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Kim J, Yuan Y, Agaronyan K, Zhao A, Wang VD, Gau D, Toosi N, Gupta G, Essayas H, Kaminski A, McGovern J, Yu S, Woo S, Lee CJ, Gandhi S, Saber T, Saleh T, Hu B, Sun Y, Ishikawa G, Bain W, Evankovich J, Chen L, Yun H, Herzog EL, Dela Cruz CS, Ryu C, Sharma L. Damage sensing through TLR9 regulates inflammatory and antiviral responses during influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2025; 18:537-548. [PMID: 39884393 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2025.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2024] [Revised: 12/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 02/01/2025]
Abstract
Host response aimed at eliminating the infecting pathogen, as well as the pathogen itself, can cause tissue injury. Tissue injury leads to the release of a myriad of cellular components including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which the host senses through pattern recognition receptors. How the sensing of tissue injury by the host shapes the anti-pathogen response remains poorly understood. In this study, we utilized mice that are deficient in toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9), which binds to unmethylated CpG DNA sequences such as those present in bacterial and mtDNA. To avoid direct pathogen sensing by TLR9, we utilized the influenza virus, which lacks ligands for TLR9, to determine how damage sensing by TLR9 contributes to anti-influenza immunity. Our data showed that TLR9-mediated sensing of tissue damage promoted an inflammatory response during early infection, driven by epithelial and myeloid cells. Along with the diminished inflammatory response, the absence of TLR9 led to impaired viral clearance manifested as higher and prolonged influenza components in myeloid cells, including monocytes and macrophages, rendering them highly inflammatory. The persistent inflammation driven by infected myeloid cells led to persistent lung injury and impaired recovery in influenza-infected TLR9-/- mice. Further, we found elevated TLR9 ligands in the plasma samples of patients with influenza infection and its association with the disease severity in hospitalized patients, demonstrating its clinical relevance. Overall, we demonstrated an essential role of damage sensing through TLR9 in promoting anti-influenza immunity and inflammatory response. AUTHOR SUMMARY: Tissue damage is an inevitable outcome of clinically relevant lung infections, but the host mechanisms for detecting such damage during infection are not well understood. We investigated the role of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in sensing tissue damage caused by influenza. Since influenza lacks TLR9 ligands, we hypothesized that TLR9 signaling is driven by tissue damage molecules like mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Our data revealed that TLR9 deficiency reduces early inflammatory lung injury but impairs viral clearance, resulting in extensive infection of immune cells, persistent inflammation, and delayed recovery. Myeloid-specific TLR9 deletion ameliorated late-stage inflammatory responses. In humans, influenza-infected individuals exhibited elevated TLR9 activity and mtDNA levels in plasma compared to healthy controls, with higher TLR9 activation potential correlating with severe disease requiring ICU admission. These findings suggest that TLR9-mediated damage sensing triggers both inflammatory tissue injury and viral clearance. These data indicate that TLR9 activity can serve as a crucial biomarker and therapeutic target to limit influenza-induced tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooyoung Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Yifan Yuan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA; University of Maryland MD USA
| | - Karen Agaronyan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Amy Zhao
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Victoria D Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - David Gau
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Nicholas Toosi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Gayatri Gupta
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Heran Essayas
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Ayelet Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - John McGovern
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Sheeline Yu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Samuel Woo
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Chris J Lee
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Shifa Gandhi
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Tina Saber
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Tayebeh Saleh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Buqu Hu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Genta Ishikawa
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - William Bain
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA; VA Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - John Evankovich
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Lujia Chen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - HongDuck Yun
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA; VA Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA.
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh PA USA; Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA.
