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Zhang X, Lumen A, Wong H, Connarn J, Dutta S, Upreti VV. A Mechanistic Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Platform Model to Guide Adult and Pediatric Intravenous and Subcutaneous Dosing for Bispecific T Cell Engagers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:457-467. [PMID: 37746860 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Bispecific T cell engagers (Bi-TCEs) have revolutionized the treatment of oncology indications across both liquid and solid tumors. Bi-TCEs are rapidly evolving from conventional intravenous (i.v.) to more convenient subcutaneous (s.c.) administrations and extending beyond adults to also benefit pediatric patients. Leveraging clinical development experience across three generations of Bi-TCE molecules across both liquid and solid tumor indications from i.v./s.c. dosing in adults and pediatric subjects, we developed a mechanistic-physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) platform model for Bi-TCEs. The model utilizes a full PBPK model framework and was successfully validated for PK predictions following i.v. and s.c. dosing across both liquid and solid tumor space in adults for eight Bi-TCEs. After refinement to incorporate physiological ontogeny, the model was successfully validated to predict pediatric PKs in 1 month - < 2 years, 2-11 years, and 12-17 years old subjects following i.v. dosing. Following s.c. dosing in pediatric subjects, the model predicted similar bioavailability, however, a shorter time to maximum concentration (Tmax ) for the three age groups compared with adults. The model was also applied to guide the dosing strategy for first generation of Bi-TCEs for organ impairment, specifically renal impairment, and was able to accurately predict the impact of renal impairment on PK for these relatively small-size Bi-TCEs. This work highlights a novel mechanistic platform model for accurately predicting the PK in adult and pediatric patients across liquid and solid tumor indications from i.v./s.c. dosing and can be used to guide optimal dose and dosing regimen selection and accelerating the clinical development for Bi-TCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling, and Simulation, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Annie Lumen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling, and Simulation, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hansen Wong
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling, and Simulation, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jamie Connarn
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling, and Simulation, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sandeep Dutta
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Vijay V Upreti
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling, and Simulation, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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Kalinina AA, Khromykh LM, Kazansky DB. T Cell Receptor Chain Centricity: The Phenomenon and Potential Applications in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15211. [PMID: 37894892 PMCID: PMC10607890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are crucial players in adaptive anti-cancer immunity. The gene modification of T cells with tumor antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) was a milestone in personalized cancer immunotherapy. TCR is a heterodimer (either α/β or γ/δ) able to recognize a peptide antigen in a complex with self-MHC molecules. Although traditional concepts assume that an α- and β-chain contribute equally to antigen recognition, mounting data reveal that certain receptors possess chain centricity, i.e., one hemi-chain TCR dominates antigen recognition and dictates its specificity. Chain-centric TCRs are currently poorly understood in terms of their origin and the functional T cell subsets that express them. In addition, the ratio of α- and β-chain-centric TCRs, as well as the exact proportion of chain-centric TCRs in the native repertoire, is generally still unknown today. In this review, we provide a retrospective analysis of studies that evidence chain-centric TCRs, propose patterns of their generation, and discuss the potential applications of such receptors in T cell gene modification for adoptive cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitry B. Kazansky
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia
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Niu J, Wang W, Ouellet D. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling for bispecific antibodies: challenges and opportunities. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:977-990. [PMID: 37743720 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2257136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unlike conventional antibodies, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are engineered antibody- or antibody fragment-based molecules that can simultaneously recognize two different epitopes or antigens. Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of bsAbs being developed across therapeutic areas. Development of bsAbs presents unique challenges and mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling has served as a powerful tool to optimize their development and realize their clinical utility. AREAS COVERED In this review, the guiding principles and case examples of how fit-for-purpose, mechanism-based PK/PD models have been applied to answer questions commonly encountered in bsAb development are presented. Such models characterize the key pharmacological elements of bsAbs, and they can be utilized for model-informed drug development. We also include the discussion of challenges, knowledge gaps and future direction for such models. EXPERT OPINION Mechanistic PK/PD modeling is a powerful tool to support the development of bsAbs. These models can be extrapolated to predict treatment outcomes based on mechanisms of action (MoA) and clinical observations to form positive learn-and-confirm cycles during drug development, due to their abilities to differentiate system- and drug-specific parameters. Meanwhile, the models should keep being adapted according to novel drug design and MoA, providing continuous opportunities for model-informed drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Niu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Weirong Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Daniele Ouellet
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
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Park JS, Kim JH, Soh WC, Kim NY, Lee KS, Kim CH, Chung IJ, Lee S, Kim HR, Jun CD. Trogocytic molting of T cell microvilli upregulates T cell receptor surface expression and promotes clonal expansion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2980. [PMID: 37221214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although T cell activation is known to involve the internalization of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), much less is known regarding the release of TCRs following T cell interaction with cognate antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we examine the physiological mechanisms underlying TCR release following T cell activation. We show that T cell activation results in the shedding of TCRs in T cell microvilli, which involves a combined process of trogocytosis and enzymatic vesiculation, leading to the loss of membrane TCRs and microvilli-associated proteins and lipids. Surprisingly, unlike TCR internalization, this event results in the rapid upregulation of surface TCR expression and metabolic reprogramming of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis to support cell division and survival. These results demonstrate that TCRs are lost through trogocytic 'molting' following T cell activation and highlight this mechanism as an important regulator of clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hyeong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chang Soh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sik Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Joo Chung
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjae Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang T, Shi Q, Gu H, Yu B, Yin S, Ge Q, Mo X, Liu X, Huang J. CCDC134 facilitates T cell activation through the regulation of early T cell receptor signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1133111. [PMID: 37234153 PMCID: PMC10206301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of surface T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expression is crucial for proper T cell development and maintenance of mature T cell function at steady state and upon stimulation. We previously determined that CCDC134 (coiled-coil domain containing 134), a cytokine-like molecule that served as a potential member of the γc cytokine family, contributes to antitumor responses by augmenting CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. Here we show that T cell-specific deletion of Ccdc134 decreased peripheral mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which resulted in impaired T cell homeostasis. Moreover, Ccdc134-deficient T cells exhibited an attenuated response to TCR stimulation in vitro, showing lower activation and proliferative capacity. This was further reflected in vivo, rendering mice refractory to T cell-mediated inflammatory and antitumor responses. More importantly, CCDC134 is associated with TCR signaling components, including CD3ϵ, and attenuated TCR signaling in Ccdc134-deficient T cells via altered CD3ϵ ubiquitination and degradation. Taken together, these findings suggest a role for CCDC134 as a positive regulator of TCR-proximal signaling and provide insight into the cell-intrinsic functional consequences of Ccdc134 deficiency in the attenuation of T cell-mediated inflammatory and antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhuo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianwen Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huining Gu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Biaoyi Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Yin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Children’s Health and Diseases, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Mo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department I, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education/Beijing, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Yuan D, Zhang Y, Liu W, He X, Chen W, Liu L, Yang L, Wang Y, Wu Y, Liu J. Transcriptome profiling reveals transcriptional regulation of VISTA in T cell activation. Mol Immunol 2023; 157:101-111. [PMID: 37004501 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) is a novel type of immune checkpoint. This study was performed to explore the potential mechanism by which different domains of VISTA affect T-cell activation and search for potential interacting proteins. METHODS Stably transfected Jurkat cell lines were constructed to overexpress human VISTA (VISTA-FL), cytoplasmic domain deletion mutants (VISTA-ΔECD) and extracellular domain deletion mutants (VISTA- ΔCD). Empty vector (EV) control cell lines were constructed. Four stable cell lines were subjected to transcriptome sequencing after stimulation with PMA and PHA. