1
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Liu L, Zhao J, Li A, Yang X, Sprangers B, Li S. Prolongation of allograft survival by artemisinin treatment is associated with blockade of OX40-OX40L. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:291-298. [PMID: 33757384 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1902347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been demonstrated that artemisinin (ART) possesses multiple immune modulatory effects. However, its role as immunosuppressant in allogeneic transplantation is undetermined. Here, we investigated the effect of ART on co-stimulatory signaling in OX40+ T cells and evaluated ART as a potential immunosuppressant in transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Allogeneic skin transplantation was performed in C57BL/6 to BALB/c mice. Recipient mice were administrated with vehicle, ART or cyclosporine A daily from day 0 to day 19 post transplantation. Proportions of splenic CD4+OX40+ and CD4+CD44hiCD62Lhi cells, and serum IgG was measured by using flow cytometry. An in vitro lymphocyte stimulation with Con A or LPS under various concentrations of ART was performed, expression of CD4+OX40+ and CD4+CD44hiCD62Lhi cells was evaluated, and interleukin(IL)-6 production was measured by ELISA. RESULTS In in vivo allogeneic skin transplant model, ART significantly prolongs allogeneic skin survival. Furthermore, our in vitro studies demonstrate that the immune suppression of ART on T cells is associated with a reduction in OX40+ T cells and inhibition of IL-6 secretion. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the OX40-OX40L pathway and IL-6 are possibly involved in ART-induced immunosuppression, and ART is a potential novel immunosuppressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- Department of Medical Ultrasonic, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Juanzhi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - An Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Ben Sprangers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shengqiao Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, University of Sun Yat-Sen, Zhuhai, P.R. China
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2
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Ding M, He Y, Zhang S, Guo W. Recent Advances in Costimulatory Blockade to Induce Immune Tolerance in Liver Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:537079. [PMID: 33732228 PMCID: PMC7959747 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.537079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation is an effective therapy for end-stage liver disease. However, most postoperative patients must take immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ rejection. Interestingly, some transplant recipients have normal liver function and do not experience organ rejection after the withdrawal of immunosuppressive agents. This phenomenon, called immune tolerance, is the ultimate goal in clinical transplantation. Costimulatory molecules play important roles in T cell-mediated immune responses and the maintenance of T cell tolerance. Blocking costimulatory pathways can alter T cell responses and prolong graft survival. Better understanding of the roles of costimulatory molecules has facilitated the use of costimulatory blockade to effectively induce immune tolerance in animal transplantation models. In this article, we review the state of the art in costimulatory pathway blockade for the induction of immune tolerance in transplantation and its potential application prospects for liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuting He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Lai X, Yao Z, Ning F, Zhang L, Fang J, Li G, Xu L, Xiong Y, Liu L, Chen R, Ma J, Chen Z. Blockade of OX40/OX40L pathway combined with ethylene-carbodiimide-fixed donor splenocytes induces donor-specific allograft tolerance in presensitized recipients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:84. [PMID: 32175377 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Memory T cells (Tms) are the major barrier preventing long-term allograft survival in presensitized transplant recipients. The OX40/OX40L pathway is important in the induction and maintenance of Tms. Methods In this study, we added anti-OX40L mAb to ethylene-carbodiimide-fixed donor splenocytes (ECDI-SPs)-a method which is effective in inducing allograft tolerance in non-presensitized mouse heart transplant model. Recipient mice received heart transplantation after 6 weeks of donor skin presensitization and were treated with anti-OX40L mAb, ECDI-SPs or anti-OX40L mAb + ECDI-SPs, respectively. Results Our data showed that the combination of ECDI-SPs and anti-OX40L mAb induced donor-specific tolerance in skin-presensitized heart transplant recipients, with the mechanism for this being associated with suppression of Tms and upregulation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs). Importantly, CD25+ T-cell depletion in the combined therapy-treated recipients broke the establishment of allograft tolerance, whereas adoptive transfer of presensitization-derived T cells into tolerant recipients suppressed Tregs expansion and abolished established tolerance. Conclusions Blockade of OX40/OX40L pathway in combination with ECDI-SPs appears to modulate the Tms/Tregs imbalance so as to create a protective milieu and induce graft tolerance in presensitized recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqiang Lai
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zhongpeng Yao
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Fen Ning
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Jiali Fang
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yunyi Xiong
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Luhao Liu
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Rongxin Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Junjie Ma
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
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4
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Effect of miR-744 on Ameliorating Heart Allograft Rejection in BALB/c Mice Via Regulation of TNFRSF4 Expression in Regulatory T Cells. Transplant Proc 2020; 52:398-405. [PMID: 31928781 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD134 (TNFRSF4) is a member of the TNFR superfamily, which is specifically expressed on T cells. Previous studies have shown that blocking of CD134L-CD134 interaction reduces the percentage of activated T cells and prevents effector T cell-mediated graft rejection in heart transplantation. However, the role of microRNA-regulated inhibition of the CD134 signal in cardiac transplantation of T-regulatory (Treg) cells is not clear. In this study, we found microRNA 744 (miR-744) agomir administration enhanced the expression levels of miR-744 in CD4+CD25+ Treg cells from heart transplantation mice. Moreover, miR-744 agomir administration significantly enhanced the expression levels of CD62L and Ki67 in CD4+CD25+ Treg cells from heart transplantation mice and further enhanced immunosuppressive function of Treg cells following coculture with CD4+CD25- T cells for different ratios. In addition, miR-744 agomir treatment significantly prolonged survival time and reduced rejection response of heart allografts in vivo, which are involved in downregulation of TNFRSF4 expression. These results provided a novel molecular mechanism of ameliorating heart allograft rejection in Treg cells, which could be used in the treatment of heart allograft rejection clinically.