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Lv Z, Guo X, Zhang R, Yao Y, Shao L, Li S, Chen C, Yang D, Liu Y. Dynamic DNA-Based Nanoadjuvants for TLR9 Clustering and Innate Immune Activation in Dendritic Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:13545-13555. [PMID: 40203281 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
The regulation of toll-like receptor (TLR) clustering is a pivotal strategy for enhancing innate immune responses, but the development of methods to precisely control receptor assembly remains challenging. Herein, we present a dynamic, DNA-based nanoadjuvant that triggers TLR9 clustering for potent innate immune activation in dendritic cells (DCs) via in situ assembly in lysosomes. This nanoadjuvant integrates CpG oligonucleotides (TLR9 ligands) and cytosine-rich DNA sequences (acid-responsive sequences) into a polymeric nanoframework via a cascade hybridization chain reaction. Upon lysosomal internalization, the nanoadjuvants form large-sized aggregates through cytosine protonation-induced i-motif formation, a process driven by the acidic lysosomal environment. This assembly consumes lysosomal protons, thus reducing lysosomal acidity and attenuating hydrolase activity, leading to enhanced intralysosomal retention of nanoadjuvants. Moreover, the nanoadjuvant aggregates promote CpG ODN contact with the lysosomal membrane, thereby facilitating prolonged ligand-receptor interactions and efficient TLR9 clustering. Consequently, the nanoadjuvant aggregates induce efficient DC maturation, secretion of cytokines, and T-cell proliferation, culminating in robust antitumor immunity both in vitro and in vivo. Our approach offers a novel strategy to manipulate receptor assembly using an environmentally stimulus-responsive system, holding significant promise for vaccine adjuvants and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyue Lv
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Lanqi Shao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Dayong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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3
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Zhang W, Jing X, Li B, Wu X. Clearance of Cell-Free DNA: A Novel Target for Therapeutic Utilization in Multiple Systemic Disorders. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2025; 11:2069-2079. [PMID: 40178087 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) holds significant promise for diagnostic and therapeutic advancements in medicine. This review delineates the utility of cfDNA in diagnostics and its therapeutic potential through clearance mechanisms for an array of diseases. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules released by host cells during stress, or injury. As a trigger for inflammatory responses via damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cfDNA's removal via nanotechnological approaches can attenuate inflammation and promote tissue repair. While the application of cfDNA clearance is particularly auspicious in cancer, sepsis, and inflammatory conditions, it is confronted with challenges including toxicity, specificity, and the rigors of clinical trial validation. Collectively, this review delineates novel therapeutic targets to inform the development of innovative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi030001, China
| | - Xuan Jing
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi030001, China
| | - Bing Li
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi030001, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, Shanxi030001, China
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4
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Kumar SD, Ghosh J, Ghosh S, Eswarappa SM. Emerging concepts in the molecular cell biology and functions of mammalian erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 2025; 301:108331. [PMID: 39984047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.108331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are essential components of vertebrate blood, comprising approximately 45% of human blood volume. Their distinctive features, including small size, biconcave shape, extended lifespan (∼115 days), and lack of a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, make them unique among mammalian cell types. Traditionally regarded as passive carriers of oxygen and carbon dioxide, erythrocytes were long thought to function merely as hemoglobin-filled sacs, incapable of gene expression or roles beyond gas transport. However, advancements in molecular biology have revealed a more complex picture. Recent studies have identified various RNA types within erythrocytes, demonstrated globin mRNA translation, and uncovered miRNA-mediated defenses against Plasmodium infection. Beyond gas exchange, erythrocytes play critical roles in regulating regional blood flow via nitric oxide, contribute to innate immunity through toll-like receptors, transport amino acids between tissues, and maintain water homeostasis. Furthermore, emerging technologies have repurposed erythrocytes as drug-delivery vehicles, opening new avenues for therapeutic applications. This review highlights these recent discoveries and explores the expanding functional landscape of erythrocytes, shedding light on their multifaceted roles in physiology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Devi Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Japita Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Swati Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sandeep M Eswarappa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, Bengaluru, India.