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analysed to explore the potential pathway by which VISTA inhibits T-cell activation. Proteinprotein interaction (PPI) network analysis was used to search for potential interacting proteins of VISTA. RESULTS In this study, 1256 DEGs were identified in Jurkat-VISTA-FL cells, 740 DEGs in Jurkat-VISTA-ΔCD cells, and 5605 DEGs in Jurkat-VISTA-ΔECD cells compared with Jurkat-EV cells. DEGs were mainly enriched in pathways related to T-cell differentiation, T-cell receptor signalling pathway and T-cell migration in Jurkat-VISTA-ΔECD cells; with cholesterol biosynthesis in Jurkat-VISTA-ΔCD cells; and with the inflammatory response in Jurkat-VISTA-FL cells. HHLA2 and CTH were identified as potential partners that interact directly with VISTA. The results also show an indirect interaction between VISTA and PSGL-1. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the pathways by which VISTA is involved in T-cell activation and identified the potential binding partners of VISTA through RNA-seq, providing valuable resources for developing in-depth studies of the action mechanisms of VISTA as a potential target for cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Yuan
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wanmei Liu
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoyu He
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenting Chen
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liu Liu
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu Yang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yinhao Wu
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Liu
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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7
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Kim HR, Park JS, Soh WC, Kim NY, Moon HY, Lee JS, Jun CD. T Cell Microvilli: Finger-Shaped External Structures Linked to the Fate of T Cells. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e3. [PMID: 36911802 PMCID: PMC9995986 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvilli are outer membrane organelles that contain cross-linked filamentous actin. Unlike well-characterized epithelial microvilli, T-cell microvilli are dynamic similar to those of filopodia, which grow and shrink intermittently via the alternate actin-assembly and -disassembly. T-cell microvilli are specialized for sensing Ags on the surface of Ag-presenting cells (APCs). Thus, these finger-shaped microprotrusions contain many signaling-related proteins and can serve as a signaling platforms that induce intracellular signals. However, they are not limited to sensing external information but can provide sites for parts of the cell-body to tear away from the cell. Cells are known to produce many types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, microvesicles, and membrane particles. T cells also produce EVs, but little is known about under what conditions T cells generate EVs and which types of EVs are released. We discovered that T cells produce few exosomes but release large amounsts of microvilli-derived particles during physical interaction with APCs. Although much is unanswered as to why T cells use the same organelles to sense Ags or to produce EVs, these events can significantly affect T cell fate, including clonal expansion and death. Since TCRs are localized at microvilli tips, this membrane event also raises a new question regarding long-standing paradigm in T cell biology; i.e., surface TCR downmodulation following T cell activation. Since T-cell microvilli particles carry T-cell message to their cognate partner, these particles are termed T-cell immunological synaptosomes (TISs). We discuss the potential physiological role of TISs and their application to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Won-Chang Soh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Na-Young Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyun-Yoong Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
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Gavali S, Liu J, Li X, Paolino M. Ubiquitination in T-Cell Activation and Checkpoint Inhibition: New Avenues for Targeted Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10800. [PMID: 34639141 PMCID: PMC8509743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of T-cell-based immunotherapy has remarkably transformed cancer patient treatment. Despite their success, the currently approved immunotherapeutic protocols still encounter limitations, cause toxicity, and give disparate patient outcomes. Thus, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of T-cell activation and inhibition is much needed to rationally expand targets and possibilities to improve immunotherapies. Protein ubiquitination downstream of immune signaling pathways is essential to fine-tune virtually all immune responses, in particular, the positive and negative regulation of T-cell activation. Numerous studies have demonstrated that deregulation of ubiquitin-dependent pathways can significantly alter T-cell activation and enhance antitumor responses. Consequently, researchers in academia and industry are actively developing technologies to selectively exploit ubiquitin-related enzymes for cancer therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the molecular and functional roles of ubiquitination in key T-cell activation and checkpoint inhibitory pathways to highlight the vast possibilities that targeting ubiquitination offers for advancing T-cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magdalena Paolino
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176 Solna, Sweden; (S.G.); (J.L.); (X.L.)
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van der Donk LEH, Ates LS, van der Spek J, Tukker LM, Geijtenbeek TBH, van Heijst JWJ. Separate signaling events control TCR downregulation and T cell activation in primary human T cells. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 9:223-238. [PMID: 33350598 PMCID: PMC7860602 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) interaction with cognate peptide:MHC complexes trigger clustering of TCR:CD3 complexes and signal transduction. Triggered TCR:CD3 complexes are rapidly internalized and degraded in a process called ligand‐induced TCR downregulation. Classic studies in immortalized T‐cell lines have revealed a major role for the Src family kinase Lck in TCR downregulation. However, to what extent a similar mechanism operates in primary human T cells remains unclear. Methods Here, we developed an anti‐CD3‐mediated TCR downregulation assay, in which T‐cell gene expression in primary human T cells can be knocked down by microRNA constructs. In parallel, we used CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout in Jurkat cells for validation experiments. Results We efficiently knocked down the expression of tyrosine kinases Lck, Fyn, and ZAP70, and found that, whereas this impaired T cell activation and effector function, TCR downregulation was not affected. Although TCR downregulation was marginally inhibited by the simultaneous knockdown of Lck and Fyn, its full abrogation required broad‐acting tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Conclusions These data suggest that there is substantial redundancy in the contribution of individual tyrosine kinases to TCR downregulation in primary human T cells. Our results highlight that TCR downregulation and T cell activation are controlled by different signaling events and illustrate the need for further research to untangle these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve E H van der Donk
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis S Ates
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jet van der Spek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura M Tukker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen W J van Heijst
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neogene Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rossatti P, Ziegler L, Schregle R, Betzler VM, Ecker M, Rossy J. Cdc42 Couples T Cell Receptor Endocytosis to GRAF1-Mediated Tubular Invaginations of the Plasma Membrane. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111388. [PMID: 31690048 PMCID: PMC6912536 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: T cell activation is immediately followed by internalization of the T cell receptor (TCR). TCR endocytosis is required for T cell activation, but the mechanisms supporting removal of TCR from the cell surface remain incompletely understood. Here we report that TCR endocytosis is linked to the clathrin-independent carrier (CLIC) and GPI-enriched endocytic compartments (GEEC) endocytic pathway. We show that unlike the canonical clathrin cargo transferrin or the adaptor protein Lat, internalized TCR accumulates in tubules shaped by the small GTPase Cdc42 and the Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain containing protein GRAF1 in T cells. Preventing GRAF1-positive tubules to mature into endocytic vesicles by expressing a constitutively active Cdc42 impairs the endocytosis of TCR, while having no consequence on the uptake of transferrin. Together, our data reveal a link between TCR internalization and the CLIC/GEEC endocytic route supported by Cdc42 and GRAF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rossatti
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Ziegler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Richard Schregle
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
| | - Verena M Betzler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
| | - Manuela Ecker
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Jérémie Rossy
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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11