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5
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Yeung MY, Grimmig T, Sayegh MH. Costimulation Blockade in Transplantation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:267-312. [PMID: 31758538 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in orchestrating immune responses directed against a foreign (allogeneic) graft. For T cells to become fully activated, the T-cell receptor (TCR) must interact with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plus peptide complex on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), followed by a second "positive" costimulatory signal. In the absence of this second signal, T cells become anergic or undergo deletion. By blocking positive costimulatory signaling, T-cell allo-responses can be aborted, thus preventing graft rejection and promoting long-term allograft survival and possibly tolerance (Alegre ML, Najafian N, Curr Mol Med 6:843-857, 2006; Li XC, Rothstein DM, Sayegh MH, Immunol Rev 229:271-293, 2009). In addition, costimulatory molecules can provide negative "coinhibitory" signals that inhibit T-cell activation and terminate immune responses; strategies to promote these pathways can also lead to graft tolerance (Boenisch O, Sayegh MH, Najafian N, Curr Opin Organ Transplant 13:373-378, 2008). However, T-cell costimulation involves an incredibly complex array of interactions that may act simultaneously or at different times in the immune response and whose relative importance varies depending on the different T-cell subsets and activation status. In transplantation, the presence of foreign alloantigen incites not only destructive T effector cells but also protective regulatory T cells, the balance of which ultimately determines the fate of the allograft (Lechler RI, Garden OA, Turka LA, Nat Rev Immunol 3:147-158, 2003). Since the processes of alloantigen-specific rejection and regulation both require activation of T cells, costimulatory interactions may have opposing or synergistic roles depending on the cell being targeted. Such complexities present both challenges and opportunities in targeting T-cell costimulatory pathways for therapeutic purposes. In this chapter, we summarize our current knowledge of the various costimulatory pathways in transplantation and review the current state and challenges of harnessing these pathways to promote graft tolerance (summarized in Table 10.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Y Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tanja Grimmig
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed H Sayegh
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine and Immunology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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6
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Mardomi A, Mohammadi N, Khosroshahi HT, Abediankenari S. An update on potentials and promises of T cell co-signaling molecules in transplantation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4183-4197. [PMID: 31696513 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The promising outcomes of immune-checkpoint based immunotherapies in cancer have provided a proportional perspective ahead of exploiting similar approaches in allotransplantation. Belatacept (CTLA-4-Ig) is an example of costimulation blockers successfully exploited in renal transplantation. Due to the wide range of regulatory molecules characterized in the past decades, some of these molecules might be candidates as immunomodulators in the case of tolerance induction in transplantation. Although there are numerous attempts on the apprehension of the effects of co-signaling molecules on immune response, the necessity for a better understanding is evident. By increasing the knowledge on the biology of co-signaling pathways, some pitfalls are recognized and improved approaches are proposed. The blockage of CD80/CD28 axis is an instance of evolution toward more efficacy. It is now evident that anti-CD28 antibodies are more effective than CD80 blockers in animal models of transplantation. Other co-signaling axes such as PD-1/PD-L1, CD40/CD154, 2B4/CD48, and others discussed in the present review are examples of critical immunomodulatory molecules in allogeneic transplantation. We review here the outcomes of recent experiences with co-signaling molecules in preclinical studies of solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mardomi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nabiallah Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Abediankenari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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7
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Kitchens WH, Dong Y, Mathews DV, Breeden CP, Strobert E, Fuentes ME, Larsen CP, Ford ML, Adams AB. Interruption of OX40L signaling prevents costimulation blockade-resistant allograft rejection. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90317. [PMID: 28289708 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of costimulation blockade to serve as a novel transplant immunosuppression strategy has been explored for over 20 years, culminating in the recent clinical approval of belatacept for renal transplant patients. Despite improving long-term graft function and survival compared with calcineurin inhibitors, clinical acceptance of belatacept has been hindered by elevated rates of acute rejection. We examined the signaling pathways required to activate costimulation blockade-resistant alloreactive T cells and identified the OX40/OX40L secondary costimulatory pathway as a promising target. We next sought to improve the clinical efficacy of traditional costimulation blockade using belatacept by coupling it with anti-OX40L. Using a murine transplant model, we demonstrate that combined blockade enhances the suppression of alloreactive T cell proliferation and effector functions including both cytokine release and cytotoxic degranulation. We also show that anti-OX40L may be particularly useful in targeting alloreactive memory T cell responses that are relatively unaffected by traditional costimulation blockade regimens. Finally, we translated this therapy to a clinically relevant nonhuman primate renal transplant model, validating the efficacy of this regimen in a potentially novel steroid- and calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppression regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Kitchens
- Emory Transplant Center.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew B Adams
- Emory Transplant Center.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Critical Role of Transcription Factor PU.1 in the Function of the OX40L/TNFSF4 Promoter in Dendritic Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34825. [PMID: 27708417 PMCID: PMC5052589 DOI: 10.1038/srep34825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PU.1 is a hematopoietic lineage-specific transcription factor belonging to the Ets family. We investigated the role of PU.1 in the expression of OX40L in dendritic cells (DCs), because the regulatory mechanism of cell type-specific expression of OX40L, which is mainly restricted to antigen-presenting cells, is largely unknown despite the critical involvement in Th2 and Tfh development. PU.1 knockdown decreased the expression of OX40L in mouse DCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated that PU.1 constitutively bound to the proximal region of the OX40L promoter. Reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that PU.1 transactivated the OX40L promoter through direct binding to the most-proximal Ets motif. We found that this Ets motif is conserved between mouse and human, and that PU.1 bound to the human OX40L promoter in ChIP assay using human monocyte-derived DCs. ChIP assays based on ChIP-seq datasets revealed that PU.1 binds to several sites distant from the transcription start site on the OX40L gene in addition to the most-proximal site in mouse DCs. In the present study, the structure of the OX40L promoter regulated by PU.1 is determined. It is also suggested that PU.1 is involved in mouse OX40L expression via multiple binding sites on the gene.
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9
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Ng ZY, Read C, Kurtz JM, Cetrulo CL. Memory T Cells in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23723505.2016.1229649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Curci C, Sallustio F, Serino G, De Palma G, Trpevski M, Fiorentino M, Rossini M, Quaglia M, Valente M, Furian L, Toscano A, Mazzucco G, Barreca A, Bussolino S, Gesualdo L, Stratta P, Rigotti P, Citterio F, Biancone L, Schena FP. Potential role of effector memory T cells in chronic T cell-mediated kidney graft rejection. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:2131-2142. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Azzi J, Yin Q, Uehara M, Ohori S, Tang L, Cai K, Ichimura T, McGrath M, Maarouf O, Kefaloyianni E, Loughhead S, Petr J, Sun Q, Kwon M, Tullius S, von Andrian UH, Cheng J, Abdi R. Targeted Delivery of Immunomodulators to Lymph Nodes. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1202-13. [PMID: 27134176 PMCID: PMC4973867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Active-targeted delivery to lymph nodes represents a major advance toward more effective treatment of immune-mediated disease. The MECA79 antibody recognizes peripheral node addressin molecules expressed by high endothelial venules of lymph nodes. By mimicking lymphocyte trafficking to the lymph nodes, we have engineered MECA79-coated microparticles containing an immunosuppressive medication, tacrolimus. Following intravenous administration, MECA79-bearing particles showed marked accumulation in the draining lymph nodes of transplanted animals. Using an allograft heart transplant model, we show that targeted lymph node delivery of microparticles containing tacrolimus can prolong heart allograft survival with negligible changes in tacrolimus serum level. Using MECA79 conjugation, we have demonstrated targeted delivery of tacrolimus to the lymph nodes following systemic administration, with the capacity for immune modulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shunsuke Ohori
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Kaimin Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Takaharu Ichimura
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martina McGrath
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Omar Maarouf
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eirini Kefaloyianni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott Loughhead
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jarolim Petr
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratories Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qidi Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Mincheol Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Stefan Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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12
