1
|
Alekseeva ON, Hoa LT, Vorobyev PO, Kochetkov DV, Gumennaya YD, Naberezhnaya ER, Chuvashov DO, Ivanov AV, Chumakov PM, Lipatova AV. Receptors and Host Factors for Enterovirus Infection: Implications for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3139. [PMID: 39335111 PMCID: PMC11430599 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16183139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, with their diverse clinical manifestations ranging from mild or asymptomatic infections to severe diseases such as poliomyelitis and viral myocarditis, present a public health threat. However, they can also be used as oncolytic agents. This review shows the intricate relationship between enteroviruses and host cell factors. Enteroviruses utilize specific receptors and coreceptors for cell entry that are critical for infection and subsequent viral replication. These receptors, many of which are glycoproteins, facilitate virus binding, capsid destabilization, and internalization into cells, and their expression defines virus tropism towards various types of cells. Since enteroviruses can exploit different receptors, they have high oncolytic potential for personalized cancer therapy, as exemplified by the antitumor activity of certain enterovirus strains including the bioselected non-pathogenic Echovirus type 7/Rigvir, approved for melanoma treatment. Dissecting the roles of individual receptors in the entry of enteroviruses can provide valuable insights into their potential in cancer therapy. This review discusses the application of gene-targeting techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 technology to investigate the impact of the loss of a particular receptor on the attachment of the virus and its subsequent internalization. It also summarizes the data on their expression in various types of cancer. By understanding how enteroviruses interact with specific cellular receptors, researchers can develop more effective regimens of treatment, offering hope for more targeted and efficient therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Alekseeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Le T Hoa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Pavel O Vorobyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana D Gumennaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Denis O Chuvashov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter M Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guenther MC, Borowicz PP, Hirchert MR, Semanchik PL, Simons JL, Fridley J, White-Springer SH, Hammer CJ. Identifying the immunoglobulin G transporter in equine tissues: A look at the neonatal Fc receptor. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 139:105131. [PMID: 38879095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is the receptor responsible for bidirectional transport of immunoglobulin G (IgG) across cells, maintenance of IgG levels in serum, and assisting with antigen presentation. Unfortunately, little is known about FcRn in horses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide fundamental information regarding the location of FcRn in equine tissues. Tissues were collected from six horses of mixed breed, age, and sex immediately following euthanasia. Sampling locations included the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), other visceral organs, cornea, and synovial membrane of the stifle and carpal joints. Tissues for histological analysis were fixed, cross sectioned, and stained for FcRn. Areas of interest were captured and analyzed with data represented as relative fluorescence (RF) to indicate FcRn abundance. Tissues for qPCR analysis were placed in RNAlater and relative quantification (RQ) of FcRn transcripts (FCGRT) was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCT method, normalized to the geometric mean of three reference genes (ACTB, GADPH, HPRT1). Data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS. Abundance of FcRn differed between tissue types by immunofluorescence and qPCR analysis (P < 0.01). Joint synovium and respiratory tract tissues had the highest RF, GIT tissues expressed moderate RF, and other visceral organs had the lowest RF. Conversely, liver and kidney tissues had the highest RQ while the stomach and cornea had the lowest RQ. These data lay the foundation for future studies regarding FcRn and IgG in horses and their roles in disease prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Guenther
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, NDSU Dept 7630 58108-6050, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - P P Borowicz
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, NDSU Dept 7630 58108-6050, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - M R Hirchert
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, NDSU Dept 7630 58108-6050, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - P L Semanchik
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Room 249D Kleberg, 2471 TAMU, 77843-2471, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J L Simons
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Room 249D Kleberg, 2471 TAMU, 77843-2471, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J Fridley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Veterinary Large Animal Hospital, 500 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, 4475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - S H White-Springer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Room 249D Kleberg, 2471 TAMU, 77843-2471, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, Room 309 Gilchrist, 2929 Research Parkway 77843-4243, College Station, TX, USA
| | - C J Hammer
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, NDSU Dept 7630 58108-6050, Fargo, ND, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cavalcante P, Mantegazza R, Antozzi C. Targeting autoimmune mechanisms by precision medicine in Myasthenia Gravis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404191. [PMID: 38903526 PMCID: PMC11187261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is a chronic disabling autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), characterized clinically by fluctuating weakness and early fatigability of ocular, skeletal and bulbar muscles. Despite being commonly considered a prototypic autoimmune disorder, MG is a complex and heterogeneous condition, presenting with variable clinical phenotypes, likely due to distinct pathophysiological settings related with different immunoreactivities, symptoms' distribution, disease severity, age at onset, thymic histopathology and response to therapies. Current treatment of MG based on international consensus guidelines allows to effectively control symptoms, but most patients do not reach complete stable remission and require life-long immunosuppressive (IS) therapies. Moreover, a proportion of them is refractory to conventional IS treatment, highlighting the need for more specific and tailored strategies. Precision medicine is a new frontier of medicine that promises to greatly increase therapeutic success in several diseases, including autoimmune conditions. In MG, B cell activation, antibody recycling and NMJ damage by the complement system are crucial mechanisms, and their targeting by innovative biological drugs has been proven to be effective and safe in clinical trials. The switch from conventional IS to novel precision medicine approaches based on these drugs could prospectively and significantly improve MG care. In this review, we provide an overview of key immunopathogenetic processes underlying MG, and discuss on emerging biological drugs targeting them. We also discuss on future direction of research to address the need for patients' stratification in endotypes according with genetic and molecular biomarkers for successful clinical decision making within precision medicine workflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cavalcante
- Neurology 4 – Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Mantegazza
- Neurology 4 – Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Antozzi
- Neurology 4 – Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
- Immunotherapy and Apheresis Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma G, Crowley AR, Heyndrickx L, Rogiers I, Parthoens E, Van Santbergen J, Ober RJ, Bobkov V, de Haard H, Ulrichts P, Hofman E, Louagie E, Balbino B, Ward ES. Differential effects of FcRn antagonists on the subcellular trafficking of FcRn and albumin. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176166. [PMID: 38713534 PMCID: PMC11141909 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of IgG is maintained by the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. Consequently, antagonism of FcRn to reduce endogenous IgG levels is an emerging strategy for treating antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders using either FcRn-specific antibodies or an engineered Fc fragment. For certain FcRn-specific antibodies, this approach has resulted in reductions in the levels of serum albumin, the other major ligand transported by FcRn. Cellular and molecular analyses of a panel of FcRn antagonists have been carried out to elucidate the mechanisms leading to their differential effects on albumin homeostasis. These analyses have identified 2 processes underlying decreases in albumin levels during FcRn blockade: increased degradation of FcRn and competition between antagonist and albumin for FcRn binding. These findings have potential implications for the design of drugs to modulate FcRn function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanglong Ma
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Crowley
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eef Parthoens
- VIB BioImaging Core, Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Raimund J. Ober
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - E. Sally Ward
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Haddad G, Blaine J. Identification of Four Mouse FcRn Splice Variants and FcRn-Specific Vesicles. Cells 2024; 13:594. [PMID: 38607033 PMCID: PMC11012118 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Research into the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has increased dramatically ever since Simister and Mostov first purified a rat version of the receptor. Over the years, FcRn has been shown to function not only as a receptor that transfers immunity from mother to fetus but also performs an array of different functions that include transport and recycling of immunoglobulins and albumin in the adult. Due to its important cellular roles, several clinical trials have been designed to either inhibit/enhance FcRn function or develop of non-invasive therapeutic delivery system such as fusion of drugs to IgG Fc or albumin to enhance delivery inside the cells. Here, we report the accidental identification of several FcRn alternatively spliced variants in both mouse and human cells. The four new mouse splice variants are capable of binding immunoglobulins' Fc and Fab portions. In addition, we have identified FcRn-specific vesicles in which immunoglobulins and albumin can be stored and that are involved in the endosomal-lysosomal system. The complexity of FcRn functions offers significant potential to design and develop novel and targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Blaine
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Laskou A, Znalesniak EB, Harder S, Schlüter H, Jechorek D, Langer K, Strecker C, Matthes C, Tchaikovski SN, Hoffmann W. Different Forms of TFF3 in the Human Endocervix, including a Complex with IgG Fc Binding Protein (FCGBP), and Further Aspects of the Cervico-Vaginal Innate Immune Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2287. [PMID: 38396964 PMCID: PMC10888570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
TFF3 is a typical secretory poplypeptide of mucous epithelia belonging to the trefoil factor family (TFF) of lectins. In the intestine, respiratory tract, and saliva, TFF3 mainly exists as a high-molecular-mass complex with IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP), which is indicative of a role in mucosal innate immunity. For the first time, we identified different forms of TFF3 in the endocervix, i.e., monomeric and homodimeric TFF3, as well as a high-molecular-mass TFF3-FCGBP complex; the latter also exists in a hardly soluble form. Immunohistochemistry co-localized TFF3 and FCGBP. Expression analyses of endocervical and post-menopausal vaginal specimens revealed a lack of mucin and TFF3 transcripts in the vaginal specimens. In contrast, genes encoding other typical components of the innate immune defense were expressed in both the endocervix and vagina. Of note, FCGBP is possibly fucosylated. Endocervical specimens from transgender individuals after hormonal therapy showed diminished expression, particularly of FCGBP. Furthermore, mucus swabs from the endocervix and vagina were analyzed concerning TFF3, FCGBP, and lysozyme. It was the aim of this study to illuminate several aspects of the cervico-vaginal innate immune barrier, which is clinically relevant as bacterial and viral infections are also linked to infertility, pre-term birth and cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Laskou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eva B. Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Harder
- Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dörthe Jechorek
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Langer
- Institute of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carina Strecker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Str. 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Matthes
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Str. 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Svetlana N. Tchaikovski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Str. 35, 39108 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmed AR, Kalesinskas M, Kaveri SV. Restoring immune tolerance in pemphigus vulgaris. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317762121. [PMID: 38261616 PMCID: PMC10835025 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317762121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), a preparation of polyclonal serum IgG pooled from numerous blood donors, has been used for nearly three decades and is proving to be an efficient treatment for many autoimmune blistering diseases, including pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Despite its widespread use and therapeutic success, its mechanisms of action are not completely understood. Some of its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions have been studied. In this study, the authors present a twenty-year follow-up of 21 patients with clinical and immunopathological confirmed PV, treated with IVIg as monotherapy, according to an established published protocol. IVIg therapy produced long-term sustained, clinical, serological, and immunopathological remission. For 20 y, these patients received no drugs and experienced no disease. This observation suggests that there was the establishment of immune balance or restoration of immune regulation in these PV patients. Twelve (57%) patients experienced no relapse during follow-up. Six (29%) patients experienced a relapse due to acute stress or post-coronavirus infection and/or vaccination. Reinstitution of IVIg resulted in prompt sustained recovery. Three (14.2%) patients, in clinical and serological remission, died due to unrelated causes. No severe adverse effects from IVIg were documented in all 21 patients. The simultaneous or sequential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of IVIg may have influenced the long-term clinical remission observed. This study provides a human prototype to examine the pathophysiology of autoimmunity and a model to study immune regulation and mechanisms that can facilitate restoring immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Razzaque Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Blistering Diseases, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02135
| | - Mikole Kalesinskas
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Blistering Diseases, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA02135
| | - Srini V. Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, ParisF-75006, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Qureshi OS, Sutton EJ, Bithell RF, West SM, Cutler RM, McCluskey G, Craggs G, Maroof A, Barnes NM, Humphreys DP, Rapecki S, Smith BJ, Shock A. Interactions of the anti-FcRn monoclonal antibody, rozanolixizumab, with Fcγ receptors and functional impact on immune cells in vitro. MAbs 2024; 16:2300155. [PMID: 38241085 PMCID: PMC10802195 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2300155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Rozanolixizumab is a humanized anti-neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) monoclonal antibody (mAb) of the immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) sub-class, currently in clinical development for the treatment of IgG autoantibody-driven diseases. This format is frequently used for therapeutic mAbs due to its intrinsic lower affinity for Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) and lack of C1q engagement. However, with growing evidence suggesting that no Fc-containing agent is truly "silent" in this respect, we explored the engagement of FcγRs and potential functional consequences with rozanolixizumab. In the study presented here, rozanolixizumab was shown to bind to FcγRs in both protein-protein and cell-based assays, and the kinetic data were broadly as expected based on published data for an IgG4 mAb. Rozanolixizumab was also able to mediate antibody bipolar bridging (ABB), a phenomenon that led to a reduction of labeled FcγRI from the surface of human macrophages in an FcRn-dependent manner. However, the presence of exogenous human IgG, even at low concentrations, was able to prevent both binding and ABB events. Furthermore, data from in vitro experiments using relevant human cell types that express both FcRn and FcγRI indicated no evidence for functional sequelae in relation to cellular activation events (e.g., intracellular signaling, cytokine production) upon either FcRn or FcγR binding of rozanolixizumab. These data raise important questions about whether therapeutic antagonistic mAbs like rozanolixizumab would necessarily engage FcγRs at doses typically administered to patients in the clinic, and hence challenge the relevance and interpretation of in vitro assays performed in the absence of competing IgG.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kawai A, Tokunoh N, Kawahara E, Tamiya S, Okamura S, Ono C, Anindita J, Tanaka H, Akita H, Yamasaki S, Kunisawa J, Okamoto T, Matsuura Y, Hirai T, Yoshioka Y. Intranasal immunization with an RBD-hemagglutinin fusion protein harnesses preexisting immunity to enhance antigen-specific responses. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e166827. [PMID: 38038133 PMCID: PMC10688985 DOI: 10.1172/jci166827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal vaccines are anticipated to be powerful tools for combating many infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV-2, because they induce not only systemic immunity but also mucosal immunity at the site of initial infection. However, they are generally inefficient in inducing an antigen-specific immune response without adjuvants. Here, we developed an adjuvant-free intranasal vaccine platform that utilizes the preexisting immunity induced by previous infection or vaccination to enhance vaccine effectiveness. We made RBD-HA, a fusion of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike derived from SARS-CoV-2 as a vaccine target with HA derived from influenza A virus (IAV) as a carrier protein. Intranasal immunization of previously IAV-infected mice with RBD-HA without an adjuvant elicited robust production of RBD-specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA by utilizing both HA-specific preexisting IgG and CD4+ T cells. Consequently, the mice were efficiently protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, we demonstrated the high versatility of this intranasal vaccine platform by assessing various vaccine antigens and preexisting immunity associated with a variety of infectious diseases. The results of this study suggest the promising potential of this intranasal vaccine platform to address problems associated with intranasal vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawai
- Laboratory of Nano-Design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nagisa Tokunoh
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eigo Kawahara
- Laboratory of Nano-Design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tamiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shinya Okamura
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research and
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jessica Anindita
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of DDS Design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research and
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, and
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research and
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research and
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Laboratory of Nano-Design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, and
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Nano-Design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research and
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Vaccine Creation Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, and
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
da Costa Marques R, Hüppe N, Speth KR, Oberländer J, Lieberwirth I, Landfester K, Mailänder V. Proteomics reveals time-dependent protein corona changes in the intracellular pathway. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:355-368. [PMID: 37839632 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular protein corona has not been fully investigated in the field of nanotechnology-biology (nano-bio) interactions. To effectively understand intracellular protein corona formation and dynamics, we established a workflow to isolate the intracellular protein corona at different uptake times of two nanoparticles - magnetic hydroxyethyl starch nanoparticles (HES-NPs) and magnetic human serum albumin nanocapsules (HSA-NCs). We performed label-free quantitative LC-MS proteomics to analyze the composition of the intracellular protein corona and correlated our findings with results from conventional methods for intracellular trafficking of nanocarriers, such as flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and confocal microscopy (cLSM). We determined the evolution of the intracellular protein corona. At different time stages the protein corona of the HES-NPs with a slower uptake changed, but there were fewer changes in that of the HSA-NCs with a more rapid uptake. We identified proteins that are involved in macropinocytosis (RAC1, ASAP2) as well as caveolin. This was confirmed by blocking experiments and by TEM studies. The investigated nanocarrier predominantly trafficked from early endosomes as determined by RAB5 identification in proteomics and in cLSM to late endosomes/lysosomes (RAB7, LAMP1, cathepsin K and HSP 90-beta) We further demonstrated differences between nanoparticles with slower and faster uptake kinetics and determined the associated proteome at different time points. Analysis of the intracellular protein corona provides us with effective data to examine the intracellular trafficking of nanocarriers used in efficient drug delivery and intracellular applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Many research papers focus on the protein corona on nanoparticles formed in biological fluids, but there are hardly any articles dealing with proteins that come in contact with nanoparticles inside cells. The "intracellular protein corona" studied here is a far more complex and highly demanding field. Most nanocarriers are designed to be taken up into cells. Given this, we chose two different nanocarriers to reveal changes in the proteins in dendritic cells during contact at specific times. Further studies will allow us to examine molecular target proteins using these methods. Our research is a significant addition towards the goal of understanding and thus improving the efficacy of drug nanocarriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard da Costa Marques
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natkritta Hüppe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai R Speth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Oberländer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao C, Chen Q, Hao X, Wang Q. Immunomodulation of Antibody Glycosylation through the Placental Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16772. [PMID: 38069094 PMCID: PMC10705935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing an immune balance between the mother and fetus during gestation is crucial, with the placenta acting as the epicenter of immune tolerance. The placental transfer of antibodies, mainly immunoglobulin G (IgG), is critical in protecting the developing fetus from infections. This review looks at how immunomodulation of antibody glycosylation occurs during placental transfer and how it affects fetal health. The passage of maternal IgG antibodies through the placental layers, including the syncytiotrophoblast, stroma, and fetal endothelium, is discussed. The effect of IgG subclass, glycosylation, concentration, maternal infections, and antigen specificity on antibody transfer efficiency is investigated. FcRn-mediated IgG transport, influenced by pH-dependent binding, is essential for placental transfer. Additionally, this review delves into the impact of glycosylation patterns on antibody functionality, considering both protective and pathological effects. Factors affecting the transfer of protective antibodies, such as maternal vaccination, are discussed along with reducing harmful antibodies. This in-depth examination of placental antibody transfer and glycosylation provides insights into improving neonatal immunity and mitigating the effects of maternal autoimmune and alloimmune conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiushi Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cocito D, Peci E, Torrieri MC, Clerico M. Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy: A Historical Perspective. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6961. [PMID: 38002576 PMCID: PMC10671960 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12226961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic administration of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIg) offers various advantages over intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). This narrative review examines and compares SCIg versus IVIg in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). SCIg is as effective as IVIg but is better tolerated and easier to administer, as intravenous access is not required. Furthermore, SCIg administration is more convenient and cost-effective than IVIg, enabling flexible treatment scheduling at home and improving patients' overall quality of life. The availability of highly concentrated immunoglobulin G (IgG) subcutaneous solutions, such as IgPro20, a 20% IgG solution stabilized with L-proline, allows for the administration of larger volumes in a single session, while the parallel development of new technological devices enables the delivery of higher doses over a shorter time. Based on the results of the PATH study, SCIg has become a well-established therapy in CIDP. In addition to discussing the advantages of SCIg, this review summarizes the evolution of SCIg by discussing all the relevant clinical studies which have considered its use in the treatment of CIDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cocito