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Pradhan AK, Bhoopathi P, Talukdar S, Das SK, Emdad L, Sarkar D, Ivanov AI, Fisher PB. Mechanism of internalization of MDA-7/IL-24 protein and its cognate receptors following ligand-receptor docking. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5103-5117. [PMID: 31489119 PMCID: PMC6707942 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7/IL-24) is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, with ubiquitous direct and "bystander" tumor-selective killing properties. MDA-7/IL-24 protein binds distinct type II cytokine heterodimeric receptor complexes, IL-20R1/IL-20R2, IL-22R1/IL-20R1 and IL-22R1/IL-20R2. Recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 protein induces endogenous mda-7/IL-24 expression in a receptor-dependent manner; since A549 cells that lack a complete set of cognate receptors are not responsive to exogenous protein. The mechanism of MDA-7/IL-24 ligand-receptor biology is not well understood. We explored the interaction of MDA-7/IL-24 with its' receptors and the consequences of ligand-receptor docking. Using both pharmacological and genetic approaches we demonstrate that MDA-7/IL-24 internalization employs the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway leading to degradation of receptors via the lysosomal/ubiquitin proteosomal pathway. This clathrin-mediated endocytosis is dynamin-dependent. This study resolves a novel mechanism of MDA-7/IL-24 protein "bystander" function, which involves receptor/protein-mediated internalization and receptor degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan K. Pradhan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Praveen Bhoopathi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Swadesh K. Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrei I. Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute at Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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12
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Arenas-Hernandez M, Romero R, Xu Y, Panaitescu B, Garcia-Flores V, Miller D, Ahn H, Done B, Hassan SS, Hsu CD, Tarca AL, Sanchez-Torres C, Gomez-Lopez N. Effector and Activated T Cells Induce Preterm Labor and Birth That Is Prevented by Treatment with Progesterone. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2585-2608. [PMID: 30918041 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preterm labor commonly precedes preterm birth, the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most research has focused on establishing a causal link between innate immune activation and pathological inflammation leading to preterm labor and birth. However, the role of maternal effector/activated T cells in the pathogenesis of preterm labor/birth is poorly understood. In this study, we first demonstrated that effector memory and activated maternal T cells expressing granzyme B and perforin are enriched at the maternal-fetal interface (decidua) of women with spontaneous preterm labor. Next, using a murine model, we reported that prior to inducing preterm birth, in vivo T cell activation caused maternal hypothermia, bradycardia, systemic inflammation, cervical dilation, intra-amniotic inflammation, and fetal growth restriction, all of which are clinical signs associated with preterm labor. In vivo T cell activation also induced B cell cytokine responses, a proinflammatory macrophage polarization, and other inflammatory responses at the maternal-fetal interface and myometrium in the absence of an increased influx of neutrophils. Finally, we showed that treatment with progesterone can serve as a strategy to prevent preterm labor/birth and adverse neonatal outcomes by attenuating the proinflammatory responses at the maternal-fetal interface and cervix induced by T cell activation. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic evidence showing that effector and activated T cells cause pathological inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface, in the mother, and in the fetus, inducing preterm labor and birth and adverse neonatal outcomes. Such adverse effects can be prevented by treatment with progesterone, a clinically approved strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.,Center for Molecular Obstetrics and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Bogdan Panaitescu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Hyunyoung Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Bogdan Done
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI 48202; and
| | - Carmen Sanchez-Torres
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI 48201; .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
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13
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Schuldt NJ, Binstadt BA. Dual TCR T Cells: Identity Crisis or Multitaskers? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:637-644. [PMID: 30670579 PMCID: PMC11112972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Dual TCR T cells are a common and natural product of TCR gene rearrangement and thymocyte development. As much as one third of the T cell population may have the capability to express two different TCR specificities on the cell surface. This discovery provoked a reconsideration of the classic model of thymic selection. Many potential roles for dual TCR T cells have since been hypothesized, including posing an autoimmune hazard, dominating alloreactive T cell responses, inducing allergy, and expanding the TCR repertoire to improve protective immunity. Yet, since the initial wave of publications following the discovery of dual TCR T cells, research in the area has slowed. In this study, we aim to provide a brief but comprehensive history of dual TCR T cell research, re-evaluate past observations in the context of current knowledge of the immune system, and identify key issues for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Schuldt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Bryce A Binstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454; and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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14
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Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) are protein complexes formed by six different polypeptides. In most T cells, TCRs are composed of αβ subunits displaying immunoglobulin-like variable domains that recognize peptide antigens associated with major histocompatibility complex molecules expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. TCRαβ subunits are associated with the CD3 complex formed by the γ, δ, ε, and ζ subunits, which are invariable and ensure signal transduction. Here, we review how the expression and function of TCR complexes are orchestrated by several fine-tuned cellular processes that encompass (a) synthesis of the subunits and their correct assembly and expression at the plasma membrane as a single functional complex, (b) TCR membrane localization and dynamics at the plasma membrane and in endosomal compartments, (c) TCR signal transduction leading to T cell activation, and (d) TCR degradation. These processes balance each other to ensure efficient T cell responses to a variety of antigenic stimuli while preventing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alcover
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; ,
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Severo Ochoa Center for Molecular Biology, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain;
| | - Vincenzo Di Bartolo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1221, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; ,
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15
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Iseka FM, Goetz BT, Mushtaq I, An W, Cypher LR, Bielecki TA, Tom EC, Arya P, Bhattacharyya S, Storck MD, Semerad CL, Talmadge JE, Mosley RL, Band V, Band H. Role of the EHD Family of Endocytic Recycling Regulators for TCR Recycling and T Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:483-499. [PMID: 29212907 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cells use the endocytic pathway for key cell biological functions, including receptor turnover and maintenance of the immunological synapse. Some of the established players include the Rab GTPases, the SNARE complex proteins, and others, which function together with EPS-15 homology domain-containing (EHD) proteins in non-T cell systems. To date, the role of the EHD protein family in T cell function remains unexplored. We generated conditional EHD1/3/4 knockout mice using CD4-Cre and crossed these with mice bearing a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific TCR transgene. We found that CD4+ T cells from these mice exhibited reduced Ag-driven proliferation and IL-2 secretion in vitro. In vivo, these mice exhibited reduced severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Further analyses showed that recycling of the TCR-CD3 complex was impaired, leading to increased lysosomal targeting and reduced surface levels on CD4+ T cells of EHD1/3/4 knockout mice. Our studies reveal a novel role of the EHD family of endocytic recycling regulatory proteins in TCR-mediated T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany M Iseka
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Benjamin T Goetz
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Insha Mushtaq
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Wei An
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Luke R Cypher
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Timothy A Bielecki
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Eric C Tom
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Priyanka Arya
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Craig L Semerad
- Flow Cytometry Research Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198; and
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Vimla Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198; .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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16