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Gattringer M, Baranyi U, Pilat N, Hock K, Klaus C, Ramsey HE, Wrba F, Valenta R, Wekerle T. Anti-OX40L alone or in combination with anti-CD40L and CTLA4Ig does not inhibit the humoral and cellular response to a major grass pollen allergen. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 46:354-64. [PMID: 26464312 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE-mediated allergy is a common disease characterized by a harmful immune response towards otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Induction of specific immunological non-responsiveness towards allergens would be a desirable goal. Blockade of costimulatory pathways is a promising strategy to modulate the immune response in an antigen-specific manner. Recently, OX40 (CD134) was identified as a costimulatory receptor important in Th2-mediated immune responses. Moreover, synergy between OX40 blockade and 'conventional' costimulation blockade (anti-CD40L, CTLA4Ig) was observed in models of alloimmunity. OBJECTIVE We investigated the potential of interfering with OX40 alone or in combination with CD40/CD28 signals to influence the allergic immune response. METHODS The OX40 pathway was investigated in an established murine model of IgE-mediated allergy where BALB/c mice are repeatedly immunized with the clinically relevant grass pollen allergen Phl p 5. Groups were treated with combinations of anti-OX40L, CTLA4Ig and anti-CD40L. In selected mice, Tregs were depleted with anti-CD25. RESULTS Blockade of OX40L alone at the time of first or second immunization did not modulate the allergic response on the humoral or effector cell levels but slightly on T cell responses. Administration of a combination of anti-CD40L/CTLA4Ig delayed the allergic immune response, but antibody production could not be inhibited after repeated immunization even though the allergen-specific T cell response was suppressed in the long run. Notably, additional blockade of OX40L had no detectable supplementary effect. Immunomodulation partly involved regulatory T cells as depletion of CD25(+) cells led to restored T cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Collectively, our data provide evidence that the allergic immune response towards Phl p 5 is independent of OX40L, although reduction on T cell responses and slightly on the asthmatic phenotype was detectable. Besides, no relevant synergistic effect of OX40L blockade in addition to CD40L/CD28 blockade could be detected. Thus, the therapeutic potential of OX40L blockade for IgE-mediated allergy appears to be ineffective in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gattringer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - U Baranyi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Pilat
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Hock
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Klaus
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H E Ramsey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Wrba
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Wekerle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Wang F, Li J, Wang D, Fu Q, Xiong YY, Huang HT, Liu LS, Wang CX. An immunotherapeutic strategy for prolonging graft survival in mice. Transpl Immunol 2015; 33:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Rosenblum JM, Kirk AD. Recollective homeostasis and the immune consequences of peritransplant depletional induction therapy. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:167-82. [PMID: 24517433 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One's cellular immune repertoire is composed of lymphocytes in multiple stages of maturation - the dynamic product of their responses to antigenic challenges and the homeostatic contractions necessary to accommodate immune expansions within physiologic norms. Given that alloreactivity is predominantly a cross-reactive phenomenon that is stochastically distributed throughout the overall T-cell repertoire, one's allospecific repertoire is similarly made up of cells in a variety of differentiation states. As such, the continuous expansion and elimination of activated memory populations, producing a 'recollective homeostasis' of sorts, has the potential over time to alter the maturation state and effector composition of both ones protective and alloreactive T-cell repertoire. Importantly, a T cell's maturation state significantly influences its response to numerous immunomodulatory therapies used in organ transplantation, including depletional antibody induction. In this review, we discuss clinically utilized depletional induction strategies, how their use alters a transplant recipient's cellular immune repertoire, and how a recipient's repertoire influences the clinical effects of induction therapy.
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Abstract
Following infections and environmental exposures, memory T cells are generated that provide long-term protective immunity. Compared to their naïve T cell counterparts, memory T cells possess unique characteristics that endow them with the ability to quickly and robustly respond to foreign antigens. While such memory T cells are beneficial in protecting their hosts from recurrent infection, memory cells reactive to donor antigens pose a major barrier to successful transplantation and tolerance induction. Significant progress has been made over the past several decades contributing to our understanding of memory T cell generation, their distinct biology, and their detrimental impact in clinical and animal models of transplantation. This review focuses on the unique features which make memory T cells relevant to the transplant community and discusses potential therapies targeting memory T cells which may ameliorate allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Su
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 ; Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Robert L Fairchild
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106 ; Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute and Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195
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16
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Kinnear G, Wood KJ, Fallah-Arani F, Jones ND. A diametric role for OX40 in the response of effector/memory CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells to alloantigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1465-75. [PMID: 23817421 PMCID: PMC3721124 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OX40 is a member of the TNFR superfamily that has potent costimulatory properties. Although the impact of blockade of the OX40-OX40 ligand (OX40L) pathway has been well documented in models of autoimmune disease, its effect on the rejection of allografts is less well defined. In this article, we show that the alloantigen-mediated activation of naive and memory CD4(+) T cells results in the induction of OX40 expression and that blockade of OX40-OX40L interactions prevents skin allograft rejection mediated by either subset of T cells. Moreover, a blocking anti-OX40 had no effect on the activation and proliferation of T cells; rather, effector T cells failed to accumulate in peripheral lymph nodes and subsequently migrate to skin allografts. This was found to be the result of an enhanced degree of cell death among proliferating effector cells. In clear contrast, blockade of OX40-OX40L interactions at the time of exposure to alloantigen enhanced the ability of regulatory T cells to suppress T cell responses to alloantigen by supporting, rather than diminishing, regulatory T cell survival. These data show that OX40-OX40L signaling contributes to the evolution of the adaptive immune response to an allograft via the differential control of alloreactive effector and regulatory T cell survival. Moreover, these data serve to further highlight OX40 and OX40L as therapeutic targets to assist the induction of tolerance to allografts and self-Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Kinnear
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences (NDS), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU
| | - Kathryn J. Wood
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences (NDS), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU
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Amano MT, Camara NOS. The immunomodulatory role of carbon monoxide during transplantation. Med Gas Res 2013; 3:1. [PMID: 23295066 PMCID: PMC3582539 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of organ and tissue transplants has increased worldwide in recent decades. However, graft rejection, infections due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs and a shortage of graft donors remain major concerns. Carbon monoxide (CO) had long been regarded solely as a poisonous gas. Ultimately, physiological studies unveiled the endogenous production of CO, particularly by the heme oxygenase (HO)-1 enzyme, recognizing CO as a beneficial gas when used at therapeutic doses. The protective properties of CO led researchers to develop uses for it, resulting in devices and molecules that can deliver CO in vitro and in vivo. The resulting interest in clinical investigations was immediate. Studies regarding the CO/HO-1 modulation of immune responses and their effects on various immune disorders gave rise to transplantation research, where CO was shown to be essential in the protection against organ rejection in animal models. This review provides a perspective of how CO modulates the immune system to improve transplantation and suggests its use as a therapy in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Tami Amano
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Magee CN, Boenisch O, Najafian N. The role of costimulatory molecules in directing the functional differentiation of alloreactive T helper cells. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:2588-600. [PMID: 22759274 PMCID: PMC3459149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules are a heterogenous group of cell surface molecules that act to amplify or counteract the initial activating signals provided to T cells from the T cell receptor following its interaction with an antigen/major histocompatibility complex, thereby influencing T cell differentiation and fate. Although costimulation was previously thought to be indispensable for T cell activation at all stages of development, it is now known that the requirements for costimulation, and the costimulatory molecules involved, vary according to the stage of T cell differentiation. The ability to influence T cell fate is of paramount interest in the field of transplantation as we seek therapeutic options that inhibit detrimental alloimmune responses whilst simultaneously promoting allograft tolerance. As with many immune mechanisms, there is a degree of functional overlap between certain costimulatory molecules, whereas some have diametrically opposite effects on different T cell subsets despite sharing common ligands. This is a critical point when considering these molecules as therapeutic targets in transplantation, as blockade of a costimulatory pathway, although desirable in itself, may prevent the ligation of an essential regulatory coinhibitory molecule. This review discusses the T helper cell lineages pertinent to transplantation and the costimulatory molecules involved in their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara N. Magee
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Olaf Boenisch