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Marinella Clerico
- Academic Neurology Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Horiuchi M, Hinderer CJ, Shankle HN, Hayashi PM, Chichester JA, Kissel C, Bell P, Dyer C, Wilson JM. Neonatal Fc Receptor Inhibition Enables Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Therapy Despite Pre-Existing Humoral Immunity. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:1022-1032. [PMID: 36719773 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy are transforming our ability to treat rare genetic disorders and address other unmet medical needs. However, the natural prevalence of anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in humans currently limits the population who can benefit from AAV-based gene therapies. Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays an essential role in the long half-life of IgG, a key NAb. Researchers have developed several FcRn-inhibiting monoclonal antibodies to treat autoimmune diseases, as inhibiting the interaction between FcRn and IgG Fc can reduce circulating IgG levels to 20-30% of the baseline. We evaluated the utility of one such monoclonal antibody, M281, to reduce pre-existing NAb levels and to permit gene delivery to the liver and heart via systemic AAV gene therapy in mice and nonhuman primates. M281 successfully reduced NAb titers along with total IgG levels; it also enhanced gene delivery to the liver and other organs after intravenous administration of AAV in NAb-positive animals. These results indicate that mitigating pre-existing humoral immunity via disruption of the FcRn-IgG interaction may make AAV-based gene therapies effective in NAb-positive patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Horiuchi
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christian J Hinderer
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hailey N Shankle
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter M Hayashi
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica A Chichester
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Casey Kissel
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter Bell
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cecilia Dyer
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pyzik M, Kozicky LK, Gandhi AK, Blumberg RS. The therapeutic age of the neonatal Fc receptor. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:415-432. [PMID: 36726033 PMCID: PMC9891766 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
IgGs are essential soluble components of the adaptive immune response that evolved to protect the body from infection. Compared with other immunoglobulins, the role of IgGs is distinguished and enhanced by their high circulating levels, long half-life and ability to transfer from mother to offspring, properties that are conferred by interactions with neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). FcRn binds to the Fc portion of IgGs in a pH-dependent manner and protects them from intracellular degradation. It also allows their transport across polarized cells that separate tissue compartments, such as the endothelium and epithelium. Further, it is becoming apparent that FcRn functions to potentiate cellular immune responses when IgGs, bound to their antigens, form IgG immune complexes. Besides the protective role of IgG, IgG autoantibodies are associated with numerous pathological conditions. As such, FcRn blockade is a novel and effective strategy to reduce circulating levels of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies and curtail IgG-mediated diseases, with several FcRn-blocking strategies on the path to therapeutic use. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge of FcRn-IgG immunobiology, with an emphasis on the functional and pathological aspects, and an overview of FcRn-targeted therapy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lisa K Kozicky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit K Gandhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou Y, Jiang S. Roles of FcRn in Antigen-Presenting Cells during Autoimmunity and a Clinical Evaluation of Efgartigimod as an FcRn Blocker. Pathogens 2023; 12:817. [PMID: 37375507 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a complex network of multiple cells, tissues, and organs that protects the body against foreign pathogenic invaders. However, the immune system may mistakenly attack healthy cells and tissues due to the cross-reactivity of anti-pathogen immunity, leading to autoimmunity by autoreactive T cells and/or autoantibody-secreting B cells. Autoantibodies can accumulate, resulting in tissue or organ damage. The neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor (FcRn) is an important factor in immune regulation through controlling the trafficking and recycling of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules, the most abundant antibody in humoral immunity. In addition to its role in IgG trafficking and recycling, FcRn is also involved in antigen presentation, which is a crucial step in the activation of the adaptive immune response via directing the internalization and trafficking of antigen-bound IgG immune complexes into compartments of degradation and presentation in antigen-presenting cells. Efgartigimod, an FcRn inhibitor, has shown promise in reducing the levels of autoantibodies and alleviating the autoimmune severity of myasthenia gravis, primary immune thrombocytopenia, and pemphigus vulgaris/foliaceus. This article aims to provide an overview of the importance of FcRn in antigen-presenting cells and its potential as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases, using efgartigimod as an example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shisong Jiang
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wolf J, Alt S, Krämer I, Kahaly GJ. A NOVEL MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY DEGRADES THE THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR AUTOANTIBODIES IN GRAVES' DISEASE. Endocr Pract 2023:S1530-891X(23)00368-3. [PMID: 37080298 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoantibodies (Ab) against the thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R-Ab) are key mediators for the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD). TSH-R-Ab degradation was evaluated using several immunoassays within an exploratory, controlled trial in patients with GD receiving a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor (FcRn). METHODS Serial measurements of TSH-R-Ab serum levels were performed using three different binding and cell-based assays in GD patients either on medication or on placebo. RESULTS In contrast to placebo where no changes were observed, a 12-week mAb therapy led to an early and significant decrease (> 60%) of the serum TSH-R-Ab serum levels in patients with thyroidal and extra-thyroidal GD, as unanimously shown in all three assays. These marked changes were noted already at week seven post baseline (P<0.0001 for the binding immunoassay and for the luciferase (readout) bioassay. The three TSH-R-Ab binding and bioassays highly correlated in the samples of both study groups (binding immunoassay versus luciferase bioassay r = 0.91, P < 0.001, binding vs. cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) bioassay, r = 0.86, P < 0.001, luciferase versus cAMP bioassay, r = 0.71, P = 0.006). The serological results correlated with the course of the extra-thyroidal clinical parameters of GD, i.e. clinical activity score and proptosis. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the FcRn markedly reduces the disease-specific TSH-R-Ab in patients with GD. The novel and rapid TSH-R-Ab bioassay improves diagnosis and management of GD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wolf
- Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Dept. of Medicine I, (JW, SA, GJK) and Department of Pharmacy (IK), Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Siegmund Alt
- Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Dept. of Medicine I, (JW, SA, GJK) and Department of Pharmacy (IK), Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Irene Krämer
- Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Dept. of Medicine I, (JW, SA, GJK) and Department of Pharmacy (IK), Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - George Jean Kahaly
- Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Dept. of Medicine I, (JW, SA, GJK) and Department of Pharmacy (IK), Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Strachan E, Clemente-Casares X, Tsai S. Maternal provisions in type 1 diabetes: Evidence for both protective & pathogenic potential. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146082. [PMID: 37033940 PMCID: PMC10073710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal influences on the immune health and development of an infant begin in utero and continue well into the postnatal period, shaping and educating the child's maturing immune system. Two maternal provisions include early microbial colonizers to initiate microbiota establishment and the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby. Maternal antibodies are a result of a lifetime of antigenic experience, reflecting the infection history, health and environmental exposure of the mother. These same factors are strong influencers of the microbiota, inexorably linking the two. Together, these provisions help to educate the developing neonatal immune system and shape lymphocyte repertoires, establishing a role for external environmental influences even before birth. In the context of autoimmunity, the transfer of maternal autoantibodies has the potential to be harmful for the child, sometimes targeting tissues and cells with devastating consequences. Curiously, this does not seem to apply to maternal autoantibody transfer in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Moreover, despite the rising prevalence of the disease, little research has been conducted on the effects of maternal dysbiosis or antibody transfer from an affected mother to her offspring and thus their relevance to disease development in the offspring remains unclear. This review seeks to provide a thorough evaluation of the role of maternal microorganisms and antibodies within the context of T1D, exploring both their pathogenic and protective potential. Although a definitive understanding of their significance in infant T1D development remains elusive at present, we endeavor to present what has been learned with the goal of spurring further interest in this important and intriguing question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rousse J, Royer PJ, Evanno G, Lheriteau E, Ciron C, Salama A, Shneiker F, Duchi R, Perota A, Galli C, Cozzi E, Blancho G, Duvaux O, Brouard S, Soulillou JP, Bach JM, Vanhove B. LIS1, a glyco-humanized swine polyclonal anti-lymphocyte globulin, as a novel induction treatment in solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1137629. [PMID: 36875084 PMCID: PMC9978386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1137629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-thymocyte or anti-lymphocyte globulins (ATGs/ALGs) are immunosuppressive drugs used in induction therapies to prevent acute rejection in solid organ transplantation. Because animal-derived, ATGs/ALGs contain highly immunogenic carbohydrate xenoantigens eliciting antibodies that are associated with subclinical inflammatory events, possibly impacting long-term graft survival. Their strong and long-lasting lymphodepleting activity also increases the risk for infections. We investigated here the in vitro and in vivo activity of LIS1, a glyco-humanized ALG (GH-ALG) produced in pigs knocked out for the two major xeno-antigens αGal and Neu5Gc. It differs from other ATGs/ALGs by its mechanism of action excluding antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and being restricted to complement-mediated cytotoxicity, phagocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, apoptosis and antigen masking, resulting in profound inhibition of T-cell alloreactivity in mixed leucocyte reactions. Preclinical evaluation in non-human primates showed that GH-ALG dramatically reduced CD4+ (p=0.0005,***), CD8+ effector T cells (p=0.0002,***) or myeloid cells (p=0.0007,***) but not T-reg (p=0.65, ns) or B cells (p=0.65, ns). Compared with rabbit ATG, GH-ALG induced transient depletion (less than one week) of target T cells in the peripheral blood (<100 lymphocytes/L) but was equivalent in preventing allograft rejection in a skin allograft model. The novel therapeutic modality of GH-ALG might present advantages in induction treatment during organ transplantation by shortening the T-cell depletion period while maintaining adequate immunosuppression and reducing immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carine Ciron
