proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Clydesdale
- Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Stevens AM, Hermes HM, Lambert NC, Nelson JL, Meroni PL, Cimaz R. Maternal and sibling microchimerism in twins and triplets discordant for neonatal lupus syndrome-congenital heart block. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 44:187-91. [PMID: 15536065 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonatal lupus syndrome-congenital heart block (NLS-CHB) is an acquired autoimmune disease in which maternal autoantibodies are necessary but not sufficient for disease. Maternal myocardial cells have been found in the hearts of patients with NLS-CHB, suggesting that maternal microchimerism may also play a role. In this study we asked whether levels of microchimerism in the blood are associated with NLS-CHB in discordant twins and triplets. METHODS Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-specific and Y-chromosome-specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantitatively assay maternal and sibling microchimerism in peripheral blood. Because of HLA allele sharing in families, it was not always possible to distinguish between multiple sources of microchimerism. RESULTS In one family, maternal and/or sibling microchimerism was detected in two triplets who had CHB, but not in the triplet with transient hepatitis. Levels ranged from 4 to 948 genome-equivalents of foreign deoxyribonucleic acid per million host genome-equivalents (gEq/million). Over the first year levels of sibling microchimerism decreased in the triplet with complete CHB and increased in the triplet who progressed from first- to second-degree CHB. In a second family, maternal and/or sibling microchimerism was detected in the healthy twin (1223 gEq/million) but not in the twin with CHB. CONCLUSIONS Maternal and/or sibling microchimerism was detectable in the blood of infant twins and triplets discordant for NLS. Microchimerism in the blood was not specific for NLS-CHB, although in one family levels correlated with disease. Thus, microchimerism in the blood and/or tissues may be involved in the pathogenesis or progression of NLS-CHB, but additional factors must also contribute. Further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Stevens
- Immunogenetics, D2-100, P.O. Box 19024, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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27
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Del Pozzo G, Mascolo D, Prisco A, Barba P, Anzisi A, Guardiola J. Lack of patent liver autoimmunity after breakage of tolerance in a mouse model. Int Immunol 2003; 15:1173-81. [PMID: 13679387 PMCID: PMC7108624 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxg119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report in this work that a cellular and humoral autoreactive response can be induced against liver-specific self-determinants by repeated immunization with a chimeric tissue-specific self-antigen carrying a heterologous T(h) epitope. Epitope spreading rendering the autoimmune reaction independent of the presence of the cognate heterologous help is also demonstrated. Although neutrophil infiltrates can be demonstrated in the livers of treated mice, no clinical sign of organ damage is observed. These findings suggest that breakage of tolerance by this means leads the process only up to the next checkpoint in the progression of autoimmune disease and that further events are required to precipitate functional organ impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Del Pozzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati Traverso, via G. Marconi 10, 80125, Naples, Italy.
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Setiady YY, Samy ET, Tung KSK. Maternal autoantibody triggers de novo T cell-mediated neonatal autoimmune disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4656-64. [PMID: 12707344 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although human maternal autoantibodies may transfer transient manifestation of autoimmune disease to their progeny, some neonatal autoimmune diseases can progress, leading to the loss of tissue structure and function. In this study we document that murine maternal autoantibody transmitted to progeny can trigger de novo neonatal pathogenic autoreactive T cell response and T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease. Autoantibody to a zona pellucida 3 (ZP3) epitope was found to induce autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) and premature ovarian failure in neonatal, but not adult, mice. Neonatal AOD did not occur in T cell-deficient pups, and the ovarian pathology was transferable by CD4(+) T cells from diseased donors. Interestingly, neonatal AOD occurred only in pups exposed to ZP3 autoantibody from neonatal days 1-5, but not from day 7 or day 9. The disease susceptibility neonatal time window was not related to a propensity of neonatal ovaries to autoimmune inflammation, and it was not affected by infusion of functional adult CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. However, resistance to neonatal AOD in 9-day-old mice was abrogated by CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell depletion. Finally, neonatal AOD was blocked by Ab to IgG-FcR, and interestingly, the disease was not elicited by autoantibody to a second, independent native ZP3 B cell epitope. Therefore, a new mechanism of neonatal autoimmunity is presented in which epitope-specific autoantibody stimulates de novo autoimmune pathogenic CD4(+) T cell response.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Adoptive Transfer
- Aging/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Autoantibodies/administration & dosage
- Autoantibodies/physiology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/prevention & control
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Disease Progression
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Egg Proteins/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Milk/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Ovarian Diseases/immunology
- Ovarian Diseases/pathology
- Ovarian Diseases/prevention & control
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Zona Pellucida/immunology
- Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulius Y Setiady
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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29