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nader Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Checker R, Sandur SK, Sharma D, Patwardhan RS, Jayakumar S, Kohli V, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB, Sainis KB. Potent anti-inflammatory activity of ursolic acid, a triterpenoid antioxidant, is mediated through suppression of NF-κB, AP-1 and NF-AT. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31318. [PMID: 22363615 PMCID: PMC3282718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid, is the major component of many plants including apples, basil, cranberries, peppermint, rosemary, oregano and prunes and has been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-tumor properties. These properties of UA have been attributed to its ability to suppress NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) activation. Since NF-κB, in co-ordination with NF-AT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) and AP-1(activator protein-1), is known to regulate inflammatory genes, we hypothesized that UA might exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The anti-inflammatory effects of UA were assessed in activated T cells, B cells and macrophages. Effects of UA on ERK, JNK, NF-κB, AP-1 and NF-AT were studied to elucidate its mechanism of action. In vivo efficacy of UA was studied using mouse model of graft-versus-host disease. UA inhibited activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion in T cells, B cells and macrophages. UA inhibited mitogen-induced up-regulation of activation markers and co-stimulatory molecules in T and B cells. It inhibited mitogen-induced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK and suppressed the activation of immunoregulatory transcription factors NF-κB, NF-AT and AP-1 in lymphocytes. Treatment of cells with UA prior to allogenic transplantation significantly delayed induction of acute graft-versus-host disease in mice and also significantly reduced the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IFN-γ. UA treatment inhibited T cell activation even when added post-mitogenic stimulation demonstrating its therapeutic utility as an anti-inflammatory agent. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present study describes the detailed mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of UA. Further, UA may find application in the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Santosh K. Sandur
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Raghavendra S. Patwardhan
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - S. Jayakumar
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Vineet Kohli
- Medical Division, Bio-Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bharat B. Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Krishna B. Sainis
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Medical Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Levesque V, Bardwell PD, Shimizu I, Haspot F, Benichou G, Yeap BY, Sykes M. B-cell-dependent memory T cells impede nonmyeloablative mixed chimerism induction in presensitized mice. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:2322-31. [PMID: 21831158 PMCID: PMC3816363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Presensitization to HLA antigens limits the success of organ transplantation. The achievement of donor-specific tolerance via mixed chimerism could improve outcomes of transplantation in presensitized patients. In presensitized B-cell-deficient μMT B6 mice, we developed nonmyeloablative bone marrow transplantation (BMT) regimens that successfully tolerized presensitized T cells, achieving long-term (LT) multilineage chimerism and tolerance to donor-type skin. To apply these regimens in wild-type (WT) animals while avoiding antibody-mediated destruction of donor bone marrow cells, presensitized WT B6 mice were rested >2 years to allow alloantibody clearance. However, chimerism and tolerance were not reliably achieved in LT presensitized WT B6 mice in which alloantibody had declined to minimal or undetectable levels before BMT. Strong antidonor memory T-cell responses were detected in LT presensitized WT B6 mice after rejection of donor bone marrow (BM) occurred, whereas levels of alloantibody remained consistently low. In contrast, presensitized μMT B6 mice had diminished memory T-cell responses compared to WT B6 mice. These data implicate T-cell memory, but not alloantibody, in rejection of donor BM in LT presensitized WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Levesque
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Biostatistics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - P. D. Bardwell
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Biostatistics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - I. Shimizu
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Biostatistics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - F. Haspot
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Biostatistics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - G. Benichou
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation Center, Biostatistics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - B. Y. Yeap
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Biostatistics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M. Sykes
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Biostatistics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: Megan Sykes,
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21
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Abstract
Secondary, so-called costimulatory, signals are critically required for the process of T cell activation. Since landmark studies defined that T cells receiving a T cell receptor signal without a costimulatory signal, are tolerized in vitro, the investigation of T cell costimulation has attracted intense interest. Early studies demonstrated that interrupting T cell costimulation allows attenuation of the alloresponse, which is particularly difficult to modulate due to the clone size of alloreactive T cells. The understanding of costimulation has since evolved substantially and now encompasses not only positive signals involved in T cell activation but also negative signals inhibiting T cell activation and promoting T cell tolerance. Costimulation blockade has been used effectively for the induction of tolerance in rodent models of transplantation, but turned out to be less potent in large animals and humans. In this overview we will discuss the evolution of the concept of T cell costimulation, the potential of 'classical' and newly identified costimulation pathways as therapeutic targets for organ transplantation as well as progress towards clinical application of the first costimulation blocking compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pilat
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohamed H. Sayegh
- Brigham and Women's Hospital & Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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22
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Wilankar C, Sharma D, Checker R, Khan NM, Patwardhan R, Patil A, Sandur SK, Devasagayam TPA. Role of immunoregulatory transcription factors in differential immunomodulatory effects of tocotrienols. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:129-43. [PMID: 21536125 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tocotrienols have been shown to possess antioxidant, antitumor, cardioprotective, and antiproliferative effects. This report describes novel immunomodulatory effects of tocotrienols in murine lymphocytes. γ-Tocotrienol (GT) was more effective in suppressing concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production compared to α-tocotrienol (AT) when present continuously in the culture. GT inhibited T cell activation markers and costimulatory molecule. GT modulated intracellular glutathione in lymphocytes, and the suppressive effects of GT could not be abrogated by thiol or nonthiol antioxidants, indicating a poor link between anti-inflammatory properties of tocotrienols and cellular redox status. It was also observed that GT suppressed Con A-induced activation of NF-κB, AP-1, and NF-κB-dependent gene expression. Cellular uptake studies with tocotrienols showed higher accumulation of GT compared to AT. Similar immunosuppressive effects of GT were also observed when administered to mice. In contrast, transient exposure of lymphocytes to GT (4 h) resulted in higher survival and proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo in syngeneic and allogeneic hosts. This was attributed to the ability of GT to induce NF-κB, AP-1, and mTOR activation in lymphocytes upon transient exposure. Our results demonstrated that antioxidants such as tocotrienols may exhibit pleiotropic effects by activating multiple mechanisms in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Wilankar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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23
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Shao W, Chen JB, Wang F, Xia JJ, Qi ZQ. Combined application of blocking antibodies and MicroRNA interference in inhibiting CD44 expression. Transplant Proc 2011; 42:2777-81. [PMID: 20832586 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.05.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to explore the effect of CD44 targeting on the tolerance to memory cell-mediated graft rejection. METHODS We developed a cardiac transplantation model in nude mice and administered anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to these mice. Then, we used anti-CD44 mAb and CD44-interfering microRNA (miRNA) to inhibit CD44 expression in vitro. RESULTS The median survival time (MST) associated with multiple intraperitoneal injections was >100 days, whereas that associated with CD4(+) Tm cells blocked CD44 and that associated with a single intraperitoneal injection of anti-CD44 mAb was 11 and 10.3 days, control group was 5.5 days. The inhibition effect of the anti-CD44 mAb in 3T3 cells significantly reduced with cell proliferation. Used CD44 miRNA in 3T3 cells, the most obvious inhibition effect of mRNA appeared at 48 hours after transfection and the inhibition decreased subsequently. In combination, antibody-mediated blocking and miRNA showed some synergistic effects. CONCLUSION The inhibition of CD44 can significantly prolong the MST in memory models. The inhibition effect of combined application showed limitations with regard to cell proliferation and duration of action, but the short-term synergistic effect of the combined approach was stronger than the effects of individual approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shao
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
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24
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Anti-OX40 prevents effector T-cell accumulation and CD8+ T-cell mediated skin allograft rejection. Transplantation 2011; 90:1265-71. [PMID: 21037534 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181fe5396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OX40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is a potent T-cell costimulatory molecule. Although the impact of blockade of the OX40-OX40L pathway has been documented in models of autoimmune disease, the effect on allograft rejection is less well defined. METHODS The expression of OX40 and impact of OX40 blockade on BM3 T cells (H2Kb-reactive, T-cell receptor-transgenic) after stimulation with alloantigen were assessed in vitro by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine and flow cytometry. In vivo, naïve BM3 or polyclonal CD8+ T cells were transferred into syngeneic recombinase-activating gene(-/-) mice, which received an H2b+ skin allograft with and without anti-OX40. Skin allograft survival was monitored, and the proliferation, number, and phenotype of BM3 T cells were determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS In vitro allogeneic stimulation of CD8+ T cells resulted in OX40 expression, the blockade of which was found to partially inhibit 3H-thymidine incorporation as a result of increased cell death among activated T cells. Similarly, in vivo, anti-OX40 prevented skin allograft rejection mediated by CD8+ T cells. However, after cessation of anti-OX40 therapy, skin allografts were eventually rejected indicating that tolerance had not been induced. Correlating with the in vitro data, analysis of lymph nodes draining skin allografts revealed that OX40 blockade had no effect on the activation and proliferation of BM3 T cells but rather resulted in diminished effector T-cell accumulation. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data demonstrate that anti-OX40 attenuates CD8+ T-cell responses to alloantigen by reducing the pool of effector T cells, suggesting that this may be a worthwhile adjunct to preexisting costimulatory molecule-blocking regimens.