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5
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Chen Z, Behrendt R, Wild L, Schlee M, Bode C. Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing as driver of critical illness: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2025; 10:90. [PMID: 40102400 PMCID: PMC11920230 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-025-02174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 01/14/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids from both self- and non-self-sources act as vital danger signals that trigger immune responses. Critical illnesses such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, trauma and ischemia lead to the aberrant cytosolic accumulation and massive release of nucleic acids that are detected by antiviral innate immune receptors in the endosome or cytosol. Activation of receptors for deoxyribonucleic acids and ribonucleic acids triggers inflammation, a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. In the past decade, there has been growing recognition of the therapeutic potential of targeting nucleic acid sensing in critical care. This review summarizes current knowledge of nucleic acid sensing in acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, trauma and ischemia. Given the extensive research on nucleic acid sensing in common pathological conditions like cancer, autoimmune disorders, metabolic disorders and aging, we provide a comprehensive summary of nucleic acid sensing beyond critical illness to offer insights that may inform its role in critical conditions. Additionally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies that specifically target nucleic acid sensing. By examining nucleic acid sources, sensor activation and function, as well as the impact of regulating these pathways across various acute diseases, we highlight the driving role of nucleic acid sensing in critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lennart Wild
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Schlee
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Bode
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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6
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Yu H, Ren K, Jin Y, Zhang L, Liu H, Huang Z, Zhang Z, Chen X, Yang Y, Wei Z. Mitochondrial DAMPs: Key mediators in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Neuropharmacology 2025; 264:110217. [PMID: 39557152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Revised: 11/02/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are increasingly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Central to this link are mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs), including mitochondrial DNA, ATP, and reactive oxygen species, released during mitochondrial stress or damage. These mtDAMPs activate inflammatory pathways, such as the NLRP3 inflammasome and cGAS-STING, contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This review delves into the mechanisms by which mtDAMPs drive neuroinflammation and discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways to mitigate neurodegeneration. Additionally, it explores the cross-talk between mitochondria and the immune system, highlighting the complex interplay that exacerbates neuronal damage. Understanding the role of mtDAMPs could pave the way for novel treatments aimed at modulating neuroinflammation and slowing disease progression, ultimately improving patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Kaidi Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Yage Jin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Ziheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830046, PR China
| | - Xing Chen
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
| | - Ziqing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
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Chen F, Xu K, Han Y, Ding J, Ren J, Wang Y, Ma Z, Cao F. Mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic acinar cells: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies in acute pancreatitis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1503087. [PMID: 39776917 PMCID: PMC11703726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1503087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas and a complex process involving multiple factors, with mitochondrial damage playing a crucial role. Mitochondrial dysfunction is now considered a key driver in the development of AP. This dysfunction often presents as increased oxidative stress, altered membrane potential and permeability, and mitochondrial DNA damage and mutations. Under stress conditions, mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial ROS production increase, leading to decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, imbalanced calcium homeostasis, and activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), recognized as damage-associated molecular patterns, can activate the cGAS-STING1 and NF-κB pathway and induce pro-inflammatory factor expression. Additionally, mtDNA can activate inflammasomes, leading to interleukin release and subsequent tissue damage and inflammation. This review summarizes the relationship between mitochondria and AP and explores mitochondrial protective strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Future research on the treatment of acute pancreatitis can benefit from exploring promising avenues such as antioxidants, mitochondrial inhibitors, and new therapies that target mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kedong Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Pancreatic