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Gomez-Lopez N, Romero R, Arenas-Hernandez M, Schwenkel G, St Louis D, Hassan SS, Mial TN. In vivo activation of invariant natural killer T cells induces systemic and local alterations in T-cell subsets prior to preterm birth. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:211-225. [PMID: 28369855 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth, the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, is frequently preceded by spontaneous preterm labour, a syndrome of multiple aetiologies. Pathological inflammation is causally linked to spontaneous preterm labour. Indeed, direct activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells via α-galactosylceramide induces preterm labour/birth largely by initiating systemic and local (i.e. decidua and myometrium) innate immune responses. Herein, we investigated whether iNKT-cell activation altered local and systemic T-cell subsets. Administration of α-galactosylceramide induced an expansion of activated CD1d-restricted iNKT cells in the decidua and a reduction in the number of: (1) total T cells (conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) through the down-regulation of the CD3ɛ molecule in the peripheral circulation, spleen, uterine-draining lymph nodes (ULNs), decidua and/or myometrium; (2) CD4+ regulatory T cells in the spleen, ULNs and decidua; (3) T helper type 17 (Th17) cells in the ULNs but an increase in the number of decidual Th17 cells; (4) CD8+ regulatory T cells in the spleen and ULNs; and (5) CD4+ and CD8+ forkhead box protein 3 negative (Foxp3- ) responder T cells in the spleen and ULNs. As treatment with rosiglitazone prevents iNKT-cell activation-induced preterm labour/birth, we also explored whether the administration of this peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist would restore the number of T cells. Treating α-galactosylceramide-injected mice with rosiglitazone partially restored the number of T cells in the spleen but not in the decidua. In summary, iNKT-cell activation altered the systemic and local T-cell subsets prior to preterm labour/birth; however, treatment with rosiglitazone partially reversed such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - R Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - M Arenas-Hernandez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - G Schwenkel
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - D St Louis
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - S S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - T N Mial
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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17
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Gerlach K, Tomuschat C, Finke R, Staege MS, Brütting C, Brandt J, Jordan B, Schwesig R, Rosemeier A, Delank KS, Kornhuber ME, Emmer A. Experimental Arthritis in the Rat Induced by the Superantigen Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:191-196. [PMID: 28128856 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is incompletely understood. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and their superantigenic envelope protein (env) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA. In the present investigation, the arthritogenic potential of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) has been investigated. In the present investigation, the bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) was injected into the right knee joint of 15 Lewis rats. Further nine animals received saline. Animals were sacrificed one, five and 10 days after the injection, respectively. The antigens CD3, CD4, CD8, MHC class I, MHC class II, Pax5 and CD138 were investigated by immunohistochemistry on cryo-sections. After intra-articular SEA injection, the inflammation was initially dominated by CD8+ T cells. In the course of the investigation, the numbers of CD4+, Pax5+, CD138+ and MHC class II+ cells increased. CD3 was expressed in low numbers as compared to CD8. After saline injection, no similar inflammatory response has been detected. The arthritis induced by the superantigen SEA may be a novel model for inflammatory joint diseases, that is rheumatoid arthritis or juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gerlach
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Paediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - C Tomuschat
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - R Finke
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - M S Staege
- Department of Paediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - C Brütting
- Department of Paediatrics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - J Brandt
- Department of Orthopaedics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - B Jordan
- Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - R Schwesig
- Department of Orthopaedics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - A Rosemeier
- Department of Orthopaedics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - K-S Delank
- Department of Orthopaedics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - M E Kornhuber
- Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - A Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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18
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Lou J, Rossy J, Deng Q, Pageon SV, Gaus K. New Insights into How Trafficking Regulates T Cell Receptor Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:77. [PMID: 27508206 PMCID: PMC4960267 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that exocytosis plays an important role in regulating T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. The trafficking molecules involved in lytic granule (LG) secretion in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been well-studied due to the immune disorder known as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH). However, the knowledge of trafficking machineries regulating the exocytosis of receptors and signaling molecules remains quite limited. In this review, we summarize the reported trafficking molecules involved in the transport of the TCR and downstream signaling molecules to the cell surface. By combining this information with the known knowledge of LG exocytosis and general exocytic trafficking machinery, we attempt to draw a more complete picture of how the TCR signaling network and exocytic trafficking matrix are interconnected to facilitate T cell activation. This also highlights how membrane compartmentalization facilitates the spatiotemporal organization of cellular responses that are essential for immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Lou
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jérémie Rossy
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Qiji Deng
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophie V Pageon
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South WalesSydney, NSW, Australia
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19
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Negative regulation of TCR signaling by ubiquitination of Zap-70 Lys-217. Mol Immunol 2016; 73:19-28. [PMID: 27032069 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase Zap-70 is a key regulator of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling downstream of antigen presentation, with coordinated regulation of Zap-70 kinase activity critical for proper T cell proliferation, differentiation, and effector function during an immune response. Zap-70 is cytosolic in unstimulated T cells, but is rapidly recruited to the TCR complex following receptor stimulation. Its activity is regulated both by binding to subunits of the TCR and by phosphorylation on multiple tyrosine residues. Zap-70 also has been reported to be ubiquitinated following TCR stimulation. Herein, we confirm the ubiquitination of Zap-70 in T cell lines and in primary human and mouse T cells, and report the identification of nine novel Zap-70 ubiquitination sites. Three sites, including Lys-193, Lys-217, and Lys-376, displayed greater than 20-fold increase in modification levels following TCR stimulation. Abrogation of Lys-217 ubiquitination results in increased kinase activation, enhanced activation of downstream signaling pathways, and elevated IL-2 production following TCR stimulation. These data suggest that Zap-70 ubiquitination contributes to the regulation of Zap-70 signaling following TCR stimulation.
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20
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Rovira-Clavé X, Angulo-Ibáñez M, Tournier C, Reina M, Espel E. Dual role of ERK5 in the regulation of T cell receptor expression at the T cell surface. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:143-52. [PMID: 26302753 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0115-034r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the levels of the TCR/CD3 complex at the cell surface is critical to proper T cell development and mature T cell activation. We provide evidence that the MAPK ERK5 regulates the surface expression of the TCR/CD3 complex by controlling the degradation of the CD3ζ chain and the recovery of the complex after anti-CD3ε stimulation. ERK5 knockdown led to TCR/CD3 up-regulation at the cell surface and increased amounts of the CD3ζ chain. Inhibition of the MEK5-dependent phosphorylation status of the kinase domain of ERK5 in human T CD4(+) cells reduced CD3ζ ubiquitination and degradation, limiting TCR/CD3 down-regulation in anti-CD3-stimulated cells. Moreover, TCR/CD3 recovery at the cell surface, after anti-CD3ε treatment, is impaired by ERK5 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of autophosphorylation in the ERK5 C-terminal region. ERK5 loss in thymocytes augmented cellular CD3ζ and increased cell surface levels of TCR/CD3 on CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes. This correlated with enhanced generation of CD4(+)CD8(-)CD25(+) thymocytes. Our findings define ERK5 as a novel kinase that modulates the levels of TCR/CD3 at the cell surface by promoting CD3ζ degradation and TCR/CD3 recovery after TCR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rovira-Clavé
- *Celltec-UB, Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Angulo-Ibáñez
- *Celltec-UB, Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Tournier
- *Celltec-UB, Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Reina
- *Celltec-UB, Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Enric Espel
- *Celltec-UB, Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Faller EM, Ghazawi FM, Cavar M, MacPherson PA. IL-7 induces clathrin-mediated endocytosis of CD127 and subsequent degradation by the proteasome in primary human CD8 T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:196-207. [PMID: 26272555 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a key immunoregulatory cytokine, plays an essential role in peripheral T-cell homeostasis and function. Signaling via the IL-7 receptor is tightly regulated and we and others have shown IL-7 provides negative feedback on its own signaling by downregulating expression of the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain (CD127) through both suppression of CD127 gene transcription and by internalization of existing CD127 proteins from the cell membrane. We show here for the first time in primary human CD8 T cells that upon stimulation with IL-7, CD127 is internalized through clathrin-coated pits, a process dependent on both lipid-raft formation and the activity of dynamin. As visualized by confocal microscopy, CD127 shows increased co-localization with clathrin within 5 min of IL-7 stimulation and within 15-30 min is seen in multiple intracellular punctae co-localizing with the early endosomal marker EEA1. By 2 h after addition of IL-7, CD127 staining associates with the late endosomal marker RAB7 and with the proteasomal 20S subunit. By inducing receptor internalization and translocation from early endosomes to the proteasome, IL-7 directly influences its receptor density on the cell surface and thus regulates the intensity of its own signaling cascades. Given the important role IL-7 plays in T-cell development, homeostasis and function, deciphering how expression of its receptor is controlled on the cell surface is essential in understanding how T-cell activity can be regulated in different microenvironments and in response to different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feras M Ghazawi