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Verbinnen B, Van Gool SW, Ceuppens JL. Blocking costimulatory pathways: prospects for inducing transplantation tolerance. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:497-509. [PMID: 20636004 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance induction to alloantigens is a major challenge in transplant immunology. Whereas conventional immunosuppression inhibits the immune system in a nonspecific way, thereby also undermining an appropriate immune response towards potentially harmful infectious organisms, tolerance in a transplantation setting is restricted to alloantigens, while protective immunity is preserved. Moreover, tolerance implies an immunological status that is preserved after withdrawal of the tolerance-inducing therapy. Among the most promising strategies to induce immunological tolerance are costimulation blockade and establishment of mixed chimerism. Despite significant advances, we still know little about the mechanisms responsible for such tolerance. In this article, we discuss tolerance induction to transplantation antigens by costimulation blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Verbinnen
- University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ge W, Jiang J, Liu W, Lian D, Saito A, Garcia B, Li XC, Wang H. Regulatory T cells are critical to tolerance induction in presensitized mouse transplant recipients through targeting memory T cells. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1760-73. [PMID: 20636455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells are a significant barrier to induction of transplant tolerance. However, reliable means to target alloreactive memory T cells have remained elusive. In this study, presensitization of BALB/c mice with C57BL/6 skin grafts generated a large number of OX40(+)CD44(hi)effector/memory T cells and resulted in rapid rejection of donor heart allografts. Recognizing that anti-OX40L monoclonal antibody (mAb) (alpha-OX40L) monotherapy prolonged graft survival through inhibition and apoptosis of memory T cells in presensitized recipients, alpha-OX40L was added to the combined treatment protocol of LF15-0195 (LF) and anti-CD45RB (alpha-CD45RB) mAb-a protocol that induced heart allograft tolerance in non-presensitized recipients but failed to induce tolerance in presensitized recipients. Interestingly, this triple therapy restored donor-specific heart allograft tolerance in our presensitized model that was associated with induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs). Of note, CD25(+) T cell depletion in triple therapy recipients prevented establishment of allograft tolerance. In addition, adoptive transfer of donor-primed effector/memory T cells into tolerant recipients markedly reduced levels of Tregs and broke tolerance. Our findings indicated that targeting memory T cells, by blocking OX40 costimulation in presensitized recipients was very important to expansion of Tregs, which proved critical to development of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ge
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Valujskikh A, Baldwin WM, Fairchild RL. Recent progress and new perspectives in studying T cell responses to allografts. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1117-25. [PMID: 20353479 PMCID: PMC3208261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies in the past decade advanced our understanding of the development, execution and regulation of T-cell-mediated allograft rejection. This review outlines recent progress and focuses on three major areas of investigation that are likely to guide the development of graft-prolonging therapies in the future. The discussed topics include the contribution of recently discovered molecules to the activation and functions of alloreactive T cells, the emerging problem of alloreactive memory T cells and recently gained insights into the old question of transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Immunology and the Glickman Urological and Kidney Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - William M. Baldwin
- Department of Immunology and the Glickman Urological and Kidney Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Robert L. Fairchild
- Department of Immunology and the Glickman Urological and Kidney Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In the nerve allograft model, costimulation blockade has permitted good regeneration but is still inferior to the nerve isograft. We hypothesize that a short course of multiple costimulatory pathway blockade will be more effective in inhibiting the redundancy of the immune response and improve nerve regeneration through the nerve allograft. METHODS The murine sciatic nerve allograft model was used to reconstruct a 1 cm sciatic nerve gap. Treatment consisted of the inhibition of the CD40, CD28/B7 and ICOS pathways and was compared with only single or double costimulation blockade. Assessment methods included quantitative histomorphometry and ELISPOT assay to quantify the host immune response after 3 weeks post-operatively. RESULTS Triple costimulation blockade permitted regeneration through the nerve allograft that was equivalent to the nerve isograft. A short course of three doses was more effective than a single dose for all combinations tested. ELISPOT assay demonstrated minimal in vitro immune response with a short course of double or triple pathway-blocking agents. CONCLUSION Costimulation blockade, especially with the simultaneous inhibition of multiple pathways, remains a promising strategy to promote regeneration through the peripheral nerve allograft, and may be uniquely suited to the temporary immunosuppressive requirements of the peripheral nerve allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Y. Tai
- Division of Plastics and Orthopedics, Kern Medical Center, CA, USA
| | - Renata V. Weber
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Susan E. Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas H. Tung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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30
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Xie B, Chen J, Xia J, Wang Y, Liang H, Ekberg H, Corbascio M, Qi Z. Combined Costimulation Blockade Inhibits Accelerated Rejection Mediated by Alloantigen-primed Memory T Cells in Mice. Immunol Invest 2009; 38:639-51. [DOI: 10.1080/08820130903062228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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31
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Croft M, So T, Duan W, Soroosh P. The significance of OX40 and OX40L to T-cell biology and immune disease. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:173-91. [PMID: 19426222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY OX40 (CD134) and its binding partner, OX40L (CD252), are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor/tumor necrosis factor superfamily and are expressed on activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as well as on a number of other lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells. Costimulatory signals from OX40 to a conventional T cell promote division and survival, augmenting the clonal expansion of effector and memory populations as they are being generated to antigen. OX40 additionally suppresses the differentiation and activity of T-regulatory cells, further amplifying this process. OX40 and OX40L also regulate cytokine production from T cells, antigen-presenting cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells, and modulate cytokine receptor signaling. In line with these important modulatory functions, OX40-OX40L interactions have been found to play a central role in the development of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, making them attractive candidates for intervention in the clinic. Conversely, stimulating OX40 has shown it to be a candidate for therapeutic immunization strategies for cancer and infectious disease. This review provides a broad overview of the biology of OX40 including the intracellular signals from OX40 that impact many aspects of immune function and have promoted OX40 as one of the most prominent costimulatory molecules known to control T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Li XC, Rothstein DM, Sayegh MH. Costimulatory pathways in transplantation: challenges and new developments. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:271-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Interactions that occur between several tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-TNF receptors that are expressed by T cells and various other immune and non-immune cell types are central to T-cell function. In this Review, I discuss the biology of four different ligand-receptor interactions - OX40 ligand and OX40, 4-1BB ligand and 4-1BB, CD70 and CD27, and TL1A and death receptor 3 - and their potential to be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Manipulating these interactions can be effective for treating diseases in which T cells have an important role, including inflammatory conditions, autoimmunity and cancer. Here, I explore how blocking or inducing the signalling pathways that are triggered by these different interactions can be an effective way to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Waaga-Gasser AM, Grimm MR, Lutz J, Lange V, Lenhard SM, Aviles B, Kist-van Holthe JE, Lebedeva T, Samsonov D, Meyer D, Hancock WW, Heemann U, Gasser M, Chandraker A. Regulatory allospecific T cell clones abrogate chronic allograft rejection. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:820-30. [PMID: 19297560 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
True alloantigen-specific tolerance is the ultimate goal of solid organ transplantation, eliminating the need for long-term immunosuppression. Recent evidence suggests that Th1-derived cytokines are associated with rejection and Th2-derived cytokines with long-term allograft survival, but the roles of these subsets in rejection and tolerance are incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed the functional and regulatory capacities of T cell clones derived from tolerant and rejecting rats (Wistar rat donors, Lewis rat recipients). We generated and subcloned T cell lines from lymphocytes derived from either acutely rejecting grafts or from the grafts of CTLA4-Ig-treated tolerant rats. Pretransplantation adoptive transfer of T cell clones generated from rejected grafts (Th1 clones) accelerated acute rejection or promoted development of chronic rejection, whereas transfer of T cell clones generated from tolerized grafts (Th2 clones) protected rats from acute rejection and progressive organ dysfunction. When Th1 and Th2 clones were injected simultaneously, Th2 clones specifically regulated activation of Th1 clones. Rats that received injections of Th2 clones accepted long-term donor-specific skin grafts but acutely rejected third-party skin grafts. Tolerant rats treated with Th2 clones demonstrated an increased number of regulatory CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells and strong mononuclear cell staining for IL-10 but negligible IFN-gamma, IL-17, and IL-23 compared with untreated rats or those treated with Th1 clones. In summary, these results demonstrate the regulatory functions of Th2 cells in a clinically relevant allogeneic transplant model and provide new insight into the functional role of Th2 cells in preventing the process of chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Waaga-Gasser
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the past few years, much effort has been focused on the identification of new pathways, new mechanisms, and new therapeutic targets in transplant models. Understanding of T-cell costimulatory molecules remains one of the highly contested areas of research. In this review, we will focus specifically on OX40, and summarize the latest developments on the role of OX40 in transplant models. RECENT FINDINGS OX40 regulates multiple aspects of the T-cell response; it delivers a potent costimulatory signal to T effector cells and plays a key role in their survival and proliferation. OX40 also supports the transition of activated T effector cells to memory T cells. Importantly, OX40 signaling inhibits the suppressor functions of forkhead box P3 T regulatory cells and also blocks the induction of new forkhead box P3 T regulatory cells from activated T effector cells. These new findings may have major clinical implications in the induction of transplant tolerance. SUMMARY The current belief is that tolerance to organ transplants involves the apoptotic deletion of T effector cells and the expansion of graft-protective T regulatory cells. Given our recent understanding of OX40, we believe that targeting the OX40 costimulation is therapeutically important in the induction of transplant tolerance.
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Greenlaw RE, Gardner NJ, Farrar CA, Shariff H, Sacks SH, Yagita H, Simpson E, Jurcevic S. An antibody combination that targets activated T cells extends graft survival in sensitized recipients. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:2272-82. [PMID: 18785958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells are the very essence of adaptive immunity with their rapid and efficient response to antigen rechallenge and long-term persistence. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that when primed with self or transplanted tissue, these cells play a key role in causing and perpetuating tissue damage. Furthermore, current treatments, which efficiently control the naive response, have limited effects on primed T cells. We have used a treatment based on a combination of antibodies specific for molecules expressed by activated T lymphocytes to selectively remove these cells. This approach, which we termed multi-hit therapy, leads to cumulative binding of antibodies to the target T cells and a striking prolongation of skin graft survival in presensitized recipients in a stringent skin transplant model. The findings are consistent with the depletion of graft-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, although other modes of action, such as T-cell regulation and altered migration could play a role. In conclusion, our therapeutic strategy controls primed T cells which are a major driving force in the pathology of many autoimmune diseases and in transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Greenlaw
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Targeting the CD134-CD134L interaction using anti-CD134 and/or rhCD134 fusion protein as a possible strategy to prevent lupus nephritis. Rheumatol Int 2008; 29:417-25. [PMID: 18802705 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-008-0697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is characterized by an increased upregulation of Th1. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of CD134 in cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from subjects with LN. Percentages of IFN-gamma- (Th1), IL-4-, and IL-10- (Th2) producing cells within the PBMC CD4+ T cell population of LN subjects were found to be higher than those of healthy subjects. Stimulation of PBMC from LN subjects with anti-CD3 epsilon mAb/rIL-2 resulted in further increases in cytokine production. Stimulation in the presence of anti-CD134 mAb resulted in reduced IL-4 and IL-10 production; however, it also resulted in increased IFN-gamma production. Stimulation in the presence of the fusion protein rhCD134:Fc resulted in decreased production of all three cytokines. The possibilities that anti-CD134 therapy may control the extent of IL-4- and IL-10-mediated damage in active LN and that rhCD134:Fc therapy may prevent occurrence of LN are discussed.