Disease Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yimin Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiachun Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiaqiang Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yaochun Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Pancreatic Disease Center of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Hedegger K, Hommel T, Schaubeck M, Gimpfl M, Dahlhoff M. Different infant formulas can activate toll-like receptor 9 in vitro and inhibit interleukin 6 in human primary intestinal epithelial cells. Eur J Nutr 2024; 64:16. [PMID: 39567370 PMCID: PMC11579199 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/12/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants caused by an exaggerated intestinal epithelial immune activation. Several studies show that modulation of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activity may have positive effects on preventing intestinal inflammatory mechanisms ultimately resulting in NEC development. In this study, the effect of various infant formulas (IF) and the probiotic strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 on TLR9 activation were analyzed in vitro. METHODS First, TLR4 and TLR9 expression was analyzed on human primary intestinal epithelial cells (P-IECs) by qPCR and Western blot analysis. Then genetically designed HEK-Dual™ hTLR9 (NF/IL8) reporter cells (HEK-Dual) were treated with different IFs, L. fermentum CECT5716, and different functional components to measure TLR9 activation via luminescence. Finally, the IFs were investigated in P-IECs to analyze TLR downstream signaling by Western blot analysis. RESULTS IFs containing intact protein and L. fermentum CECT5716 activated TLR9 in HEK-Dual cells, but the functional components lactoferrin, L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and hydrolyzed whey proteins failed to activate TLR9. In P-IECs, the IFs induced increased phosphorylation of MAPK8/9 of the TLR signaling pathway and significantly reduced IL6 levels. Consistently, IL6 levels were increased in P-IECs when TLR9-signaling was inhibited. Interestingly, L. fermentum CECT5716 enhanced TLR9-signaling and increased NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha-phosphorylation. CONCLUSION We found out that the used control formula, prebiotic formula, prebiotic formula with hydrolyzed-protein, and L. fermentum CECT5716 reduce IL6 levels in human P-IECs through TLR9 activation. L. fermentum CECT5716 and the here tested IFs could be a promising approach for modulation of gut health in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Hedegger
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Hommel
- Institute of in vivo and in vitro Models, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Schaubeck
- HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Straße 7, 85276, Pfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Martina Gimpfl
- HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Georg-Hipp-Straße 7, 85276, Pfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Maik Dahlhoff
- Institute of in vivo and in vitro Models, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Amosu MM, Jankowski AM, McCright JC, Yang BE, Grano de Oro Fernandez J, Moore KA, Gadde HS, Donthi M, Kaluzienski ML, Maisel K. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Mediate CpG-ODN-induced Increase in Survival in a Mouse Model of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 71:519-533. [PMID: 38990702 PMCID: PMC11568470 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0410oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a devastating disease primarily found in women of reproductive age that leads to cystic destruction of the lungs. Recent work has shown that LAM causes immunosuppression and that checkpoint inhibitors can be used as LAM treatment. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can also reactivate immunity, and the TLR9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) has been effective in treating lung cancer in animal models. In this study, we investigated the use of TLR9 agonist CpG-ODN as LAM immunotherapy in combination with checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD1 and standard of care rapamycin, and determined the immune mechanisms underlying therapeutic efficacy. We used survival studies, flow cytometry, ELISA, and histology to assess immune response and survival after intranasal treatment with CpG-ODN in combination with rapamycin or anti-PD1 therapy in a mouse model of metastatic LAM. We found that local administration of CpG-ODN enhances survival in a mouse model of LAM. We found that a lower dose led to longer survival, likely because of fewer local side effects, but increased LAM nodule count and size compared with the higher dose. CpG-ODN treatment also reduced regulatory T cells and increased the number of T-helper type 17 cells as well as cytotoxic T cells. These effects appear to be mediated in part by plasmacytoid dendritic cells because depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells reduces survival and abrogates T-helper type 17 cell response. Finally, we found that CpG-ODN treatment is effective in early-stage and progressive disease and is additive with anti-PD1 therapy and rapamycin. In summary, we have found that TLR9 agonist CpG-ODN can be used as LAM immunotherapy and effectively synergizes with rapamycin and anti-PD1 therapy in LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayowa M Amosu
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Ashleigh M Jankowski