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marko Cavar
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A MacPherson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Lauritsen JPH, Boding L, Buus TB, Kongsbak M, Levring TB, Rode AKO, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C. Fine-tuning of T-cell development by the CD3γ di-leucine-based TCR-sorting motif. Int Immunol 2015; 27:393-404. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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23
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Resolving Early Signaling Events in T-Cell Activation Leading to IL-2 and FOXP3 Transcription. Processes (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/pr2040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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24
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Tkach KE, Barik D, Voisinne G, Malandro N, Hathorn MM, Cotari JW, Vogel R, Merghoub T, Wolchok J, Krichevsky O, Altan-Bonnet G. T cells translate individual, quantal activation into collective, analog cytokine responses via time-integrated feedbacks. eLife 2014; 3:e01944. [PMID: 24719192 PMCID: PMC3980879 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability within isogenic T cell populations yields heterogeneous ‘local’ signaling responses to shared antigenic stimuli, but responding clones may communicate ‘global’ antigen load through paracrine messengers, such as cytokines. Such coordination of individual cell responses within multicellular populations is critical for accurate collective reactions to shared environmental cues. However, cytokine production may saturate as a function of antigen input, or be dominated by the precursor frequency of antigen-specific T cells. Surprisingly, we found that T cells scale their collective output of IL-2 to total antigen input over a large dynamic range, independently of population size. Through experimental quantitation and computational modeling, we demonstrate that this scaling is enforced by an inhibitory cross-talk between antigen and IL-2 signaling, and a nonlinear acceleration of IL-2 secretion per cell. Our study reveals how time-integration of these regulatory loops within individual cell signaling generates scaled collective responses and can be leveraged for immune monitoring. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01944.001 The cells of the immune system face the challenge of removing viruses and other pathogens without endangering healthy tissues. Cells called T cells plays a variety of roles in the immune response: some T cells directly destroy infected cells, some recruit other cells called phagocytes to the site of infection, and some release small proteins called cytokines. These cytokines help cells to communicate with other cells and, therefore, to tailor the overall immune responses to deal with a particular pathogen. It is known that mammals are capable of adjusting the T cell response to match the overall severity of an infection. However, it is not clear how individual T cells coordinate their seemingly binary response—they are either activated when they recognize a pathogen, or they are not activated—into a response at the collective cell level that can be varied continuously over a wide range of values. Here, Tkach et al. show that T cell populations match their production of the cytokine interleukin 2 (IL-2) to the abundance of antigens—molecules released by the pathogen—over an unexpectedly large range of concentrations. Through a combination of experimental and computational analyses, Tkach et al. identified two novel IL-2 feedback loops that help to generate the correct quantity of cytokine, irrespective of the total number of T cells. Furthermore, this model can be used to estimate antigen quantities within diseased tissues. The work of Tkach et al. illustrates the potential of feedback integration in cell signalling and gene regulation as a mechanism to allow cellular populations to respond to environmental stimuli in a graded, collective fashion. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01944.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Tkach
- Program in Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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25
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von Essen MR, Kongsbak M, Levring TB, Hansen AK, Boding L, Lauritsen JPH, Woetmann A, Baier G, Ødum N, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C. PKC-θ exists in an oxidized inactive form in naive human T cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1659-66. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rode von Essen
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Martin Kongsbak
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Trine Bøegh Levring
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Ann Kathrine Hansen
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Lasse Boding
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Holst Lauritsen
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Department of Medical Genetics; Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck; Austria
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health; Immunology and Microbiology; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
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26
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Wiczling P, Rosenzweig M, Vaickus L, Jusko WJ. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Chimeric/Humanized Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody, Otelixizumab (TRX4), in Subjects With Psoriasis and With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 50:494-506. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270009349376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Rovira-Clavé X, Angulo-Ibáñez M, Noguer O, Espel E, Reina M. Syndecan-2 can promote clearance of T-cell receptor/CD3 from the cell surface. Immunology 2012; 137:214-25. [PMID: 22881146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells express the heparan sulphate proteoglycans syndecan-2 and syndecan-4. Syndecan-4 plays a T-cell inhibitory role; however, the function of syndecan-2 is unknown. In an attempt to examine this function, syndecan-2 was expressed constitutively in Jurkat T cells. Interestingly, the expression of syndecan-2 decreased the surface levels of T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex, concomitant with intracellular retention of CD3ε and partial degradation of the TCR-ζ chain. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that intracellular CD3ε co-located with Rab-4 endosomes. However, the intracellular pool of CD3ε did not recycle to the cell surface. The lower TCR/CD3 surface levels caused by syndecan-2 led to reduced TCR/CD3 responsiveness. We show that the cytosolic PDZ-binding domain of syndecan-2 is not necessary to elicit TCR/CD3 down-regulation. These results identify a previously unrecognized means of controlling surface TCR/CD3 expression by syndecan-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rovira-Clavé
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Simmons KB, Wubeshet M, Ames KT, McMahan CJ, Hale JS, Fink PJ. Modulation of TCRβ surface expression during TCR revision. Cell Immunol 2011; 272:124-9. [PMID: 22138498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TCR revision is a tolerance mechanism by which self-reactive TCRs expressed by mature CD4(+) peripheral T cells are replaced by receptors encoded by genes generated by post-thymic DNA rearrangement. The downmodulation of surface TCR expression initiates TCR revision, and serves as a likely trigger for the induction of the recombinase machinery. We show here in a Vβ5 transgenic mouse model system that downregulation of the self-reactive transgene-encoded TCR is not maintained by transgene loss or diminished transcription or translation. The downregulation of surface TCR expression likely occurs in two stages, only one of which requires tolerogen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalynn B Simmons
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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Sprangers B, Van der Schueren B, Gillard P, Mathieu C. Otelixizumab in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:1303-16. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD3 antibodies have been demonstrated in both animal and human studies to be able to reverse autoimmune diseases; for example Type 1 diabetes. Not only does treatment with anti-CD3 antibodies result in the removal of pathogenic T cells but evidence suggests that a state of operational tolerance can be induced through the effects on regulatory T cells. The clinical use of anti-CD3 antibodies has been hampered by their safety profile. However, the introduction of humanized, nonmitogenic, aglycosylated anti-CD3 antibodies, such as otelixizumab, and promising results reported in newly-diagnosed patients with Type 1 diabetes, have renewed the interest for these antibodies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sprangers
- Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 811, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine & Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Gillard