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Zhou YB, Ye RG, Li YJ, Xie CM, Wu YH. Effect of anti-CD134L mAb and CTLA4Ig on ConA-induced proliferation, Th cytokine secretion, and anti-dsDNA antibody production in spleen cells from lupus-prone BXSB mice. Autoimmunity 2008; 41:395-404. [PMID: 18568645 DOI: 10.1080/08916930802002240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We sought to evaluate the effects of combined downregulation of CD134 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) on the autoimmune process of lupus. Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced proliferation, T helper cell cytokine secretion, and anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody production were measured in cultures of splenic lymphocytes derived from lupus-prone BXSB mice. Splenocytes from six prednisone-treated and six untreated male lupus-prone BXSB mice, as well as from six syngeneically normal C57BL/6 male mice, were stimulated with ConA. BXSB splenocytes from untreated mice were exposed to anti-CD134L mAb, CTLA4 linked to the Fc portion of IgG1 (CTLA4Ig), or both. The magnitude of splenocyte proliferation and the levels of IFN-gamma, IL-6, and anti-dsDNA antibody were: (1) significantly higher in cultures of ConA-stimulated control and other cells than in unstimulated cells, (2) similar in cultures of normal and BXSB cells treated with anti-CD134 and CTLA4Ig or prednisone and (3) significantly reduced in cultures of ConA-stimulated and unstimulated cells treated with anti-CD134L and CTLA4Ig or prednisone compared with cells treated with CD134L or CTLA4Ig alone. Like corticosteroids, anti-CD134L mAb or CTLA4Ig can inhibit T- and B-cell activation by blocking the CD134-CD134L or CD28/CTLA4-B7 co-stimulatory pathway. The combined immune intervention described herein may prove useful for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bin Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Minamimura K, Sato K, Yagita H, Tanaka T, Arii S, Maki T. Strategies to induce marked prolongation of secondary skin allograft survival in alloantigen-primed mice. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:761-72. [PMID: 18261171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alloreactive memory T cells mediate accelerated rejection. We investigated the effect of polyclonal anti-T-cell antibody (ALS) and rapamycin (RAPA) on skin allograft survival in naïve or alloantigen-primed mice. ALS prolonged graft survival in both naïve and alloantigen-primed mice. T-cell depletion by ALS was associated with increased CD4(+)CD44(hi)OX40(+) and CD8(+)CD44(hi)CD122(+) memory T cells. Addition of RAPA to ALS extended graft survival in naïve mice, but had no effect on secondary allograft survival in alloantigen-primed mice. In adoptive transfer experiments, RAPA inhibited alloantigen-stimulated proliferation and allograft rejection by naïve T cells. In contrast, alloantigen-primed memory T cells, particularly CD4(+)CD44(hi)OX40(+) and CD8(+)CD44(hi)CD122(+) T cells, were resistant to RAPA in response to alloantigen and mediated accelerated rejection in the presence of RAPA. Resistance to RAPA by alloantigen-primed mice was overcome by the use of high-dose ALS, which achieved marked prolongation of secondary skin allograft survival (>100 days). Inhibition of CD122(+) T cells and/or OX40/OX40L costimulation blockade, combined with low-dose ALS and RAPA, was also effective. These results demonstrate that tolerance may be achieved in allosensitized individuals by T-cell depletion- and RAPA-based strategies employing high-dose ALS or targeting CD122(+)CD8(+) T cells and/or the OX40/OX40L costimulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Minamimura
- The Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hattori T, Usui Y, Okunuki Y, Sonoda Y, Usui M, Takada E, Mizuguchi J, Yagita H, Okumura K, Akiba H, Takeuchi M. Blockade of the OX40 ligand prolongs corneal allograft survival. Eur J Immunol 2008; 37:3597-604. [PMID: 18022861 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although corneal transplantation is one of the most common tissue transplantations and is known to have a high graft acceptance rate, occasional corneal graft rejection remains a cause of blindness. OX40, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is expressed on activated T cells, and transmits a costimulatory signal by binding to OX40 ligand (OX40L) expressed on several cells with antigen-presenting functions. Using a blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) against murine OX40L, we investigated the role of OX40 in a murine model of corneal transplantation. C3H/He mouse corneas were transplanted to BALB/c mice orthotopically. Administration of anti-OX40L mAb significantly reduced allograft rejection, and increased graft survival rate to 40% at 8 weeks after transplantation, while all corneas were rejected within 5 weeks in control IgG-treated mice. Similar reduced rejection was observed when wild-type donor corneas were transplanted to OX40L-deficient recipients. In vitro study revealed that the anti-OX40L mAb treatment reduced proliferative response and IFN-gamma production of draining lymph node cells in response to stimulation with donor alloantigen. These results demonstrate that OX40L blockade is effective for prolongation of corneal allograft survival by inhibiting recipient T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Hattori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Yang J, Popoola J, Khandwala S, Vadivel N, Vanguri V, Yuan X, Dada S, Guleria I, Tian C, Ansari MJ, Shin T, Yagita H, Azuma M, Sayegh MH, Chandraker A. Critical role of donor tissue expression of programmed death ligand-1 in regulating cardiac allograft rejection and vasculopathy. Circulation 2008; 117:660-9. [PMID: 18212277 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.741025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allograft vasculopathy is a major limiting factor in the long-term success of cardiac transplantation. T cells play a critical role in initiation of cardiac allograft rejection and allograft vasculopathy. The negative T-cell costimulatory pathway PD-1:PDL1/PDL2 (programmed death-1:programmed death ligand-1/2) plays an important role in regulating alloimmune responses. We investigated the role of recipient versus donor PD-1 ligands in the pathogenesis of allograft rejection with emphasis on the role of tissue expression in regulating this alloimmune response in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We used established major histocompatibility complex class II- and class I-mismatched models of vascularized cardiac allograft rejection, blocking anti-PDL1 and anti-PDL2 antibodies, and PDL1- and PDL2-deficient mice (as donors or recipients) to study the role of the PD-1:PDL1/PDL2 pathway in chronic rejection. We also used PDL1-deficient and wild-type mice and bone marrow transplantation to generate chimeric animals that express PDL1 exclusively on either hematopoietic or parenchymal cells. PDL1 but not PDL2 blockade significantly accelerated cardiac allograft rejection in the bm12-into-B6 and B6-into-bm12 models. Although wild-type cardiac allografts survived long term, PDL1-/- donor hearts transplanted into wild-type bm12 mice exhibited accelerated rejection and vasculopathy associated with enhanced recipient T-cell alloreactivity. Interestingly, PDL1-/- recipients did not exhibit an accelerated tempo of cardiac allograft rejection. Using chimeric animals as donors, we show that PDL1 expression on cardiac tissue alone significantly prolonged graft survival compared with full PDL1-/- donor grafts in transplanted wild-type recipients. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to demonstrate that expression of the negative costimulatory molecule PDL1 on donor cardiac tissue regulates recipient alloimmune responses, allograft rejection, and vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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The specific monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT-1) inhibitor, AR-C117977, induces donor-specific suppression, reducing acute and chronic allograft rejection in the rat. Transplantation 2008; 84:1191-9. [PMID: 17998876 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000287541.53389.be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a search for immunosuppressive drugs having novel mechanisms, monocarboxylate transporter (MCT-1) inhibitors were identified that markedly inhibited immune responses. Here, we report the effects of AR-C117977, a potent MCT-1 inhibitor, on alloimmune responses in the rat. METHODS In vitro activity was determined in a rat mixed lymphocyte response (MLR). In vivo activity was tested in a graft versus host response (GVHR) and in both high (DA to PVG) and low (PVG to DA) responder cardiac allograft models. To assess induction of donor-specific suppression recipients of allogeneic hearts surviving longer than 100 days received a second transplant either of the same donor strain or a third-party donor strain. Effects on chronic graft rejection were assessed histologically by evaluating vasculopathy in long-term surviving grafts and in an obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) model. RESULTS AR-C117977 inhibited the rat MLR and was more potent than cyclosporin A (CsA). In the rat GVHR model, AR-C117977 gave a dose-related inhibition. In the high responder cardiac allograft model, graft survival in excess of 100 days was achieved with AR-C117977 compared with 20 days with CsA and all the long-term survivors exhibited donor-specific suppression on retransplantation. In the low responder model, both AR-C117977 and CsA induced survival in excess of 100 days. Histology of the long-term surviving grafts suggested reduced vasculopathy associated with chronic rejection. Furthermore, AR-C117977 inhibited the occlusion of transplanted trachea in a OB model. CONCLUSION This report describes a MCT-1 specific inhibitor having immunosuppressive activity on alloimmune responses and inducing donor-specific suppression.