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jacob C McCright
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Bennett E Yang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | | | - Kaitlyn A Moore
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Havish S Gadde
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Mehul Donthi
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Michele L Kaluzienski
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Katharina Maisel
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Tsai PJ, Chen MY, Hsu WC, Lin SF, Chan PC, Chen HH, Kao CY, Lin WJ, Chuang TH, Yu GY, Su YW. PTEN acts as a crucial inflammatory checkpoint controlling TLR9/IL-6 axis in B cells. iScience 2024; 27:110388. [PMID: 39092178 PMCID: PMC11292540 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is vital for B cell development, acting as a key negative regulator in the PI3K signaling pathway. We used CD23-cre to generate PTEN-conditional knockout mice (CD23-cKO) to examine the impact of PTEN mutation on peripheral B cells. Unlike mb1-cre-mediated PTEN deletion in early B cells, CD23-cKO mutants exhibited systemic inflammation with increased IL-6 production in mature B cells upon CpG stimulation. Inflammatory B cells in CD23-cKO mice showed elevated phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] levels and increased TLR9 endosomal localization. Pharmacological inhibition of PI(3)P synthesis markedly reduced TLR9-mediated IL-6. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed altered endocytosis, BANK1, and NF-κB1 expression in PTEN-deficient B cells. Ectopic B cell receptor (BCR) expression on non-inflammatory mb1-cKO B cells restored BANK1 and NF-κB1 expression, enhancing TLR9-mediated IL-6 production. Our study highlights PTEN as a crucial inflammatory checkpoint, regulating TLR9/IL-6 axis by fine-tuning PI(3)P homeostasis. Additionally, BCR downregulation prevents the differentiation of inflammatory B cells in PTEN deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Tsai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Chen
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chan Hsu
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
| | - Su-Fang Lin
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chiang Chan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Chen
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Kao
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jye Lin
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350401, Taiwan
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11
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Diallo A, Overman G, Sah P, Liechti GW. Recognition of Chlamydia trachomatis by Toll-like receptor 9 is altered during persistence. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0006324. [PMID: 38899879 PMCID: PMC11238561 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00063-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an innate immune receptor that localizes to endosomes in antigen presenting cells and recognizes single stranded unmethylated CpG sites on bacterial genomic DNA (gDNA). Previous bioinformatic studies have demonstrated that the genome of the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis contains TLR9 stimulatory motifs, and correlative studies have implied a link between human TLR9 (hTLR9) genotype variants and susceptibility to infection. Here, we present our evaluation of the stimulatory potential of C. trachomatis gDNA and its recognition by hTLR9- and murine TLR9 (mTLR9)-expressing cells. Utilizing reporter cell lines, we demonstrate that purified gDNA from C. trachomatis can stimulate hTLR9 signaling, albeit at lower levels than gDNA prepared from other Gram-negative bacteria. Interestingly, we found that while C. trachomatis is capable of signaling through hTLR9 and mTLR9 during live infections in HEK293 reporter cell lines, signaling only occurs at later developmental time points. Chlamydia-specific induction of hTLR9 is blocked when protein synthesis is inhibited prior to the RB-to-EB conversion, exacerbated by the inhibition of lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis, and is significantly altered during the induction of aberrance/persistence. Our observations support the hypothesis that chlamydial gDNA is released during the conversion between the pathogen's replicative and infectious forms and during treatment with antibiotics targeting peptidoglycan assembly. Given that C. trachomatis inclusions do not co-localize with TLR9-containing vacuoles in the pro-monocytic cell line U937, our findings also hint that chlamydial gDNA is capable of egress from the inclusion, and traffics to TLR9-containing vacuoles via an as yet unknown pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissata Diallo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Grace Overman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Prakash Sah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George W. Liechti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Glenn JD, Negash H, Henry W, Qian R, Liu Y, Danos O, Bruder JT, Karumuthil-Melethil S. The presence of CpGs in AAV gene therapy vectors induces a plasmacytoid dendritic cell-like population very early after administration. Cell Immunol 2024; 399-400:104823. [PMID: 38520831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