- Research and Development, Xenothera, Nantes, France
| | - Apolline Salama
- Nantes Université, Inserm, University Hospital Center CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | | | - Roberto Duchi
- Transplantation Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Perota
- Transplantation Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Cesare Galli
- Transplantation Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Cozzi
- Avantea, Laboratorio di Tecnologie della Riproduzione, Cremona, Italy
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Nantes Université, Inserm, University Hospital Center CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Odile Duvaux
- Research and Development, Xenothera, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Nantes Université, Inserm, University Hospital Center CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Nantes Université, Inserm, University Hospital Center CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Porbahaie M, Savelkoul HFJ, de Haan CAM, Teodorowicz M, van Neerven RJJ. Direct Binding of Bovine IgG-Containing Immune Complexes to Human Monocytes and Their Putative Role in Innate Immune Training. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214452. [PMID: 36364714 PMCID: PMC9654672 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk IgG (bIgG) was shown to bind to and neutralize the human respiratory synovial virus (RSV). In animal models, adding bIgG prevented experimental RSV infection and increased the number of activated T cells. This enhanced activation of RSV-specific T cells may be explained by receptor-mediated uptake and antigen presentation after binding of bIgG-RSV immune complexes (ICs) with FcγRs (primarily CD32) on human immune cells. This indirect effect of bIgG ICs on activation of RSV-specific T cells was confirmed previously in human T cell cultures. However, the direct binding of ICs to antigen-presenting cells has not been addressed. As bovine IgG can induce innate immune training, we hypothesized that this effect could be caused more efficiently by ICs. Therefore, we characterized the expression of CD16, CD32, and CD64 on (peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), determined the optimal conditions to form ICs of bIgG with the RSV preF protein, and demonstrated the direct binding of these ICs to human CD14+ monocytes. Similarly, bIgG complexed with a murine anti-bIgG mAb also bound efficiently to the monocytes. To evaluate whether the ICs could induce innate immune training more efficiently than bIgG itself, the resulted ICs, as well as bIgG, were used in an in vitro innate immune training model. Training with the ICs containing bIgG and RSV preF protein-but not the bIgG alone-induced significantly higher TNF-α production upon LPS and R848 stimulation. However, the preF protein itself nonsignificantly increased cytokine production as well. This may be explained by its tropism to the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGFR1), as IGF has been reported to induce innate immune training. Even so, these data suggest a role for IgG-containing ICs in inducing innate immune training after re-exposure to pathogens. However, as ICs of bIgG with a mouse anti-bIgG mAb did not induce this effect, further research is needed to confirm the putative role of bIgG ICs in enhancing innate immune responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Porbahaie
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malgorzata Teodorowicz
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. J. Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cruz AR, Bentlage AEH, Blonk R, de Haas CJC, Aerts PC, Scheepmaker LM, Bouwmeester IG, Lux A, van Strijp JAG, Nimmerjahn F, van Kessel KPM, Vidarsson G, Rooijakkers SHM. Toward Understanding How Staphylococcal Protein A Inhibits IgG-Mediated Phagocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1146-1155. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IgG molecules are crucial for the human immune response against bacterial infections. IgGs can trigger phagocytosis by innate immune cells, like neutrophils. To do so, IgGs should bind to the bacterial surface via their variable Fab regions and interact with Fcγ receptors and complement C1 via the constant Fc domain. C1 binding to IgG-labeled bacteria activates the complement cascade, which results in bacterial decoration with C3-derived molecules that are recognized by complement receptors on neutrophils. Next to FcγRs and complement receptors on the membrane, neutrophils also express the intracellular neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). We previously reported that staphylococcal protein A (SpA), a key immune-evasion protein of Staphylococcus aureus, potently blocks IgG-mediated complement activation and killing of S. aureus by interfering with IgG hexamer formation. SpA is also known to block IgG-mediated phagocytosis in absence of complement, but the mechanism behind it remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that SpA blocks IgG-mediated phagocytosis and killing of S. aureus and that it inhibits the interaction of IgGs with FcγRs (FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb, but not FcγRI) and FcRn. Furthermore, our data show that multiple SpA domains are needed to effectively block IgG1-mediated phagocytosis. This provides a rationale for the fact that SpA from S. aureus contains four to five repeats. Taken together, our study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which SpA blocks IgG-mediated phagocytosis and supports the idea that in addition to FcγRs, the intracellular FcRn is also prevented from binding IgG by SpA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Cruz
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur E. H. Bentlage
- †Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Robin Blonk
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carla J. C. de Haas
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Piet C. Aerts
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette M. Scheepmaker
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inge G. Bouwmeester
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Lux
- ‡Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- ‡Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kok P. M. van Kessel
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- †Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hameedat F, Pizarroso NA, Teixeira N, Pinto S, Sarmento B. Functionalized FcRn-targeted nanosystems for oral drug delivery: A new approach to colorectal cancer treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 176:106259. [PMID: 35842140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second type of cancer with the highest lethality rate. The current chemotherapy to treat CRC causes systemic toxicity, unsatisfying response rate, and low tumor-specific selectivity, which is mainly administered by invasive routes. The chronic and aggressive nature of cancers may require long-term regimens. Thus, the oral route is preferred. However, the orally administered drugs still need to surpass the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract and the biological barriers. Nanotechnology is a promising strategy to overcome the oral route limitations. Targeted nanoparticle systems decorated with functional groups can enhance the delivery of anticancer agents to tumor sites. It is described in the literature that the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is expressed in cancer tissue and overexpressed in CRC epithelial cells. However, the impact of FcRn-targeted nanosystems in the treatment of CRC has been poorly investigated. This review article discusses the current knowledge on the involvement of the FcRn in CRC, as well as to critically assess its relevance as a target for further localization of oral nanocarriers in CRC tumor cells. Finally, a brief overview of cancer therapeutics, strategies to design the nanoparticles of anticancer drugs and a review of decorated nanoparticles with FcRn moieties are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Hameedat
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-393, Portugal; NANOMED EMJMD, Pharmacy School, Faculty of Health, University of Angers, France; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-393, Portugal
| | - Nuria A Pizarroso
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-393, Portugal
| | - Natália Teixeira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-393, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-393, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Soraia Pinto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-393, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-393, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-393, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-393, Portugal; CESPU - IUCS, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Biophysical differences in IgG1 Fc-based therapeutics relate to their cellular handling, interaction with FcRn and plasma half-life. Commun Biol 2022; 5:832. [PMID: 35982144 PMCID: PMC9388496 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics (ABTs) are used to treat a range of diseases. Most ABTs are either full-length IgG1 antibodies or fusions between for instance antigen (Ag)-binding receptor domains and the IgG1 Fc fragment. Interestingly, their plasma half-life varies considerably, which may relate to how they engage the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). As such, there is a need for an in-depth understanding of how different features of ABTs affect FcRn-binding and transport behavior. Here, we report on how FcRn-engagement of the IgG1 Fc fragment compare to clinically relevant IgGs and receptor domain Fc fusions, binding to VEGF or TNF-α. The results reveal FcRn-dependent intracellular accumulation of the Fc, which is in line with shorter plasma half-life than that of full-length IgG1 in human FcRn-expressing mice. Receptor domain fusion to the Fc increases its half-life, but not to the extent of IgG1. This is mirrored by a reduced cellular recycling capacity of the Fc-fusions. In addition, binding of cognate Ag to ABTs show that complexes of similar size undergo cellular transport at different rates, which could be explained by the biophysical properties of each ABT. Thus, the study provides knowledge that should guide tailoring of ABTs regarding optimal cellular sorting and plasma half-life. Analysis of clinically approved antibody-based therapeutics reveals different structural designs, such as full-length IgG1 or Fc-fusions, entail distinct biophysical properties that affect FcRn binding, intracellular transport and plasma half-life.
Collapse
|
23
|
Watkins JM, Watkins JD. An Engineered Monovalent Anti-TNF-α Antibody with pH-Sensitive Binding Abrogates Immunogenicity in Mice following a Single Intravenous Dose. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:829-839. [PMID: 35896334 PMCID: PMC10580234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic Abs directed toward TNF-α display significant immunogenicity in humans, frequently leading to lower serum concentrations of the Ab that are associated with lower treatment efficacy. The enhanced incidence of immunogenicity observed with this class of therapeutics may be mediated by the expression of TNF-α as a homotrimer, both as a soluble serum protein and as a membrane-associated protein (mTNF-α) on the surface of dendritic cells. The TNF-α homotrimer enables the formation of polyvalent Ab-TNF-α immune complexes (ICs) that enhance binding to FcR and neonatal FcR. Polyvalent ICs and Ab bound to mTNF-α on the surface of dendritic cells can internalize, traffic to the lysosomes, and be processed for presentation by MHC molecules. To diminish immunogenicity caused by trafficking of ICs and mTNF-α to the lysosomes, we engineered a monovalent format of adalimumab with pH-sensitive binding to TNF-α. The engineered variant, termed AF-M2637, did not cross-link TNF-α trimers and consequently formed small, nonprecipitating ICs only. AF-M2637 bound TNF-α with high affinity at pH 7.4 (EC50 = 1.1 nM) and displayed a significantly faster dissociation rate than adalimumab at pH 6.0. No immune response to AF-M2637 was detected in mice following a single i.v. dose. In contrast, rapid immunization was detected following the injection of a single i.v. dose of adalimumab, monovalent adalimumab, or the bivalent form of the pH-sensitive variant. These data suggest that ICs and mTNF-α both contribute to the immunogenicity of adalimumab in mice and provide a general strategy for engineering less immunogenic therapeutic TNF-α Abs.