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine & Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine & Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Kaplan A, Kotzer S, Almeida CR, Kohen R, Halpert G, Salmon-Divon M, Köhler K, Höglund P, Davis DM, Mehr R. Simulations of the NK cell immune synapse reveal that activation thresholds can be established by inhibitory receptors acting locally. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:760-73. [PMID: 21690326 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cell activation is regulated by a balance between activating and inhibitory signals. To address the question of how these signals are spatially integrated, we created a computer simulation of activating and inhibitory NK cell immunological synapse (NKIS) assembly, implementing either a "quantity-based" inhibition model or a "distance-based" inhibition model. The simulations mimicked the observed molecule distributions in inhibitory and activating NKIS and yielded several new insights. First, the total signal is highly influenced by activating complex dissociation rates but not by adhesion and inhibitory complex dissociation rates. Second, concerted motion of receptors in clusters significantly accelerates NKIS maturation. Third, when the potential of a cis interaction between Ly49 receptors and MHC class I on murine NK cells was added to the model, the integrated signal as a function of receptor and ligand numbers was only slightly increased, at least up to the level of 50% cis-bound Ly49 receptors reached in the model. Fourth, and perhaps most importantly, the integrated signal behavior obtained when using the distance-based inhibition signal model was closer to the experimentally observed behavior, with an inhibition radius of the order 3-10 molecules. Microscopy to visualize Vav activation in NK cells on micropatterned surfaces of activating and inhibitory strips revealed that Vav is only locally activated where activating receptors are ligated within a single NK cell contact. Taken together, these data are consistent with a model in which inhibitory receptors act locally; that is, that every bound inhibitory receptor acts on activating receptors within a certain radius around it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya Kaplan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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31
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Hansen AK, Regner M, Bonefeld CM, Boding L, Kongsbak M, Ødum N, Müllbacher A, Geisler C, von Essen MR. TCR down-regulation boosts T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity and protection against poxvirus infections. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1948-57. [PMID: 21590764 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells play a key role in the defense against virus infections. Tc cells recognize infected cells via the T-cell receptor (TCR) and subsequently kill the target cells by one or more cytotoxic mechanisms. Induction of the cytotoxic mechanisms is finely tuned by the activation signals from the TCR. To determine whether TCR down-regulation affects the cytotoxicity of Tc cells, we studied TCR down-regulation-deficient CD3γLLAA mice. We found that Tc cells from CD3γLLAA mice have reduced cytotoxicity due to a specific deficiency in exocytosis of lytic granules. To determine whether this defect was reflected in an increased susceptibility to virus infections, we studied the course of ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection. We found that the susceptibility to ECTV infection was significantly increased in CD3γLLAA mice with a mortality rate almost as high as in granzyme B knock-out mice. Finally, we found that TCR signaling in CD3γLLAA Tc cells caused highly increased tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase, and that the impaired exocytosis of lytic granules could be rescued by the knockdown of c-Cbl. Thus, our work demonstrates that TCR down-regulation critically increases Tc cell cytotoxicity and protection against poxvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Hansen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Imaging T-cell receptor activation reveals accumulation of tyrosine-phosphorylated CD3ζ in the endosomal compartment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:22128-33. [PMID: 21135224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016388108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the T-cell receptor complex (TcR/CD3) mediates the survival and antigen-induced activation of T cells. TcR/CD3 phosphorylation is usually monitored using phospho-specific antibodies, which precludes dynamic measurements. Here, we have developed genetically encoded, live-cell reporters that enable simultaneous monitoring of the phosphorylation state and intracellular trafficking of CD3ζ, the major signal-transducing subunit of the TcR/CD3. We show that these reporters provide accurate readouts of TcR/CD3 phosphorylation and are sensitive to the local balance of kinase and phosphatase activities acting upon TcR/CD3. Using these reporters, we demonstrate that, in addition to the expected activation-dependent phosphorylation at the plasma membrane, tyrosine-phosphorylated CD3ζ accumulates on endosomal vesicles distinct from lysosomes. These results suggest that an intracellular pool of phosphorylated CD3ζ may help to sustain TcR/CD3 signaling after the receptor internalization.
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Emmer A, Gerlach K, Staege MS, Kornhuber ME. T-cell subsets of the encephalitis induced by the superantigen Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) in the Lewis rat: an immunohistochemical investigation. Cell Immunol 2010; 264:93-6. [PMID: 20553756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, T-cell subsets of the previously described superantigen-induced encephalitis [9] have been investigated in 16 Lewis rats in comparison with four controls. Three days after intracerebral injection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) or saline, 1.5 x 10(7) ConA-activated splenocytes were loaded i.v. animals were sacrificed after 0.5, 3 or 5 days, followed by immunohistochemical investigation of CD3, CD4 and CD8. Pronounced perivascular cuffing was identified 0.5 days after splenocyte injection and declined thereafter. The majority of the perivascular round cells consisted of CD8+ T-cells (65%) and CD4+ T-cells (10%). Less than 20% of the perivascular round cells were CD3+. The reduced expression of CD3 relative to e.g. CD8 is presumably due to the previous superantigenic stimulus. The presented data may be of relevance for the pathogenesis of infectious or autoimmune encephalitis, e.g. in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Wong AH, Williams K, Reddy S, Wilson D, Giddy J, Alter G, Ghebremichael M, Carrington MN, Ndung'u T, Walker BD, Altfeld M, Carr WH. Alterations in natural killer cell receptor profiles during HIV type 1 disease progression among chronically infected South African adults. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:459-69. [PMID: 20380481 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that innate immune responses by natural killer (NK) cells play a significant role in restricting human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis. Our aim was to characterize changes in NK cells associated with HIV-1 clade C disease progression. Here we used multiparametric flow cytometry (LSRII) to quantify phenotype and function of NK cells in a cross-sectional analysis of cryopreserved blood samples from a cohort of 41 chronically HIV-1-infected, treatment-naive adult South Africans. These individuals ranged in disease severity from early (CD4 count >500) to advanced HIV-1 disease (CD4 count <50). We found that the frequency of NK cells expressing KIR2DL1, an inhibitory receptor, and/or KIR2DS1, an activating receptor, tended to decrease with increasing HIV-1 viral load. We also discovered a significant increase (p < 0.05) in overall NK cell degranulation with disease progression. We found that acutely activated NK cells (CD69(pos)) were deficient in NKp46 expression ex vivo. In conclusion, we observed that with viremia and advanced HIV-1 disease, activated NK cells lack NKp46 expression, and KIR2DS1(pos) and/ or KIR2DL1(pos) NK cells are reduced in frequency. These findings suggest that modulation of receptor expression on NK cells may play a role in HIV-1 pathogenesis, and provide new insights on immunological changes in advanced HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose H.W. Wong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charleston, Massachusetts
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Katie Williams
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charleston, Massachusetts
| | - Sharon Reddy
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Douglas Wilson
- Edendale Hospital, Department of Medicine, Edendale, South Africa
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charleston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mary N. Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charleston, Massachusetts
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charleston, Massachusetts
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - William H. Carr
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Charleston, Massachusetts
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
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Detailed analysis of IFNg response upon activation permits efficient isolation of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. J Immunother 2009; 32:513-23. [PMID: 19609244 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181a2712c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of donor-derived cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells may provide long-lived protection from CMV disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Isolation of IFNg-secreting cells after CMV peptide stimulation can be performed by IFNg capture assay to generate highly specific T-cell lines without the need for extensive culture, which may hamper their in vivo efficacy. To exploit the full potential of this approach, we analyzed the IFNg response of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells in detail. Kinetic studies showed that T-cell receptor down-regulation coincided with the induction of IFNg production upon activation, which rapidly declined thereafter despite the continued presence of specific peptide. By varying the strength of stimulation we observed that overstimulation can result in profound T-cell receptor down-regulation, more rapid decline of IFNg production and reduced expansion. On the basis of these findings, we defined optimal conditions for IFNg-based isolation of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells with maximal potential for clinical application. These data stress the importance of analyses of the kinetics of cytokine production for isolation of T cells specific for other infectious or malignant antigens to exploit the full potential of cytokine capture isolation of antigen-specific T cells.
