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Notario GR, Kwak K. Increased B Cell Understanding Puts Improved Vaccine Platforms Just Over the Horizon. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e47. [PMID: 36627934 PMCID: PMC9807965 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of an endlessly expanding repertoire of Ags, vaccines are constantly being tested, each more effective than the last. As viruses and other pathogens evolve to become more infectious, the need for efficient and effective vaccines grows daily, which is especially obvious in an era that is still attempting to remove itself from the clutches of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of coronavirus pandemic. To continue evolving alongside these pathogens, it is proving increasingly essential to consider one of the main effector cells of the immune system. As one of the chief orchestrators of the humoral immune response, the B cell and other lymphocytes are essential to not only achieving immunity, but also maintaining it, which is the vital objective of every vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneva Rose Notario
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kihyuck Kwak
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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2
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Kearly A, Ottens K, Battaglia MC, Satterthwaite AB, Garrett-Sinha LA. B Cell Activation Results in IKK-Dependent, but Not c-Rel- or RelA-Dependent, Decreases in Transcription of the B Cell Tolerance-Inducing Gene Ets1. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:779-789. [PMID: 36445360 PMCID: PMC10069408 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ets1 is a key transcription factor in B cells that is required to prevent premature differentiation into Ab-secreting cells. Previously, we showed that BCR and TLR signaling downregulate Ets1 levels and that the kinases PI3K, Btk, IKK, and JNK are required for this process. PI3K is important in activating Btk by generating the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate, to which Btk binds via its PH domain. Btk in turn is important in activating the IKK kinase pathway, which it does by activating phospholipase Cγ2→protein kinase Cβ signaling. In this study, we have further investigated the pathways regulating Ets1 in mouse B cells. Although IKK is well known for its role in activating the canonical NF-κB pathway, IKK-mediated downregulation of Ets1 does not require either RelA or c-Rel. We also examined the potential roles of two other IKK targets that are not part of the NF-κB signaling pathway, Foxo3a and mTORC2, in regulating Ets1. We find that loss of Foxo3a or inhibition of mTORC2 does not block BCR-induced Ets1 downregulation. Therefore, these two pathways are not key IKK targets, implicating other as yet undefined IKK targets to play a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Kearly
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY; and
| | - Kristina Ottens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Michael C Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY; and
| | - Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY; and
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Wang SR, Hu RD, Ma M, You X, Cui H, He Y, Xu D, Zhao ZB, Selmi C, Eric Gershwin M, Li L, Lian ZX. FoxO1 suppresses IL-10 producing B cell differentiation via negatively regulating Blimp-1 expression and contributes to allergic asthma progression. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:459-470. [PMID: 35322189 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
IL-10-producing B cells (B10) are involved in the prevention of autoimmune and allergic responses but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. We took advantage of the ovalbumin-induced asthma mouse model to demonstrate that the activity of FoxO1 is upregulated in lung B cells and correlates inversely with B10 cells, while showing decreased activity in ex vivo and in vitro induced B10 cells. We further observed that FoxO1 deficiency leads to increased frequency of B10 cells. These observations have in vivo clinical evidence, as B cell specific FoxO1 deficiency leads to reduced lung eosinophils and asthma remission in mice, and there are reduced regulatory B cells and increased FoxO1 activity in B cells of asthma patients. Single cell RNA-sequencing data demonstrated a negative correlation between the expression of Foxo1 and Il10 in B cells from the mouse spleen and lung and the human lung. For a biological mechanism, FoxO1 inhibits the expression of Prdm1, which encodes Blimp-1, a transcription factor of B10 cells. Our experimental evidence in both murine and human asthma demonstrates that FoxO1 is a negative regulator of B10 cell differentiation via negatively regulating Prdm1 and its expression in B cells contributes to allergic asthma disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Rong Wang
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Dong Hu
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Ma
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing You
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Cui
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China
| | - Damo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sicences, Guangzhou, China.
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Attaway M, Chwat-Edelstein T, Vuong BQ. Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs Modulate Transcriptional Activation During B Cell Development. Front Genet 2021; 12:678084. [PMID: 34721515 PMCID: PMC8551670 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.678084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells play a significant role in the adaptive immune response by secreting immunoglobulins that can recognize and neutralize foreign antigens. They develop from hematopoietic stem cells, which also give rise to other types of blood cells, such as monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells, wherein specific transcriptional programs define the commitment and subsequent development of these different cell lineages. A number of transcription factors, such as PU.1, E2A, Pax5, and FOXO1, drive B cell development. Mounting evidence demonstrates that non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), modulate the expression of these transcription factors directly by binding to the mRNA coding for the transcription factor or indirectly by modifying cellular pathways that promote expression of the transcription factor. Conversely, these transcription factors upregulate expression of some miRNAs and lncRNAs to determine cell fate decisions. These studies underscore the complex gene regulatory networks that control B cell development during hematopoiesis and identify new regulatory RNAs that require additional investigation. In this review, we highlight miRNAs and lncRNAs that modulate the expression and activity of transcriptional regulators of B lymphopoiesis and how they mediate this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Attaway
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tzippora Chwat-Edelstein
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Macaulay Honors College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bao Q Vuong