Collapse
|
24
|
Chang HP, Shakhnovich V, Frymoyer A, Funk RS, Becker ML, Park KT, Shah DK. A population physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model to characterize antibody disposition in pediatrics and evaluation of the model using infliximab. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:290-302. [PMID: 34189743 PMCID: PMC8714867 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS In order to better predict the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antibodies in children, and to facilitate dose optimization of antibodies in paediatric patients, there is a need to develop systems PK models that integrate ontogeny-related changes in human physiological parameters. METHODS A population-based physiological-based PK (PBPK) model to characterize antibody PK in paediatrics has been developed, by incorporating age-related changes in body weight, organ weight, organ blood flow rate and interstitial volumes in a previously published platform model. The model was further used to perform Monte Carlo simulations to investigate clearance vs. age and dose-exposure relationships for infliximab. RESULTS By estimating only one parameter and associated interindividual variability, the model was able to characterize clinical PK of infliximab from two paediatric cohorts (n = 141, 4-19 years) reasonably well. Model simulations demonstrated that only 50% of children reached desired trough concentrations when receiving FDA-labelled dosing regimen for infliximab, suggesting that higher doses and/or more frequent dosing are needed to achieve target trough concentrations of this antibody. CONCLUSION The paediatric PBPK model presented here can serve as a framework to characterize the PK of antibodies in paediatric patients. The model can also be applied to other protein therapeutics to advance precision medicine paradigm and optimize antibody dosing regimens in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Ping Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Valentina Shakhnovich
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Adam Frymoyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Sol Funk
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Mara L. Becker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - K. T. Park
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dhaval K. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baumrucker CR, Macrina AL, Bruckmaier RM. Colostrogenesis: Role and Mechanism of the Bovine Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn). J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:419-453. [PMID: 35080749 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrogenesis is a separate and unique phase of mammary epithelial cell activity occurring in the weeks before parturition and rather abruptly ending after birth in the bovine. It has been the focus of research to define what controls this process and how it produces high concentrations of specific biologically active components important for the neonate. In this review we consider colostrum composition and focus upon components that appear in first milked colostrum in concentrations exceeding that in blood serum. The Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn) is recognized as the major immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin binding protein that accounts for the proteins' long half-lives. We integrate the action of the pinocytotic (fluid phase) uptake of extracellular components and merge them with FcRn in sorting endosomes. We define and explore the means of binding, sorting, and the transcytotic delivery of IgG1 while recycling IgG2 and albumin. We consider the means of releasing the ligands from the receptor within the endosome and describe a new secretion mechanism of cargo release into colostrum without the appearance of FcRn itself in colostrum. We integrate the insulin-like growth factor family, some of which are highly concentrated bioactive components of colostrum, with the mechanisms related to FcRn endosome action. In addition to secretion, we highlight the recent findings of a role of the FcRn in phagocytosis and antigen presentation and relate its significant and abrupt change in cellular location after parturition to a role in the prevention and resistance to mastitis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Baumrucker
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ann L Macrina
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wolfe GI, Ward ES, de Haard H, Ulrichts P, Mozaffar T, Pasnoor M, Vidarsson G. IgG regulation through FcRn blocking: A novel mechanism for the treatment of myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Sci 2021; 430:118074. [PMID: 34563918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.118074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is an MHC class I-like molecule that is widely distributed in mammalian organs, tissues, and cells. FcRn is critical to maintaining immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin levels through rescuing these molecules from lysosomal degradation. IgG autoantibodies are associated with many autoimmune diseases, including myasthenia gravis (MG), a rare neuromuscular autoimmune disease that causes debilitating and, in its generalized form (gMG), potentially life-threatening muscle weakness. IgG autoantibodies are directly pathogenic in MG and target neuromuscular junction proteins, causing neuromuscular transmission failure. Treatment approaches that reduce autoantibody levels, such as therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin, have been shown to be effective for gMG patients but are not indicated as ongoing maintenance therapies and can be associated with burdensome side effects. Agents that block FcRn-mediated recycling of IgG represent a rational and promising approach for the treatment of gMG. Blocking FcRn allows targeted reduction of all IgG subtypes without decreasing concentrations of other Ig isotypes; therefore, FcRn blocking could be a safe and effective treatment strategy for a broad population of gMG patients. Several FcRn-blocking antibodies and one antibody Fc fragment have been developed and are currently in various stages of clinical development. This article describes the mechanism of FcRn blockade as a novel approach for IgG-mediated disease therapy and reviews promising clinical data using such FcRn blockers for the treatment of gMG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gil I Wolfe
- Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - E Sally Ward
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hans de Haard
- argenx, Zwijnaarde, Belgium, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ulrichts
- argenx, Zwijnaarde, Belgium, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tahseen Mozaffar
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mamatha Pasnoor
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Al Ojaimi Y, Blin T, Lamamy J, Gracia M, Pitiot A, Denevault-Sabourin C, Joubert N, Pouget JP, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Lanznaster D, Poty S, Sécher T. Therapeutic antibodies - natural and pathological barriers and strategies to overcome them. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108022. [PMID: 34687769 PMCID: PMC8527648 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics have become a major class of therapeutics with over 120 recombinant antibodies approved or under review in the EU or US. This therapeutic class has experienced a remarkable expansion with an expected acceleration in 2021-2022 due to the extraordinary global response to SARS-CoV2 pandemic and the public disclosure of over a hundred anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies. Mainly delivered intravenously, alternative delivery routes have emerged to improve antibody therapeutic index and patient comfort. A major hurdle for antibody delivery and efficacy as well as the development of alternative administration routes, is to understand the different natural and pathological barriers that antibodies face as soon as they enter the body up to the moment they bind to their target antigen. In this review, we discuss the well-known and more under-investigated extracellular and cellular barriers faced by antibodies. We also discuss some of the strategies developed in the recent years to overcome these barriers and increase antibody delivery to its site of action. A better understanding of the biological barriers that antibodies have to face will allow the optimization of antibody delivery near its target. This opens the way to the development of improved therapy with less systemic side effects and increased patients' adherence to the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Al Ojaimi
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Timothée Blin
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Juliette Lamamy
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; GICC, EA7501, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Matthieu Gracia
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Aubin Pitiot
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France
| | | | - Nicolas Joubert
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; GICC, EA7501, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pouget
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier F-34298, France
| | | | | | - Débora Lanznaster
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Sophie Poty
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Thomas Sécher
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yanis R, Bergua C, Christelle B, Maillot F, Bigot A, Beurier P, Ferreira-Maldent N, Diot E, Gouilleux-Gruart V. Neonatal Fc receptor expression in lymphoid and myeloid cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2021; 30:1938-1945. [PMID: 34634960 DOI: 10.1177/09612033211045049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a ubiquitously expressed protein historically involved in IgG and albumin recycling. Recent data suggest an involvement in the pathophysiology of antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. Among them, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) implies clinical and biological abnormalities of innate and adaptive circulating immune cells, potentially involving newly described functions of FcRn. In this study, FcRn expression was assessed by flow cytometry in peripheral blood leukocytes of 41 SLE patients with either active or inactive disease and 32 healthy donors. FcRn expression in B cells, natural killer cells, and T cells of SLE patients was statistically lower as compared to healthy donors. Conversely, FcRn level was statistically higher in non-classical monocyte subpopulations (CD14+CD16+ monocytes) of SLE patients versus healthy donors providing an interesting perspective to further explore its role in SLE pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramdani Yanis
- Groupement Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire EA, 26928Tours University, Tours, France.,Internal Medicine Unit, 26928University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Cécile Bergua
- Groupement Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire EA, 26928Tours University, Tours, France
| | | | - François Maillot
- Internal Medicine Unit, 26928University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Adrien Bigot
- Internal Medicine Unit, 26928University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Pauline Beurier
- Internal Medicine Unit, 26928University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Diot
- Internal Medicine Unit, 26928University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Macri C, Morgan H, Villadangos JA, Mintern JD. Regulation of dendritic cell function by Fc-γ-receptors and the neonatal Fc receptor. Mol Immunol 2021; 139:193-201. [PMID: 34560415 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) express receptors to sense pathogens and/or tissue damage and to communicate with other immune cells. Among those receptors, Fc receptors (FcRs) are triggered by the Fc region of antibodies produced during adaptive immunity. In this review, the role of FcγR and neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in DC immunity will be discussed. Their expression in DC subsets and impact on antigen uptake and presentation, DC maturation and polarisation of T cell responses will be described. Lastly, we will discuss the importance of FcR-mediated DC function in the context of immunity during viral infection, inflammatory disease, cancer and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Macri
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Huw Morgan
- ACRF Translational Research Laboratory, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3050, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Low BE, Christianson GJ, Lowell E, Qin W, Wiles MV. Functional humanization of immunoglobulin heavy constant gamma 1 Fc domain human FCGRT transgenic mice. MAbs 2021; 12:1829334. [PMID: 33025844 PMCID: PMC7577234 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1829334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A major asset of many monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based biologics is their persistence in circulation. The MHC class I family Fc receptor, FCGRT, is primarily responsible for this extended pharmacokinetic behavior. Engagement of FCGRT with the crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain protects IgG from catabolic elimination, thereby extending the persistence and bioavailability of IgG and related Fc-based biologics. There is a need for reliable in vivo models to facilitate the preclinical development of novel IgG-based biologics. FcRn-humanized mice have been widely accepted as translationally relevant surrogates for IgG-based biologics evaluations. Although such FCGRT-humanized mice, especially the mouse strain, B6.Cg-Fcgrttm1Dcr Tg(FCGRT)32Dcr (abbreviated Tg32), have been substantially validated for modeling humanized IgG-based biologics, there is a recognized caveat – they lack an endogenous source of human IgG that typifies the human competitive condition. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair to equip the hFCGRT Tg32 strain with a human IGHG1 Fc domain. This replacement now results in mice that produce human IgG1 Fc-mouse IgG Fab2 chimeric antibodies at physiologically relevant levels, which can be further heightened by immunization. This endogenous chimeric IgG1 significantly dampens the serum half-life of administered humanized mAbs in an hFCGRT-dependent manner. Thus, such IgG1-Fc humanized mice may provide a more physiologically relevant competitive hFCGRT-humanized mouse model for the preclinical development of human IgG-based biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily Lowell
- Previously at the Jackson Laboratory , Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Wenning Qin
- Previously at the Jackson Laboratory , Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rudnik-Jansen I, Howard KA. FcRn expression in cancer: Mechanistic basis and therapeutic opportunities. J Control Release 2021; 337:248-257. [PMID: 34245786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify new cellular targets to expand the repertoire, potency and safety of cancer therapeutics. Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn)-driven cellular recycling plays a predominant role in the prolonged serum half-life of human serum albumin (HSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) exploited in long-acting cancer drug designs. FcRn-mediated HSA and IgG uptake in epithelial cells and dendritic cell antigen presentation offers new therapeutic opportunities beyond half-life extension. Altered FcRn expression in solid tumours accounting for HSA catabolism or recycling supports a role for FcRn in tumour metabolism and growth. This review addresses the mechanistic basis for different FcRn expression profiles observed in cancer and exploitation for targeted drug delivery. Furthermore, the review highlights FcRn-mediated immunosurveillance and immune therapy. FcRn offers a potential attractive cancer target but in-depth understanding of role and expression profiles during cancer pathogenesis is required for tailoring targeted drug designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imke Rudnik-Jansen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Márquez Pete N, Maldonado Montoro MDM, Pérez Ramírez C, Martínez Martínez F, Martínez de la Plata JE, Daddaoua A, Jiménez Morales A. Influence of the FCGR2A rs1801274 and FCGR3A rs396991 Polymorphisms on Response to Abatacept in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11060573. [PMID: 34207385 PMCID: PMC8233911 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abatacept (ABA) is an immunosuppressant indicated for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Effectiveness might be influenced by clinical RA variants and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding protein FCGR2A (His131Arg) and FCGR3A (Phe158Val) involved in pharmacokinetics of ABA. An observational cohort study was conducted in 120 RA Caucasian patients treated with ABA for 6 and 12 months. Patients with the FCGR2A rs1801274-AA genotype (FCGR2A-p.131His) showed a better EULAR response (OR = 2.43; 95% CI = 1.01-5.92) at 12 months and low disease activity (LDA) at 6 months (OR = 3.16; 95% CI = 1.19-8.66) and 12 months (OR = 6.62; 95% CI = 1.25-46.89) of treatment with ABA. A tendency was observed towards an association between the FCGR3A rs396991-A allele (FCGR3A-p.158Phe) and better therapeutic response to ABA after 12 months of treatment (p = 0.078). Moreover, we found a significant association between the low-affinity FCGR2A/FCGR3A haplotypes variable and LDA after 12 months of ABA treatment (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.01-2.58). The clinical variables associated with better response to ABA were lower age at starting ABA (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.02-1.11) and greater duration of ABA treatment (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.01-1.04), lower duration of previous biological therapies (OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.98-0.99), non-administration of concomitant disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (OR = 24.53; 95% CI = 3.46-523.80), non-use of concomitant glucocorticoids (OR = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.02-0.47), monotherapy (OR = 19.22; 95% CI = 2.05-343.00), lower initial patient's visual analogue scale (PVAS) value (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.92-0.97), and lower baseline ESR (OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.87-0.97). This study showed that high-affinity FCGR2A-p.131His variant, low-affinity FCGR3A-p.158Phe variant, and combined use of FCGR2A/FCGR3A genetic variations could affect ABA effectiveness. Further studies will be required to confirm these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Márquez Pete
- Pharmacy Service, Pharmacogenetics Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (N.M.P.); (A.J.M.)
| | | | - Cristina Pérez Ramírez
- Pharmacy Service, Pharmacogenetics Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (N.M.P.); (A.J.M.)
- Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Fernando Martínez Martínez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Social and Legal Assistance Pharmacy Section, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | | | - Abdelali Daddaoua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Alberto Jiménez Morales
- Pharmacy Service, Pharmacogenetics Unit, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (N.M.P.); (A.J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hurkmans DP, Sassen SDT, de Joode K, Putter L, Basak EA, Wijkhuijs AJM, Joerger M, Debets R, Koch BCP, Van der Leest CH, Schreurs MWJ, van der Veldt AAM, Aerts JGJV, Mathijssen RHJ, Koolen SLW. Prospective real-world study on the pharmacokinetics of pembrolizumab in patients with solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002344. [PMID: 34088739 PMCID: PMC8183294 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dosing schemes of pembrolizumab (anti-programmed cell death protein 1 monoclonal antibody) are solely based on pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling derived from phase I-III trials. The current study aimed to determine factors affecting PK and its relationship with clinical outcome in the real-world setting. METHODS Advanced-stage cancer patients, who were treated with pembrolizumab monotherapy (2 mg/kg Q3W or 200 mg flat Q3W), were prospectively included for serial sampling to obtain trough concentrations. A PK model was generated, covariate effects assessed and internally validated by a bootstrap procedure. PK parameters were related to overall survival (OS) and the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). RESULTS 588 serum samples derived from 122 patients with (non-)small-cell lung cancer ([N]SCLC), malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), melanoma and urothelial cell cancer (UCC) were analyzed. Median follow-up was 2.2 years. A one-compartment PK model was generated: body surface area (BSA) and serum albumin had a significant effect on drug clearance (CL; covariate estimate 1.46 and -1.43, respectively), and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on the distribution volume(Vd; 0.34). A significant inverse CL-OS relationship was determined for NSCLC (HR:1.69; 95%CI1.07-2.68; p=0.024) and MPM (HR: 3.29; 95% CI 1.08 to 10.09; p=0.037), after correction for prognostic factors, which could not confirmed for melanoma (p=0.22) or UCC (p=0.34). No relationship could be determined between CL and grade >3 irAEs (p=0.70). CONCLUSIONS High interpatient variability of pembrolizumab PK is determined by BSA and serum albumin (on CL) and LDH (on Vd). A strong inverse CL-OS relationship was demonstrated for NSCLC and MPM, which could not be observed for melanoma and UCC. The findings suggest that personalized dosing should be prospectively explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daan P Hurkmans
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands .,Department of Pulmonology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan D T Sassen
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karlijn de Joode
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Putter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin A Basak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, The Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit C P Koch
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco W J Schreurs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid A M van der Veldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim G J V Aerts
- Department of Pulmonology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn L W Koolen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Manook M, Flores WJ, Schmitz R, Fitch Z, Yoon J, Bae Y, Shaw B, Kirk A, Harnois M, Permar S, Farris AB, Magnani DM, Kwun J, Knechtle S. Measuring the Impact of Targeting FcRn-Mediated IgG Recycling on Donor-Specific Alloantibodies in a Sensitized NHP Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660900. [PMID: 34149698 PMCID: PMC8207189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In transplantation, plasmapheresis and IVIg provide the mainstay of treatment directed at reducing or removing circulating donor-specific antibody (DSA), yet both have limitations. We sought to test the efficacy of targeting the IgG recycling mechanism of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) using anti-FcRn mAb therapy in a sensitized non-human primate (NHP) model, as a pharmacological means of lowering DSA. Methods Six (6) rhesus macaque monkeys, previously sensitized by skin transplantation, received a single dose of 30mg/kg anti-RhFcRn IV, and effects on total IgG, as well as DSA IgG, were measured, in addition to IgM and protective immunity. Subsequently, 60mg/kg IV was given in the setting of kidney transplantation from skin graft donors. Kidney transplant recipients received RhATG, and tacrolimus, MMF, and steroid for maintenance immunosuppression. Results Circulating total IgG was reduced from a baseline 100% on D0 to 32.0% (mean, SD ± 10.6) on d4 post infusion (p<0.05), while using a DSA assay. T-cell flow cross match (TFXM) was reduced to 40.6±12.5% of baseline, and B-cell FXCM to 52.2±19.3%. Circulating total IgM and DSA IgM were unaffected by treatment. Pathogen-specific antibodies (anti-gB and anti-tetanus toxin IgG) were significantly reduced for 14d post infusion. Post-transplant, circulating IgG responded to anti-FcRn mAb treatment, but DSA increased rapidly. Conclusion Targeting the FcRn-mediated recycling of IgG is an effective means of lowering circulating donor-specific IgG in the sensitized recipient, although in the setting of organ transplantation mechanisms of rapid antibody rise post-transplant remains unaffected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Manook
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Walter J Flores
- Massbiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robin Schmitz
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Zachary Fitch
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Janghoon Yoon
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yeeun Bae
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brian Shaw
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Allan Kirk
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Melissa Harnois
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sallie Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alton B Farris
- Department of Pathology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Diogo M Magnani
- Massbiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jean Kwun
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stuart Knechtle
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hubbard JJ, Pyzik M, Rath T, Kozicky LK, Sand KMK, Gandhi AK, Grevys A, Foss S, Menzies SC, Glickman JN, Fiebiger E, Roopenian DC, Sandlie I, Andersen JT, Sly LM, Baker K, Blumberg RS. FcRn is a CD32a coreceptor that determines susceptibility to IgG immune complex-driven autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151942. [PMID: 32658257 PMCID: PMC7537387 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgG immune complexes (ICs) promote autoimmunity through binding fragment crystallizable (Fc) γ-receptors (FcγRs). Of these, the highly prevalent FcγRIIa (CD32a) histidine (H)-131 variant (CD32aH) is strongly linked to human autoimmune diseases through unclear mechanisms. We show that, relative to the CD32a arginine (R)-131 (CD32aR) variant, CD32aH more avidly bound human (h) IgG1 IC and formed a ternary complex with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) under acidic conditions. In primary human and mouse cells, both CD32a variants required FcRn to induce innate and adaptive immune responses to hIgG1 ICs, which were augmented in the setting of CD32aH. Conversely, FcRn induced responses to IgG IC independently of classical FcγR, but optimal responses required FcRn and FcγR. Finally, FcRn blockade decreased inflammation in a rheumatoid arthritis model without reducing circulating autoantibody levels, providing support for FcRn’s direct role in IgG IC-associated inflammation. Thus, CD32a and FcRn coregulate IgG IC-mediated immunity in a manner favoring the CD32aH variant, providing a novel mechanism for its disease association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Hubbard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Timo Rath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa K Kozicky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kine M K Sand
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amit K Gandhi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Algirdas Grevys
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stian Foss
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susan C Menzies
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan N Glickman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edda Fiebiger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura M Sly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristi Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Patel DD, Bussel JB. Neonatal Fc receptor in human immunity: Function and role in therapeutic intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 146:467-478. [PMID: 32896307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The humoral immune response provides specific, long-lived protection against invading pathogens, via immunoglobulin production and other memory functions. IgG, the most abundant immunoglobulin isotype, has the longest half-life and protects against bacterial and viral infections. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports IgG across barriers, for example, the placenta, enhancing fetal humoral immunity to levels similar to their mothers'. Importantly, FcRn, by protecting IgG from intracellular degradation, results in an approximately 21-day circulating IgG half-life and high plasma levels; similarly, FcRn recycles albumin and is the portal of entry for enteric cytopathic human orphan (echo) virus infection. Dysregulated immune responses may lead to antibodies against self-antigens (autoantibodies), resulting in organ-specific or systemic autoimmune diseases. Autoantibody-mediated diseases have been treated by nonspecific immunoglobulin-lowering/modulating therapies, including immunoadsorption, plasma exchange, and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. However, targeting FcRn with specific inhibitors results in reduction in only IgG levels. The effectiveness of FcRn inhibitors in autoimmune diseases, including myasthenia gravis and immune thrombocytopenia, provides further evidence that IgG is a primary driver in these autoantibody-mediated diseases. We describe the role of FcRn in human biology, including insights that clinical testing of FcRn inhibitors have provided into FcRn biology and autoimmune disease mechanisms, allowing fact-based speculation on their therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhavalkumar D Patel
- UCB Pharma, Brussels, Belgium; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wyckoff SL, Hudson KE. Targeting the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) to treat autoimmune diseases and maternal-fetal immune cytopenias. Transfusion 2021; 61:1350-1354. [PMID: 33650699 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
FcRn, a non-classical Fc gamma (γ) receptor (FcγR) with near ubiquitous expression, plays key roles in disease pathogenesis and progression though immunoglobulin G (IgG) transport, IgG recycling, and IgG-immune complex clearance. FcRn function can be inhibited using IgG-based and non-IgG-based antagonists, by exploiting the pH-dependent binding affinity of FcRn for the IgG Fc region. FcRn therapeutics have shown promise in murine models and human clinical trials for autoimmune diseases and maternal-fetal immune cytopenias; they appear safe, well-tolerated, and reduce circulating IgG levels. Compared to traditional therapeutics, inhibiting FcRn has fewer adverse side effects and represents a new approach that is less invasive, time-consuming, and costly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Wyckoff
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tissues: the unexplored frontier of antibody mediated immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:52-67. [PMID: 33581646 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-specific immunity evolves in the context of the infected tissue. However, current immune correlates analyses and vaccine efficacy metrics are based on immune functions from peripheral cells. Less is known about tissue-resident mechanisms of immunity. While antibodies represent the primary correlate of immunity following most clinically approved vaccines, how antibodies interact with localized, compartment-specific immune functions to fight infections, remains unclear. Emerging data demonstrate a unique community of immune cells that reside within different tissues. These tissue-specific immunological communities enable antibodies to direct both expected and unexpected local attack strategies to control, disrupt, and eliminate infection in a tissue-specific manner. Defining the full breadth of antibody effector functions, how they selectively contribute to control at the site of infection may provide clues for the design of next-generation vaccines able to direct the control, elimination, and prevention of compartment specific diseases of both infectious and non-infectious etiologies.