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Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions. Sci Signal 2009; 2:ra46. [PMID: 19690332 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation events during T cell receptor (TCR) signaling control the formation of complexes among proteins proximal to the TCR, the activation of kinase cascades, and the activation of transcription factors; however, the mode and extent of the influence of phosphorylation in coordinating the diverse phenomena associated with T cell activation are unclear. Therefore, we used the human Jurkat T cell leukemia cell line as a model system and performed large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses of TCR signaling. We identified 10,665 unique phosphorylation sites, of which 696 showed TCR-responsive changes. In addition, we analyzed broad trends in phosphorylation data sets to uncover underlying mechanisms associated with T cell activation. We found that, upon stimulation of the TCR, phosphorylation events extensively targeted protein modules involved in all of the salient phenomena associated with T cell activation: patterning of surface proteins, endocytosis of the TCR, formation of the F-actin cup, inside-out activation of integrins, polarization of microtubules, production of cytokines, and alternative splicing of messenger RNA. Further, case-by-case analysis of TCR-responsive phosphorylation sites on proteins belonging to relevant functional modules together with network analysis allowed us to deduce that serine-threonine (S-T) phosphorylation modulated protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in a system-wide fashion. We also provide experimental support for this inference by showing that phosphorylation of tubulin on six distinct serine residues abrogated PPIs during the assembly of microtubules. We propose that modulation of PPIs by stimulus-dependent changes in S-T phosphorylation state is a widespread phenomenon applicable to many other signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveka Mayya
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, 06030, USA
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37
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Haller C, Fackler OT. HIV-1 at the immunological and T-lymphocytic virological synapse. Biol Chem 2009; 389:1253-60. [PMID: 18713012 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is considered the most effective mode of viral spread in T-lymphocyte cultures. Evidence has accumulated that HIV-1 assembles polarized synaptic-like structures, referred to as virological synapses, as specialized sites of viral transfer. Interestingly, it was recently also discovered that HIV-1 impairs the formation of the structurally similar immunological synapse, thereby modulating exogenous T-lymphocyte stimulation to yield an optimal activation state for productive HIV-1 infection. The careful dissection of these opposing effects will contribute to our understanding of retroviral spread and cellular signal transduction machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Haller
- Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, INF 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Ouchida R, Yamasaki S, Hikida M, Masuda K, Kawamura K, Wada A, Mochizuki S, Tagawa M, Sakamoto A, Hatano M, Tokuhisa T, Koseki H, Saito T, Kurosaki T, Wang JY. A Lysosomal Protein Negatively Regulates Surface T Cell Antigen Receptor Expression by Promoting CD3ζ-Chain Degradation. Immunity 2008; 29:33-43. [PMID: 18619870 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rika Ouchida
- Laboratory for Immune Diversity, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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39
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Downregulation of the T-cell receptor complex and impairment of T-cell activation by human herpesvirus 6 u24 protein. J Virol 2007; 82:602-8. [PMID: 17977973 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01571-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed a screen aimed at identifying human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-encoded proteins that modulate immune recognition. Here we show that the U24 protein encoded by HHV-6 variant A downregulates cell surface expression of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex, a complex essential to T-cell activation and the generation of an immune adaptive response. In the presence of U24, the TCR/CD3 complex is endocytosed but is not recycled back to the plasma membrane. Instead, it accumulates in early and late endosomes. Interestingly, whereas CD3 downregulation from the cell surface is normally associated with T-cell activation, U24 downregulates CD3 independently of T-cell activation. Moreover, we found that U24-expressing T cells are resistant to activation by antigen-presenting cells. HHV-6 has evolved a unique mechanism of inhibition of T-cell activation that may impair the establishment of an adaptive immune response. Furthermore, lymphocyte activation creates an environment favorable to the reactivation and replication of lymphotropic herpesviruses. Thus, by inhibiting T-cell activation, HHV-6 might limit its reactivation and thus minimize immune recognition.
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40
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Hess PR, Barnes C, Woolard MD, Johnson MDL, Cullen JM, Collins EJ, Frelinger JA. Selective deletion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by MHC class I tetramers coupled to the type I ribosome-inactivating protein saporin. Blood 2007; 109:3300-7. [PMID: 17179221 PMCID: PMC1852243 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-028001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important effector cells responsible for tissue destruction in several autoimmune and allograft-related diseases. To discover if pathogenic T cells could be selectively deleted, we investigated the ability of a toxin coupled to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers to kill antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. H2-D(b) tetramers were assembled using streptavidin conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin (SAP). These tetramers inhibited ribosome activity in vitro, retained the T-cell receptor (TCR)-binding specificity of their nontoxic counterparts, and were internalized by 100% of target cells, leading to cell death in 72 hours. Cytotoxicity was dependent on the tetramer dose and avidity for the T cell. A single injection of the SAP-coupled tetramer eliminated more than 75% of cognate, but not control, T cells. This work demonstrates the therapeutic potential of cytotoxic tetramers to selectively eradicate pathogenic clonotypes while leaving overall T-cell immunity intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hess
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universaity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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41
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Lal G, Shaila MS, Nayak R. Activated mouse T cells downregulate, process and present their surface TCR to cognate anti-idiotypic CD4+ T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 84:145-53. [PMID: 16519732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of activated T cells to present foreign antigens through the MHC class II pathway has been shown in the case of human, rat and mouse T cells. In the present study, the ability of activated T cells to present their endogenous TCR in association with MHC class II molecules to CD4+ T cells was shown. Upon activation mouse T cells downregulate their surface TCR, which are degraded into peptides in endosomal/lysosomal compartments. The idiopeptides (peptides derived from the variable region of the TCR) are presented to cognate anti-idiotypic CD4+ T cells, resulting in activation and proliferation of these cells. Interaction of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic T cells brought about by presentation of TCR idiopeptide may have important implications for T-cell vaccination and perpetuation of T-cell memory not requiring persisting antigen or long-lived memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girdhari Lal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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42
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von Essen M, Nielsen MW, Bonefeld CM, Boding L, Larsen JM, Leitges M, Baier G, Odum N, Geisler C. Protein Kinase C (PKC)α and PKCθ Are the Major PKC Isotypes Involved in TCR Down-Regulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7502-10. [PMID: 16751397 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in regulation of TCR cell surface expression levels. However, eight different PKC isotypes are present in T cells, and to date the particular isotype(s) involved in TCR down-regulation remains to be identified. The aim of this study was to identify the PKC isotype(s) involved in TCR down-regulation and to elucidate the mechanism by which they induce TCR down-regulation. To accomplish this, we studied TCR down-regulation in the human T cell line Jurkat, in primary human T cells, or in the mouse T cell line DO11.10 in which we either overexpressed constitutive active or dominant-negative forms of various PKC isotypes. In addition, we studied TCR down-regulation in PKC knockout mice and by using small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of specific PKC isotypes. We found that PKCalpha and PKCtheta were the only PKC isotypes able to induce significant TCR down-regulation. Both isotypes mediated TCR down-regulation via the TCR recycling pathway that strictly depends on Ser(126) and the di-leucine-based receptor-sorting motif of the CD3gamma chain. Finally, we found that PKCtheta was mainly implicated in down-regulation of directly engaged TCR, whereas PKCalpha was involved in down-regulation of nonengaged TCR.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Isoenzymes/deficiency