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States.,The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Xu S, Pan Z, Huang L, Chen Y, Xie H, Wang F, Zhou T, Yu L, Kong J, Xu S, Pan F. Association of FOXO3a gene polymorphisms and ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility in Eastern Chinese Han population. Gene 2021; 800:145832. [PMID: 34274476 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of FOXO3a polymorphisms and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) susceptibility in Eastern Chinese Han population. METHODS FOXO3a polymorphisms rs12206094, rs12212067, rs2253310, rs3800232, and rs4946933 were genotyped in 650 AS patients and 646 controls by the improved Multiple Ligase Detection Reaction. RESULTS The distribution of genotype in rs12212067 polymorphism was significantly different between AS patients and controls (P = 0.020), especially in male population (P = 0.009). There was significant difference of the genotype frequency distribution at rs3800232 between patients and controls in male population. The results of binary regression analysis showed that the rs12212067 GG genotype and rs3800232 TT genotype were obviously correlated with elevated AS risk, and the associations were still significant after being adjusted by age and gender (all P < 0.05). Interestingly, rs12212067 and rs3800232 genotypes were associated with disease activity of patients. Additionally, haplotype block rs12212067G- rs3800232T (OR = 1.403, 95%CI = 1.011-1.949) was further shown to confer promoting effect on developing AS. CONCLUSION Among Eastern Chinese Han population, FOXO3a polymorphism rs12212067 and rs3800232 may contribute to increased risk of developing AS, but well-designed multicenter studies are needed to further confirm these preliminary findings in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zhipeng Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Li Huang
- Anhui Medical College, 387 Wuhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Huimin Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Feier Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lingxiang Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jiangpiang Kong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Shengqian Xu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Lv X, Liu X, Zhao M, Wu H, Zhang W, Lu Q, Chen X. RNA Methylation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696559. [PMID: 34307373 PMCID: PMC8292951 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with complicated clinical manifestations. Although our understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE has greatly improved, the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of SLE is still limited by disease heterogeneity, and targeted therapy is still unavailable. Substantial evidence shows that RNA methylation plays a vital role in the mechanisms of the immune response, prompting speculation that it might also be related to the occurrence and development of SLE. RNA methylation has been a hot topic in the field of epigenetics in recent years. In addition to revealing the modification process, relevant studies have tried to explore the relationship between RNA methylation and the occurrence and development of various diseases. At present, some studies have provided evidence of a relationship between RNA methylation and SLE pathogenesis, but in-depth research and analysis are lacking. This review will start by describing the specific mechanism of RNA methylation and its relationship with the immune response to propose an association between RNA methylation and SLE pathogenesis based on existing studies and then discuss the future direction of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lv
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wuiguang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing, China
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Xu S, Ma Y, Chen Y, Pan F. Role of Forkhead box O3a transcription factor in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 92:107338. [PMID: 33412391 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) transcription factor, the most important member of Forkhead box O family, is closely related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and aging. The downregulation of FOXO3a has been verified to be associated with the poor prognosis, severer malignancy and chemoresistance in several human cancers. The activity of FOXO3a mainly regulated by phosphorylation of protein kinase B. FOXO3a plays a vital role in promoting the apoptosis of immune cells. FOXO3a could also modulate the activation, differentiation and function of T cells, regulate the proliferation and function of B cells, and mediate dendritic cells tolerance and immunity. FOXO3a accommodates the immune response through targeting nuclear factor kappa-B and FOXP3, as well as regulating the expression of cytokines. Besides, FOXO3a participates in intercellular interactions. FOXO3a inhibits dendritic cells from producing interleukin-6, which inhibits B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and BCL-XL expression, thereby sparing resting T cells from apoptosis and increasing the survival of antigen-stimulated T cells. Recently, plentiful evidences further illustrated the significance of FOXO3a in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, ankylosing spondylitis, myositis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic sclerosis. In this review, we focused on the biological function of FOXO3a and related signaling pathways regarding immune system, and summarized the potential role of FOXO3a in the pathogenesis, progress and therapeutic potential of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yubo Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Zheng X, Rui H, Liu Y, Dong J. Proliferation and Apoptosis of B-Cell Lymphoma Cells under Targeted Regulation of FOXO3 by miR-155. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2020; 12:e2020073. [PMID: 33194147 PMCID: PMC7643785 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2020.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore B-cell lymphoma cells' proliferation and apoptosis under targeted regulation of FOXO3 by miR-155. We analyzed the differences between B-cell lymphoma cells and B lymphocytes in expressions of miR-155 and FOXO3, explored the effects of miR-155 on proliferation and apoptosis of B-cell lymphoma cells, and relevant mechanisms, and also analyzed the relationship between expressions of miR-155 and FOXO3 in 42 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and clinical characteristics of them. B-cell lymphoma cells showed a higher expression of miR-155 and a low expression of FOXO3 than B lymphocytes (both P<0.05). B-cell lymphoma cells transfected with miR-155-inhibitor showed significantly decreased expression of miR-155, significantly weakened cell proliferation ability, and increased cell apoptosis rate (all P<0.05), and they also showed upregulated expression of FOXO3 (P<0.05). Dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that there were targeted binding sites between miR-155 and FOXO3. Compared with B-cell lymphoma cells transfected with miR-155-inhibitor alone, those with co-transfection showed lower expression of FOXO3, higher proliferation and lower cell apoptosis rate (all P<0.05). The expression of miR-155 in DLBCL tissues was higher than that in tumor-adjacent tissues (P<0.05), and the expressions of miR-155 and FOXO3 were closely related to the international prognostic index (IPI) and the 5-year prognosis and survival of the patients (P<0.05). miR-155 can promote the proliferation of B-cell lymphoma cells and suppress apoptosis of them by targeted inhibition of FOCXO3, and both over-expression of miR-155 and low expression of FOXO3 are related to poor prognosis of DLBCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Zheng
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Rui
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Liver Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, P.R. China
| | - Jinfeng Dong
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350000, P.R. China
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Qi H, Tian D, Li M, Zhang C, Jin H, Liu L, Zhao X, Ma L, Zhao W, Ge Q, Duan T, Zhang D. Foxo3 Promotes the Differentiation and Function of Follicular Helper T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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