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Vu MD, Xiao X, Gao W, Degauque N, Chen M, Kroemer A, Killeen N, Ishii N, Li XC. OX40 costimulation turns off Foxp3+ Tregs. Blood 2007; 110:2501-10. [PMID: 17575071 PMCID: PMC1988917 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-070748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OX40 is a recently identified T-cell costimulatory molecule that belongs to the TNF/TNFR superfamily. OX40 can be expressed by both activated T effector cells and Foxp3(+) Tregs. It is well known that OX40 delivers a potent costimulatory signal to T effector cells, but very little is known about the role of OX40 in regulating the suppressor properties of Foxp3(+) Tregs and the de novo generation of new inducible Foxp3(+) Tregs from T effector cells. In the present study, we found, by using a newly created foxp3gfp knockin model, that OX40 was dispensable for the genesis and suppressor functions of naturally arising CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs, but stimulating OX40 on the Foxp3(+) Tregs abrogated their ability to suppress T effector cell proliferation, IFN-gamma production, and T effector cell-mediated allograft rejection. OX40 costimulation did not significantly affect proliferation and survival of the naturally arising Foxp3(+) Tregs, but profoundly inhibited Foxp3 gene expression. Importantly, OX40 costimulation to T effector cells prevented the induction of new inducible Foxp3(+) Tregs from T effector cells. Our study identified OX40 as a key negative regulator of Foxp3(+) Tregs and may have important clinical implications in models of transplantation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Diem Vu
- Harvard Medical School, Transplant Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Habicht A, Najafian N, Yagita H, Sayegh MH, Clarkson MR. New insights in CD28-independent allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:1917-26. [PMID: 17617854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD28 costimulatory blockade induces tolerance in most murine transplant models but fails to do so in stringent transplant models, such as skin transplantation. The precise immunological mechanisms of CD28-independent rejection remain to be fully defined. Using two novel mouse strains in which both CD28 and either CD4 or CD8 are knocked out (CD4(-/-)CD28(-/-) or CD8(-/-)CD28(-/-) mice), we examined mechanisms of CD28-independent CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell-mediated allograft rejection. CD4(-/-)CD28(-/-) and CD8(-/-)CD28(-/) deficient mice rejected fully allogeneic skin allografts at a tempo comparable with that in wild-type mice. Rejection proceeded despite significant reduction in alloreactive T-cell clone sizes suggesting the presence of a subset of T cells harnessing alternate CD28-independent costimulatory pathways. Blockade of CD40-CD154 and CD134-CD134L, but not ICOS-B7h pathways in combination significantly prolonged allograft survival in CD8(-/-)CD28(-/-) recipients and to a lesser extent in CD4(-/-)CD28(-/-) recipients. Prolongation in allograft survival was associated with reduced effector-memory T-cell generation, decreased allospecific Th1 cytokine generation and diminished alloreactive T-cell proliferation in vivo. In aggregate, the data identify these two pathways as critical mediators of CD28-independent rejection by CD4(+) and to a lesser extent CD8(+) T cells, and provide novel mechanistic insights into functions of novel T-cell co-stimulatory pathways in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Habicht
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Valujskikh A, Li XC. Frontiers in nephrology: T cell memory as a barrier to transplant tolerance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:2252-61. [PMID: 17634436 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Immunology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Bagley J, Tian C, Iacomini J. New Approaches to the Prevention of Organ Allograft Rejection and Tolerance Induction. Transplantation 2007; 84:S38-41. [PMID: 17632412 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000269185.28701.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of organ allograft transplantation is dependent on the discovery and clinical application of immunologic strategies to blunt the immune response and prevent graft rejection. It was the discovery of powerful immunotherapeutics such as cyclosporine A and rapamycin that has allowed for the widespread use of organ transplantation to treat organ failure. However, despite the attainment of impressive survival rates 1 year after organ transplantation, a significant number of organ allografts are lost to immune-mediated chronic rejection. Furthermore, significant morbidity and mortality can be associated with the use of currently available immunosuppressive regimens. Thus, the development of novel approaches to prevent of organ allograft rejection remains extremely important. Here we discuss two promising and novel avenues of research. First, the discovery and characterization of naturally occurring immune inhibitory signals have led to recent research aimed at exploiting these pathways to induce peripheral tolerance to alloantigen. Furthermore, we discuss new approaches to the induction of donor-specific tolerance by induction of molecular chimerism and the transfer of alloantigen-expressing mature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamyn Bagley
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chandraker A, Huurman V, Hallett K, Yuan X, Tector AJ, Park CH, Lu E, Zavazava N, Oaks M. CTLA4-Ig-based conditioning regimen to induce tolerance to cardiac allografts. Transplantation 2006; 79:897-903. [PMID: 15849541 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000158275.56248.f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant rejection and toxicity associated with chronic immunosuppressive therapy remain a major problem. Mixed hematopoietic chimerism has been shown to produce tolerance to solid organ transplants. However, currently available protocols to induce mixed hematopoietic chimerism invariably require toxic pre-conditioning. In this study, we investigated a non-toxic CTLA4-Ig-based protocol to induce donor-specific tolerance to cardiac allografts in rats. METHODS Fully mismatched, 4 to 6 week old ACI (RT1.A(a)) and Wistar Furth (RT1.A(u)) rats were used as cell/organ donors and recipients, respectively. Recipients were treated with CTLA4-Ig 2 mg/kg/day (on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8), tacrolimus 1 mg/kg/day (daily, from days 0 to 9), and a single dose of anti-lymphocyte serum (10 mg) on day 10, soon after total body irradiation (300 cGy) and donor bone marrow (100 x 10(6) T-cell depleted cells) transplantation (BMT). Six weeks after BMT, chimeric animals received heterotopic heart transplants. RESULTS Hematopoietic chimerism was 18.8 +/- 10.6% at day 30, and was stable (24 +/- 10%) at 1 year post-BMT; there was no graft versus host disease. Chimeric recipients (RT1.A(u)) permanently accepted (>360 days) donor-specific (RT1.A(a); n = 6) hearts, yet rapidly rejected (<9 days) third-party hearts (RT1.A(l); n = 5). Graft (heart) tolerant (>100 days) recipients accepted donor-specific secondary skin grafts (>200 days) while rejected the third-party skin grafts (<9 days). Lymphocytes of graft tolerant animals demonstrated hyporesponsiveness in mixed lymphocyte cultures in a donor-specific manner. Tolerant graft histology showed no obliterative arteriopathy or chronic rejection. CONCLUSIONS The CTLA4-Ig based conditioning regimen with donor BMT produced mixed chimerism and induced donor- specific tolerance to cardiac allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Chandraker
- Transplant Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Koenen HJPM, Joosten I. Antigen-Specific Regulatory T-Cell Subsets in Transplantation Tolerance. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:665-75. [PMID: 17002896 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are critical controllers of the immune response. Disturbed Treg function results in autoimmunity, whereas in transplantation Treg are crucial in graft survival and transplant tolerance. Hence therapeutic modalities that influence Treg numbers or function hold great clinical opportunity. Ahead of us are clinical trails studying in vivo Treg induction protocols and immunotherapy with ex vivo expanded Treg. Here we discuss the preferential use and/or induction of antigen-specific Treg subsets with high suppressive power and migratory capacity as a potential therapeutic tool to prevent solid organ transplantation rejection. Accordingly, ex vivoselection procedures to induce and isolate highly suppressive antigen-specific Treg (subsets) are needed. This subject, as well as the Treg-facilitating potential of immunosuppressive agents, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J P M Koenen
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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50
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that alloreactive memory T cells (Tm) may be generated in transplant recipients that have not previously been exposed to alloantigen through mechanisms such as cross-reactivity and homeostatic proliferation. The presence of Tm correlates with both acute and chronic rejection episodes and, furthermore, may be responsible for the failure to induce tolerance in large animal and clinical settings. A clearer understanding of how Tm function and their requirements to mount an effective response to alloantigen will be key to further attempts to translate tolerance induction protocols from the experimental setting to the clinic.
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