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/physiology
- Jurkat Cells
- Leucine/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/deficiency
- Protein Kinase C/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/physiology
- Protein Kinase C-alpha/deficiency
- Protein Kinase C-alpha/genetics
- Protein Kinase C-alpha/physiology
- Protein Kinase C-theta
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina von Essen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Davanture S, Leignadier J, Milani P, Soubeyran P, Malissen B, Malissen M, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Boyer C. Selective defect in antigen-induced TCR internalization at the immune synapse of CD8 T cells bearing the ZAP-70(Y292F) mutation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3140-9. [PMID: 16116204 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cbl proteins have been implicated in ligand-induced TCR/CD3 down-modulation, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. We analyzed the effect of mutation of a cbl-binding site on ZAP-70 (ZAP-Y292F) on dynamics, internalization, and degradation of the TCR/CD3 complex in response to distinct stimuli. Naive CD8 T cells expressing the P14 transgenic TCR from ZAP-Y292F mice were selectively affected in TCR/CD3 down-modulation in response to antigenic stimulation, whereas neither anti-CD3 Ab-, and PMA-induced TCR down-modulation, nor constitutive receptor endocytosis/cycling were impaired. We further established that the defect in TCR/CD3 down-modulation in response to Ag was paralleled by an impaired TCR/CD3 internalization and CD3zeta degradation. Analysis of T/APC conjugates revealed that delayed redistribution of TCR at the T/APC contact zone was paralleled by a delay in TCR internalization in the synaptic zone in ZAP-Y292F compared with ZAP-wild-type T cells. Cbl recruitment to the synapse was also retarded in ZAP-Y292F T cells, although F-actin and LFA-1 redistribution was similar for both cell types. This study identifies a step involving ZAP-70/cbl interaction that is critical for rapid internalization of the TCR/CD3 complex at the CD8 T cell/APC synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzel Davanture
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, Cedex, France
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44
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Kohrt HE, Shu CT, Stuge TB, Holmes SP, Weber J, Lee PP. Rapid assessment of recognition efficiency and functional capacity of antigen-specific T-cell responses. J Immunother 2005; 28:297-305. [PMID: 16000947 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000162780.96310.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that cells within an antigen-specific CD8 T-cell population may be diverse in recognition efficiency for target, which may significantly affect the overall efficacy of the response in clinical settings such as viral infections and cancer. CD8 T cells with seemingly identical antigen specificity, particularly those elicited by cancer vaccines, may be heterogeneous for sensitivity and recognition efficiency for the cognate peptide and functional state in vivo. Analysis of individual T-cell clones derived from an antigen-specific T-cell population would provide an accurate assessment of the overall response; however, this is time- and labor-intensive, preventing rapid and routine assessment of patient samples from clinical trials. By stimulating antigen-specific T cells that otherwise appear homogeneous on tetramer staining with graded amounts of cognate peptides, the authors show that individual cells downmodulate surface T-cell receptors (TCR) and thus lose tetramer reactivity with variable dynamics within the T-cell population. The dynamics of TCR downregulation represent an accurate assessment of an individual cell's antigen sensitivity, recognition efficiency, and relative functional state within an antigen-specific population and have direct correlation to killing capacity by chromium release as well as degranulation by CD107 mobilization. Furthermore, despite correlation of average T-cell function by all three techniques, TCR downregulation uncovered heterogeneity in T-cell responses after vaccination among patient samples directly ex vivo. When examined using this novel technique, antigen-specific T cells elicited by vaccination with heteroclitic peptides exhibited significantly different recognition efficiencies for the heteroclitic versus native peptides, translating into differences in functional responses. With advancing cancer vaccine trials, the capacity to detect and functionally characterize antigen-specific T-cell responses in detail is critical. Techniques, as presented here, that rapidly assess the overall antigen sensitivity, recognition efficiency, and functional status of patients' T-cell responses will guide future vaccine trials and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holbrook E Kohrt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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45
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Lauritsen JPH, Bonefeld CM, von Essen M, Nielsen MW, Rasmussen AB, Ødum N, Dietrich J, Geisler C. Masking of the CD3 gamma di-leucine-based motif by zeta is required for efficient T-cell receptor expression. Traffic 2005; 5:672-84. [PMID: 15296492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2004.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a multimeric receptor composed of the Ti alpha beta heterodimer and the noncovalently associated CD3 gamma delta epsilon and zeta(2) chains. All of the TCR chains are required for efficient cell surface expression of the TCR. Previous studies on chimeric molecules containing the di-leucine-based endocytosis motif of the TCR subunit CD3 gamma have indicated that the zeta chain can mask this motif. In this study, we show that successive truncations of the cytoplasmic tail of zeta led to reduced surface expression levels of completely assembled TCR complexes. The reduced TCR expression levels were caused by an increase in the TCR endocytic rate constant in combination with an unaffected exocytic rate constant. Furthermore, the TCR degradation rate constant was increased in cells with truncated zeta. Introduction of a CD3 gamma chain with a disrupted di-leucine-based endocytosis motif partially restored TCR expression in cells with truncated zeta chains, indicating that the zeta chain masks the endocytosis motif in CD3 gamma and thereby stabilizes TCR cell surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Peter H Lauritsen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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46
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González PA, Carreño LJ, Coombs D, Mora JE, Palmieri E, Goldstein B, Nathenson SG, Kalergis AM. T cell receptor binding kinetics required for T cell activation depend on the density of cognate ligand on the antigen-presenting cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4824-9. [PMID: 15772168 PMCID: PMC555720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500922102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells recognize peptides of eight to nine amino acid residues long in the context of MHC class I molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This recognition event is highly sensitive, as evidenced by the fact that T cells can be activated by cognate peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) at extremely low densities (1-50 molecules). High sensitivity is particularly valuable for detection of antigens at low density, such as those derived from tumor cells and intracellular pathogens, which can down-modulate cognate pMHCs from the surface of APCs to evade recognition by the adaptive immune system. T cell activation is only triggered in response to interactions between the T cell receptor (TCR) and the pMHC ligand that reach a specific half-life threshold. However, interactions with excessively long half-lives result in impaired T cell activation. Thus, efficient T cell activation by pMHC on the surface of APCs requires an optimal dwell time of TCR-pMHC interaction. Here, we show that, although this is a requirement at low cognate pMHC density on the APC surface, at high epitope density there is no impairment of T cell activation by extended TCR-pMHC dwell times. This observation was predicted by mathematical simulations for T cell activation by pMHC at different densities and supported by experiments performed on APCs selected for varied expression of cognate pMHC. According to these results, effective T cell activation depends on a complex interplay between inherent TCR-pMHC binding kinetics and the epitope density on the APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
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