AAV-mediated gene transfer is a promising platform still plagued by potential host-derived, antagonistic immune responses to therapeutic components. CpG-mediated TLR9 stimulation activates innate immune cells and leads to cognate T cell activation and suppression of transgene expression. Here, we demonstrate that CpG depletion increased expression of an antibody transgene product by 2-3-fold as early as 24 h post-vector administration in mice. No significant differences were noted in anti-transgene product/ anti-AAV capsid antibody production or cytotoxic gene induction. Instead, CpG depletion significantly reduced the presence of a pDC-like myeloid cell population, which was able to directly bind the antibody transgene product via Fc-FcγR interactions. Thus, we extend the mechanisms of TLR9-mediated antagonism of transgene expression in AAV gene therapy to include the actions of a previously unreported pDC-like cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Glenn
- REGENXBIO Inc., 9804 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Henos Negash
- REGENXBIO Inc., 9804 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - William Henry
- REGENXBIO Inc., 9804 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Randolph Qian
- REGENXBIO Inc., 9804 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ye Liu
- REGENXBIO Inc., 9804 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Olivier Danos
- REGENXBIO Inc., 9804 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Joseph T Bruder
- REGENXBIO Inc., 9804 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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13
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Diallo A, Overman G, Sah P, Liechti GW. Recognition of Chlamydia trachomatis by Toll-Like Receptor 9 is altered during persistence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579186. [PMID: 38370826 PMCID: PMC10871208 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an innate immune receptor that localizes to endosomes in antigen presenting cells and recognizes single stranded unmethylated CpG sites on bacterial genomic DNA. Previous bioinformatic studies have indicated that the genome of the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis contains TLR9 stimulatory motifs, and correlative studies have implied a link between human TLR9 (hTLR9) genotype variants and susceptibility to infection. Here we present our evaluation of the stimulatory potential of C. trachomatis gDNA and its recognition by hTLR9- and murine TLR9 (mTLR9)-expressing cells. We confirm that hTLR9 colocalizes with chlamydial inclusions in the pro-monocytic cell line, U937. Utilizing HEK293 reporter cell lines, we demonstrate that purified genomic DNA from C. trachomatis can stimulate hTLR9 signaling, albeit at lower levels than gDNA prepared from other Gram-negative bacteria. Interestingly, we found that while C. trachomatis is capable of signaling through hTLR9 and mTLR9 during live infections in non-phagocytic HEK293 reporter cell lines, signaling only occurs at later developmental time points. Chlamydia-specific induction of hTLR9 is blocked when protein synthesis is inhibited prior to the RB-to-EB conversion and exacerbated by the inhibition of lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis. The induction of aberrance / persistence also significantly alters Chlamydia-specific TLR9 signaling. Our observations support the hypothesis that chlamydial gDNA is released at appreciable levels by the bacterium during the conversion between its replicative and infectious forms and during treatment with antibiotics targeting peptidoglycan assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissata Diallo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Grace Overman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Prakash Sah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - George W. Liechti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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14
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Kapustin A, Tsakali SS, Whitehead M, Chennell G, Wu MY, Molenaar C, Kutikhin A, Bogdanov L, Sinitsky M, Rubina K, Clayton A, Verweij FJ, Pegtel DM, Zingaro S, Lobov A, Zainullina B, Owen D, Parsons M, Cheney RE, Warren D, Humphries MJ, Iskratsch T, Holt M, Shanahan CM. Extracellular vesicles stimulate smooth muscle cell migration by presenting collagen VI. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.17.551257. [PMID: 37645762 PMCID: PMC10462164 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.17.551257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) supports blood vessel architecture and functionality and undergoes active remodelling during vascular repair and atherogenesis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are essential for vessel repair and, via their secretome, are able to invade from the vessel media into the intima to mediate ECM remodelling. Accumulation of fibronectin (FN) is a hallmark of early vascular repair and atherosclerosis and here we show that FN stimulates VSMCs to secrete small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) by activating the β1 integrin/FAK/Src pathway as well as Arp2/3-dependent branching of the actin cytoskeleton. Spatially, sEV were secreted via filopodia-like cellular protrusions at the leading edge of migrating cells. We found that sEVs are trapped by the ECM in vitro and colocalise with FN in symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques in vivo. Functionally, ECM-trapped sEVs induced the formation of focal adhesions (FA) with enhanced pulling forces at the cellular periphery. Proteomic and GO pathway analysis revealed that VSMC-derived sEVs display a cell adhesion signature and are specifically enriched with collagen VI. In vitro assays identified collagen VI as playing the key role in cell adhesion and invasion. Taken together our data suggests that the accumulation of FN is a key early event in vessel repair acting to promote secretion of collage VI enriched sEVs by VSMCs. These sEVs stimulate migration and invasion by triggering peripheral focal adhesion formation and actomyosin contraction to exert sufficient traction forces to enable VSMC movement within the complex vascular ECM network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kapustin