Collapse
|
39
|
FcRn augments induction of tissue factor activity by IgG-containing immune complexes. Blood 2021; 135:2085-2093. [PMID: 32187355 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolism complicates disorders caused by immunoglobulin G (IgG)-containing immune complexes (ICs), but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Prior evidence indicates that induction of tissue factor (TF) on monocytes, a pivotal step in the initiation, localization, and propagation of coagulation by ICs, is mediated through Fcγ receptor IIa (FcγRIIa); however, the involvement of other receptors has not been investigated in detail. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) that mediates IgG and albumin recycling also participates in cellular responses to IgG-containing ICs. Here we asked whether FcRn is also involved in the induction of TF-dependent factor Xa (FXa) activity by IgG-containing ICs by THP-1 monocytic cells and human monocytes. Induction of FXa activity by ICs containing IgG antibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4) involved in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), β-2-glycoprotein-1 implicated in antiphospholipid syndrome, or red blood cells coated with anti-(α)-Rh(D) antibodies that mediate hemolysis in vivo was inhibited by a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) that blocks IgG binding to human FcRn. IgG-containing ICs that bind to FcγR and FcRn induced FXa activity, whereas IgG-containing ICs with an Fc engineered to be unable to engage FcRn did not. Infusion of an α-FcRn mAb prevented fibrin deposition after microvascular injury in a murine model of HIT in which human FcγRIIa was expressed as a transgene. These data implicate FcRn in TF-dependent FXa activity induced by soluble and cell-associated IgG-containing ICs. Antibodies to FcRn, now in clinical trials in warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia to lower IgG antibodies and IgG containing ICs may also reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism.
Collapse
|
40
|
Aaen KH, Anthi AK, Sandlie I, Nilsen J, Mester S, Andersen JT. The neonatal Fc receptor in mucosal immune regulation. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13017. [PMID: 33351196 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) was first recognized for its role in transfer of maternal IgG to the foetus or newborn, providing passive immunity early in life. However, it has become clear that the receptor is versatile, widely expressed and plays an indispensable role in both immunological and non-immunological processes throughout life. The receptor rescues immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin from intracellular degradation and shuttles the ligands across polarized cell barriers, in all cases via a pH-dependent binding-and-release mechanism. These processes secure distribution and high levels of both IgG and albumin throughout the body. At mucosal sites, FcRn transports IgG across polarized epithelial cells where it retrieves IgG in complex with luminal antigens that is delivered to tissue-localized immune cells. In dendritic cells (DCs), FcRn orchestrates processing of IgG-opsonized immune complexes (ICs) in concert with classical Fcγ receptors, which results in antigen presentation and cross-presentation of antigenic peptides on MHC class II and I to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively. Hence, FcRn regulates transport of the ligands within and across different types of cells, but also processing of IgG-ICs by immune cells. As such, the receptor is involved in immune surveillance and protection against infections. In this brief review, we highlight how FcRn expressed by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells contributes to immune regulation at mucosal barriers-biology that can be utilized in development of biologics and subunit vaccines for non-invasive delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Hovden Aaen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aina Karen Anthi
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeannette Nilsen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simone Mester
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Van der Weken H, Cox E, Devriendt B. Advances in Oral Subunit Vaccine Design. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 33375151 PMCID: PMC7822154 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens invade the host at the intestinal surface. To protect against these enteropathogens, the induction of intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA) responses is paramount. While systemic vaccination provides strong systemic immune responses, oral vaccination is the most efficient way to trigger protective SIgA responses. However, the development of oral vaccines, especially oral subunit vaccines, is challenging due to mechanisms inherent to the gut. Oral vaccines need to survive the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by low pH and intestinal proteases and need to reach the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, which are protected by chemical and physical barriers that prevent efficient uptake. Furthermore, they need to surmount default tolerogenic responses present in the gut, resulting in suppression of immunity or tolerance. Several strategies have been developed to tackle these hurdles, such as delivery systems that protect vaccine antigens from degradation, strong mucosal adjuvants that induce robust immune responses and targeting approaches that aim to selectively deliver vaccine antigens towards specific immune cell populations. In this review, we discuss recent advances in oral vaccine design to enable the induction of robust gut immunity and highlight that the development of next generation oral subunit vaccines will require approaches that combines these solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (H.V.d.W.); (E.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fc Engineering Strategies to Advance IgA Antibodies as Therapeutic Agents. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040070. [PMID: 33333967 PMCID: PMC7768499 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past three decades, a great interest has arisen in the use of immunoglobulins as therapeutic agents. In particular, since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody Rituximab for B cell malignancies, the progress in the antibody-related therapeutic agents has been incremental. Therapeutic antibodies can be applied in a variety of diseases, ranging from cancer to autoimmunity and allergy. All current therapeutic monoclonal antibodies used in the clinic are of the IgG isotype. IgG antibodies can induce the killing of cancer cells by growth inhibition, apoptosis induction, complement activation (CDC) or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by NK cells, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by monocytes/macrophages, or trogoptosis by granulocytes. To enhance these effector mechanisms of IgG, protein and glyco-engineering has been successfully applied. As an alternative to IgG, antibodies of the IgA isotype have been shown to be very effective in tumor eradication. Using the IgA-specific receptor FcαRI expressed on myeloid cells, IgA antibodies show superior tumor-killing compared to IgG when granulocytes are employed. However, reasons why IgA has not been introduced in the clinic yet can be found in the intrinsic properties of IgA posing several technical limitations: (1) IgA is challenging to produce and purify, (2) IgA shows a very heterogeneous glycosylation profile, and (3) IgA has a relatively short serum half-life. Next to the technical challenges, pre-clinical evaluation of IgA efficacy in vivo is not straightforward as mice do not naturally express the FcαR. Here, we provide a concise overview of the latest insights in these engineering strategies overcoming technical limitations of IgA as a therapeutic antibody: developability, heterogeneity, and short half-life. In addition, alternative approaches using IgA/IgG hybrid and FcαR-engagers and the impact of engineering on the clinical application of IgA will be discussed.