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Luborsky J. Ovarian autoimmune disease and ovarian autoantibodies. JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE 2002; 11:585-99. [PMID: 12396892 DOI: 10.1089/152460902760360540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Detection of specific autoantibodies remains the most practical clinical and research marker of autoimmune disease. The lack of consensus on ovary specific antibodies as a marker for ovarian autoimmunity has clinical and research consequences. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence for ovarian autoimmunity and the detection of ovary specific autoantibodies in humans. Evidence favors the presence of an autoimmune disease of the ovary. Ovarian autoantibodies are associated primarily with premature ovarian failure (POF) and unexplained infertility. Variations in detection of ovarian autoantibodies are likely to be due to study design elements such as antibody test format, antigen preparation, and criteria for study and comparison groups. In addition, multiple targets appear to be involved in ovarian autoimmunity including ovarian cellular elements and oocyte related antigens. Many studies only assess one target antigen, leaving individuals with ovarian autoimmunity unidentified. The next most significant advance in characterizing ovarian autoimmunity will be definitive identification of the specific antigens and development of standardized tests based on use of specific antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Luborsky
- Reproductive Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush Medical College, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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30
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Lea IA, Widgren EE, O'Rand MG. Analysis of recombinant mouse zona pellucida protein 2 (ZP2) constructs for immunocontraception. Vaccine 2002; 20:1515-23. [PMID: 11858857 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have examined the potential of recombinant mouse zona pellucida glycoprotein 2 (ZP2) as a target for immunocontraception. Immunogenicity studies and fertility trials were performed in outbred Swiss-Webster mice using four ZP2 constructs: Val(35)-Gly(200) (ZP2(V35-G200)), Val(35)-Leu(331) (ZP2(V35-L331)), Pro(325)-Ala(637) (ZP2(P325-A637)), and Val(35)-Ala(637) (ZP2(V35-A637)). A significant antibody response occurred to three of the four immunogens, however antibodies capable of recognizing native ZP occurred only after immunization with ZP2(V35-A637) and ZP2(P325-A637). Only immunization with ZP2(V35-A637) correlated with a reduction in fertility. Examination of the physiological basis for infertility revealed that: (1) passive transfer of ZP2 antiserum induced infertility in non-immune mice; (2) ovaries of infertile mice appeared histologically normal; (3) infertile mice produced normal numbers of eggs and (4) ZP of ovulated eggs from infertile mice demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of sperm bound compared to eggs from adjuvant controls. Infertility can be caused entirely by ZP2 antibodies without the incidence of significant ovarian pathology. This study also demonstrated that immunization with the bioactive (sperm binding) region of ZP2, recombinant ZP2(V35-G200), did not result in a significant immune response that recognized native ZP or inhibited fertility. Consequently we designed a ZP2-sperm antigen construct, replacing the C-terminal region of ZP2 with Sp17. This construct proved to be immunogenic and reduce fertility while directing the immune response to the Val(35)-Gly(200) region of ZP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Lea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, CB #7090, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090, USA
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31
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Bagavant H, Sharp C, Kurth B, Tung KSK. Induction and immunohistology of autoimmune ovarian disease in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:141-9. [PMID: 11786408 PMCID: PMC1867127 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) is a probable cause of human premature ovarian failure, and a potential complication of contraceptive vaccines based on ovarian antigens. The diagnosis depends on detection of noninfectious ovarian inflammation (oophoritis) and serum antibody to ovarian and placental antigens. Mechanisms underlying AOD have been investigated in mice but not in primates. Herein, we report induction of AOD in primates, and compare the immunopathology between monkey and murine AOD. Four cynomolgus macaques immunized with monkey or human zona pellucida 3 peptide (pZP3) in adjuvant, developed T-cell responses to the immunizing peptide and produced antibody that bound to native zona pellucida in vivo. Immunostaining of ovaries from pZP3-immunized macaques showed numerous clusters of T cells co-localized with major histocompatibility complex II-positive macrophages in the ovarian interstitium. Such foci were not detected in untreated or adjuvant-treated control monkeys. This finding is comparable to murine pZP3-induced AOD. However, unlike murine AOD in which numerous granulomatous lesions are detected, severe granulomatous inflammation was detected in only one of three monkeys with abnormal immunohistology. Similar to mice with pZP3-induced AOD, the immunized monkeys retained normal ovarian function. The results are discussed in the context of complications of ZP-based human immunocontraceptive vaccines and case reports of human autoimmune oophoritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Bagavant
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- V Verhasselt
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, route de Lennik, Bruxelles, 1070, Belgium
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Abstract
There is much evidence to implicate B cells, plasma cells, and their products in the pathogenesis of MS. Despite unequivocal evidence that the animal model for MS, EAE, is initiated by myelin-specific T cells, there is accumulating evidence of a role for B cells, plasma cells, and their products in EAE pathogenesis. The role(s) played by B cells, plasma cells, and antibodies in CNS inflammatory demyelinating diseases are likely to be multifactorial and complex, involving distinct and perhaps opposing roles for B cells versus antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Cross
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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