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK, Tel. 020 7848 5221, FAX 020 7848 5193
| | - Sofia Serena Tsakali
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK, Tel. 020 7848 5221, FAX 020 7848 5193
| | - Meredith Whitehead
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK, Tel. 020 7848 5221, FAX 020 7848 5193
| | - George Chennell
- Wohl Cellular Imaging Centre, King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9NU
| | - Meng-Ying Wu
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK, Tel. 020 7848 5221, FAX 020 7848 5193
| | - Chris Molenaar
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK, Tel. 020 7848 5221, FAX 020 7848 5193
| | - Anton Kutikhin
- Laboratory for Molecular, Translational and Digital Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo, 650002, Russian Federation
| | - Leo Bogdanov
- Laboratory for Molecular, Translational and Digital Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo, 650002, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim Sinitsky
- Laboratory for Molecular, Translational and Digital Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, 6 Sosnovy Boulevard, Kemerovo, 650002, Russian Federation
| | - Kseniya Rubina
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis and Tissue Reparation, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky av. 27-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia, tel/fax +74959329904
| | - Aled Clayton
- Tissue Microenvironment Research Group, Division of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Tenovus Building, Cardiff, UK, CF14 2XN
| | - Frederik J Verweij
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Biophysics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Michiel Pegtel
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Zingaro
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Arseniy Lobov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretskiy Prospekt, 194064, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bozhana Zainullina
- Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies, Research Park, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Embankment, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dylan Owen
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Mathematics and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Richard E. Cheney
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Derek Warren
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK, NR4 7TJ
| | - Martin James Humphries
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Iskratsch
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, Engineering Building, Mile End Road, E1 4NS
| | - Mark Holt
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK, Tel. 020 7848 5221, FAX 020 7848 5193
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15
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Richards CM, McRae SA, Ranger AL, Klegeris A. Extracellular histones as damage-associated molecular patterns in neuroinflammatory responses. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:533-558. [PMID: 36368030 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The four core histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and the linker histone H1 primarily bind DNA and regulate gene expression within the nucleus. Evidence collected mainly from the peripheral tissues illustrates that histones can be released into the extracellular space by activated or damaged cells. In this article, we first summarize the innate immune-modulatory properties of extracellular histones and histone-containing complexes, such as nucleosomes, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), described in peripheral tissues. There, histones act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are a class of endogenous molecules that trigger immune responses by interacting directly with the cellular membranes and activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 4, 9 and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). We then focus on the available evidence implicating extracellular histones as DAMPs of the central nervous system (CNS). It is becoming evident that histones are present in the brain parenchyma after crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or being released by several types of brain cells, including neurons, microglia, and astrocytes. However, studies on the DAMP-like effects of histones on CNS cells are limited. For example, TLR4 is the only known molecular target of CNS extracellular histones and their interactions with other PRRs expressed by brain cells have not been observed. Nevertheless, extracellular histones are implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders characterized by sterile neuroinflammation; therefore, detailed studies on the role these proteins and their complexes play in these pathologies could identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy M Richards
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Seamus A McRae
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Athena L Ranger
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V 1V7, BC, Canada
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16