Collapse
|
43
|
Junker F, Gordon J, Qureshi O. Fc Gamma Receptors and Their Role in Antigen Uptake, Presentation, and T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1393. [PMID: 32719679 PMCID: PMC7350606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular uptake, intracellular processing, and presentation of foreign antigen are crucial processes for eliciting an effective adaptive host response to the majority of pathogens. The effective recognition of antigen by T cells requires that it is first processed and then presented on MHC molecules that are expressed on other cells. A critical step leading to the presentation of antigen is delivering the foreign cargo to an intracellular compartment where the antigen can be processed and loaded onto MHC molecules. Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) recognize IgG-coated targets, such as opsonized pathogens or immune complexes (ICs). Cross-linking leads to internalization of the cargo with associated activation of down-stream signaling cascades. FcγRs vary in their affinity for IgG and intracellular trafficking, and therefore have an opportunity to regulate antigen presentation by controlling the shuttling and processing of their cargos. In this way, they critically influence physiological and pathophysiological adaptive immune cell functions. In this review, we will cover the contribution of FcγRs to antigen-presentation with a focus on the intracellular trafficking of IgG-ICs and the pathways that support this function. We will also discuss genetic evidence linking FcγR biology to immune cell activation and autoimmune processes as exemplified by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Junker
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Gordon
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Qureshi
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Conner KP, Devanaboyina SC, Thomas VA, Rock DA. The biodistribution of therapeutic proteins: Mechanism, implications for pharmacokinetics, and methods of evaluation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107574. [PMID: 32433985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are a diverse drug class that include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recombinantly expressed enzymes, hormones and growth factors, cytokines (e.g. chemokines, interleukins, interferons), as well as a wide range of engineered fusion scaffolds containing IgG1 Fc domain for half-life extension. As the pharmaceutical industry advances more potent and selective protein-based medicines through discovery and into the clinical stages of development, it has become widely appreciated that a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of TP biodistribution can aid this endeavor. This review aims to highlight the literature that has advanced our understanding of the determinants of TP biodistribution. A particular emphasis is placed on the multi-faceted role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in mAb and Fc-fusion protein disposition. In addition, characterization of the TP-target interaction at the cell-level is discussed as an essential strategy to establish pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships that may lead to more informed human dose projections during clinical development. Methods for incorporation of tissue and cell-level parameters defining these characteristics into higher-order mechanistic and semi-mechanistic PK models will also be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kip P Conner
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Siva Charan Devanaboyina
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Dan A Rock
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mimoun A, Delignat S, Peyron I, Daventure V, Lecerf M, Dimitrov JD, Kaveri SV, Bayry J, Lacroix-Desmazes S. Relevance of the Materno-Fetal Interface for the Induction of Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance. Front Immunol 2020; 11:810. [PMID: 32477339 PMCID: PMC7240014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, maternal IgGs are transferred to the fetus from the second trimester of pregnancy onwards. The transplacental delivery of maternal IgG is mediated by its binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) after endocytosis by the syncytiotrophoblast. IgGs present in the maternal milk are also transferred to the newborn through the digestive epithelium upon binding to the FcRn. Importantly, the binding of IgGs to the FcRn is also responsible for the recycling of circulating IgGs that confers them with a long half-life. Maternally delivered IgG provides passive immunity to the newborn, for instance by conferring protective anti-flu or anti-pertussis toxin IgGs. It may, however, lead to the development of autoimmune manifestations when pathological autoantibodies from the mother cross the placenta and reach the circulation of the fetus. In recent years, strategies that exploit the transplacental delivery of antigen/IgG complexes or of Fc-fused proteins have been validated in mouse models of human diseases to impose antigen-specific tolerance, particularly in the case of Fc-fused factor VIII (FVIII) domains in hemophilia A mice or pre-pro-insulin (PPI) in the case of preclinical models of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The present review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the FcRn-mediated transcytosis of IgGs, the physiopathological relevance of this phenomenon, and the repercussion for drug delivery and shaping of the immune system during its ontogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Mimoun
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Delignat
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Peyron
- HITh, INSERM, UMR_S1176, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Victoria Daventure
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Lecerf
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang J, Vernes JM, Wen X, Oh E, Scales SJ, Meng YG. Reproducible quantification of IgG uptake at endogenous and overexpressed FcRn levels at pH 7.4: Comparison of a wild type IgG and a stronger FcRn binding variant. J Immunol Methods 2020; 480:112767. [PMID: 32119889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
IgG antibodies have been used to treat many diseases including cancer. IgG antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) deliver cytotoxic drugs to target cells for cell elimination, but they have dose limiting toxicity due to target-independent uptake, including pinocytotic uptake. Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) recycles pinocytosed IgG in a pH-dependent manner and is the receptor responsible for the long half-life of IgG. Use of IgG variants with stronger FcRn binding at pH 6.0 for ADCs might improve recycling efficiency and reduce toxicity. However, these variants have residual FcRn binding at pH 7.4, which could lead to FcRn-mediated uptake and higher toxicity. Thus, the uptake of such variants at pH 7.4 needs to be evaluated. Here we report a reproducible and quantitative assay using an inducible HM7 colorectal cancer cell line to measure IgG uptake at endogenous and overexpressed FcRn levels. Our assay had comparable reproducibility at pH 6.0, 6.8 and 7.4. The wild type (WT) IgG had similar uptake at endogenous and overexpressed FcRn levels, as expected for pinocytotic uptake. We found similar uptake of a WT IgG and a stronger FcRn binding T307Q/N434A variant (QA variant) at endogenous FcRn levels at pH 7.4, although the QA variant had higher uptake at overexpressed FcRn levels. The QA variant also had higher uptake than the WT IgG at overexpressed FcRn levels at pH 6.8. Our assay can be used to characterize the stronger FcRn binding variants to aid in selection of suitable variants with low uptake at pH 7.4 for use as ADCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhuan Zhang
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Vernes
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - Ernest Oh
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - Suzie J Scales
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - Y Gloria Meng
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Berends SE, Strik AS, Löwenberg M, D'Haens GR, Mathôt RAA. Clinical Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 58:15-37. [PMID: 29752633 PMCID: PMC6326086 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of unknown etiology, probably caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The treatment of patients with active UC depends on the severity, localization and history of IBD medication. According to the classic step-up approach, treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid compounds is the first step in the treatment of mild to moderately active UC. Corticosteroids, such as prednisolone are used in UC patients with moderate to severe disease activity, but only for remission induction therapy because of side effects associated with long-term use. Thiopurines are the next step in the treatment of active UC but monotherapy during induction therapy in UC patients is not preferred because of their slow onset. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the pharmacologically active metabolites of thiopurines, 6-thioguanine nucleotide (6-TGN), has proven to be beneficial. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TMPT) plays a role in the metabolic conversion pathway of thiopurines and exhibits genetic polymorphism; however, the clinical benefit and relevance of TPMT genotyping is not well established. In patients with severely active UC refractory to corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors such as ciclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus are potential therapeutic options. These agents usually have a rather rapid onset of action. Monoclonal antibodies (anti-tumor necrosis factor [TNF] agents, vedolizumab) are the last pharmacotherapeutic option for UC patients before surgery becomes inevitable. Body weight, albumin status and antidrug antibodies contribute to the variability in the pharmacokinetics of anti-TNF agents. Additionally, the use of concomitant immunomodulators (thiopurines/methotrexate) lowers the rate of immunogenicity, and therefore the concomitant use of anti-TNF therapy with an immunomodulator may confer some advantage compared with monotherapy in certain patients. TDM of anti-TNF agents could be beneficial in patients with primary nonresponse and secondary loss of response. The potential benefit of applying TDM during vedolizumab treatment has yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Berends
- Department Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne S Strik
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Löwenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A A Mathôt
- Department Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Blumberg LJ, Humphries JE, Jones SD, Pearce LB, Holgate R, Hearn A, Cheung J, Mahmood A, Del Tito B, Graydon JS, Stolz LE, Bitonti A, Purohit S, de Graaf D, Kacena K, Andersen JT, Christianson GJ, Roopenian DC, Hubbard JJ, Gandhi AK, Lasseter K, Pyzik M, Blumberg RS. Blocking FcRn in humans reduces circulating IgG levels and inhibits IgG immune complex-mediated immune responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax9586. [PMID: 31897428 PMCID: PMC6920022 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor (FcRn) functions as an intracellular protection receptor for immunoglobulin G (IgG). Recently, several clinical studies have reported the lowering of circulating monomeric IgG levels through FcRn blockade for the potential treatment of autoimmune diseases. Many autoimmune diseases, however, are derived from the effects of IgG immune complexes (ICs). We generated, characterized, and assessed the effects of SYNT001, a FcRn-blocking monoclonal antibody, in mice, nonhuman primates (NHPs), and humans. SYNT001 decreased all IgG subtypes and IgG ICs in the circulation of humans, as we show in a first-in-human phase 1, single ascending dose study. In addition, IgG IC induction of inflammatory pathways was dependent on FcRn and inhibited by SYNT001. These studies expand the role of FcRn in humans by showing that it controls not only IgG protection from catabolism but also inflammatory pathways associated with IgG ICs involved in a variety of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology
- Autoantibodies/drug effects
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Cohort Studies
- Double-Blind Method
- Female
- Healthy Volunteers
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Macaca fascicularis
- Male
- Mice
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Fc/antagonists & inhibitors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. D. Jones
- BioProcess Technology Consultants, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | | | - R. Holgate
- Abzena, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - A. Hearn
- Abzena, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - J. Cheung
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - A. Mahmood
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - B. Del Tito
- Biologics Consulting, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | | | | | | | - S. Purohit
- BioProcess Technology Consultants, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
| | | | - K. Kacena
- BioBridges, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - J. T. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | | | | | - J. J. Hubbard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A. K. Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - K. Lasseter
- Clinical Pharmacology of Miami, Miami, FL 33014, USA
| | - M. Pyzik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R. S. Blumberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kang TH, Jung ST. Boosting therapeutic potency of antibodies by taming Fc domain functions. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-9. [PMID: 31735912 PMCID: PMC6859160 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most widely used drug platforms for infectious diseases or cancer therapeutics because they selectively target pathogens, infectious cells, cancerous cells, and even immune cells. In this way, they mediate the elimination of target molecules and cells with fewer side effects than other therapeutic modalities. In particular, cancer therapeutic mAbs can recognize cell-surface proteins on target cells and then kill the targeted cells by multiple mechanisms that are dependent upon a fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain interacting with effector Fc gamma receptors, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis. Extensive engineering efforts have been made toward tuning Fc functions by either reinforcing (e.g. for targeted therapy) or disabling (e.g. for immune checkpoint blockade therapy) effector functions and prolonging the serum half-lives of antibodies, as necessary. In this report, we review Fc engineering efforts to improve therapeutic potency, and propose future antibody engineering directions that can fulfill unmet medical needs. Fine-tuning the function of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) holds promise for developing new therapeutic agents. Antibodies bind to pathogens or cancer cells, flagging them with Fc (fragment crystallizable) domain for destruction by the immune system. mAbs attached only to specific target cells enable lower side effect than other conventional drugs. Sang Taek Jung at Korea University and Tae Hyun Kang at Kookmin University, both in Seoul, reviewed recent developments in engineering therapeutic potency of mAbs. They report that mAbs can be engineered to activate effective immune cell types to treat a particular disease. Engineering can also increase mAbs’ persistence in the blood, enabling less frequent administration. Antibodies engineered to bind to two different antigens at once can also improve therapeutic efficacy. Applying these techniques could help developing new treatments against cancer, and infectious and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Kang
- Biopharmaceutical Chemistry Major, School of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tabata T, Petitt M, Fang-Hoover J, Freed DC, Li F, An Z, Wang D, Fu TM, Pereira L. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Reduce Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Spread in Developing Placentas. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040135. [PMID: 31569508 PMCID: PMC6963214 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a leading cause of birth defects worldwide, yet the most effective strategies for preventing virus transmission during pregnancy are unknown. We measured the efficacy of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to HCMV attachment/entry factors glycoprotein B (gB) and the pentameric complex, gH/gL-pUL128–131, in preventing infection and spread of a clinical strain in primary placental cells and explants of developing anchoring villi. A total of 109 explants from five first-trimester placentas were cultured, and infection was analyzed in over 400 cell columns containing ~120,000 cytotrophoblasts (CTBs). mAbs to gB and gH/gL, 3-25 and 3-16, respectively, neutralized infection in stromal fibroblasts and trophoblast progenitor cells. mAbs to pUL128-131 of the pentameric complex, 1-103 and 2-18, neutralized infection of amniotic epithelial cells better than mAbs 3-25 and 3-16 and hyperimmune globulin. Select mAbs neutralized infection of cell column CTBs, with mAb 2-18 most effective, followed by mAb 3-25. Treatment of anchoring villi with mAbs postinfection reduced spread in CTBs and impaired formation of virion assembly compartments, with mAb 2-18 achieving better suppression at lower concentrations. These results predict that antibodies generated by HCMV vaccines or used for passive immunization have the potential to reduce transplacental transmission and congenital disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Tabata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Matthew Petitt
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - June Fang-Hoover
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | | | | | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Dai Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|