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Ren J, Antony F, Rouse BT, Suryawanshi A. Role of Innate Interferon Responses at the Ocular Surface in Herpes Simplex Virus-1-Induced Herpetic Stromal Keratitis. Pathogens 2023; 12:437. [PMID: 36986359 PMCID: PMC10058014 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful pathogen that primarily infects epithelial cells of the orofacial mucosa. After initial lytic replication, HSV-1 enters sensory neurons and undergoes lifelong latency in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Reactivation from latency occurs throughout the host's life and is more common in people with a compromised immune system. HSV-1 causes various diseases depending on the site of lytic HSV-1 replication. These include herpes labialis, herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), meningitis, and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). HSK is an immunopathological condition and is usually the consequence of HSV-1 reactivation, anterograde transport to the corneal surface, lytic replication in the epithelial cells, and activation of the host's innate and adaptive immune responses in the cornea. HSV-1 is recognized by cell surface, endosomal, and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activates innate immune responses that include interferons (IFNs), chemokine and cytokine production, as well as the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of replication. In the cornea, HSV-1 replication promotes type I (IFN-α/β) and type III (IFN-λ) IFN production. This review summarizes our current understanding of HSV-1 recognition by PRRs and innate IFN-mediated antiviral immunity during HSV-1 infection of the cornea. We also discuss the immunopathogenesis of HSK, current HSK therapeutics and challenges, proposed experimental approaches, and benefits of promoting local IFN-λ responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Ren
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 240B Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ferrin Antony
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 240B Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Amol Suryawanshi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 240B Greene Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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17
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Catania G, Rodella G, Vanvarenberg K, Préat V, Malfanti A. Combination of hyaluronic acid conjugates with immunogenic cell death inducer and CpG for glioblastoma local chemo-immunotherapy elicits an immune response and induces long-term survival. Biomaterials 2023; 294:122006. [PMID: 36701998 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of standard glioblastoma (GBM) treatments has been limited due to the highly immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment, interpatient tumor heterogenicity and anatomical barriers, such as the blood brain barrier. In the present work, we hypothesized that a new local therapy based on the combination of doxorubicin (DOX) as an immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer and CpG, a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 agonist, would act synergistically to eradicate GBM. DOX and CpG were first tested in an orthotopic GL261 GBM model showing enhanced survival. To improve the outcome with a reduced dose, we designed bioresponsive hyaluronic acid (HA)-drug conjugates for effective in situ chemoimmunotherapy. HA was derivatized with CpG. The new HA-CpG conjugate showed high efficacy in re-educating protumoral M2-like microglia into an antitumoral M1-like phenotype, inducing the expression of immune-stimulatory cytokines. DOX was also conjugated to HA. DOX conjugation increased ICD induction in GL261 cells. Finally, a combination of the conjugates was explored in an orthotopic GL261 GBM model. The local delivery of combined HA-DOX + HA-CpG into the tumor mass elicited antitumor CD8+ T cell responses in the brain tumor microenvironment and reduced the infiltration of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Importantly, the combination of HA-DOX and HA-CpG induced long-term survival in >66% of GBM-bearing animals than other treatments (no long-term survivor observed), demonstrating the benefits of conjugating synergistic drugs to HA nanocarrier. These results emphasize that HA-drug conjugates constitute an effective drug delivery platform for local chemoimmunotherapy against GBM and open new perspectives for the treatment of other brain cancers and brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Catania
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulia Rodella
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Vanvarenberg
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alessio Malfanti
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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18
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Knight A, Karapetyan L, Kirkwood JM. Immunotherapy in Melanoma: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1106. [PMID: 36831449 PMCID: PMC9954703 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of advanced and high-risk melanoma has led to a striking improvement in outcomes. Although the incidence of melanoma has continued to rise, median survival has improved from approximately 6 months to nearly 6 years for patients with advanced inoperable stage IV disease. Recent understanding of the tumor microenvironment and its interplay with the immune system has led to the explosive development of novel immunotherapy treatments. Since the approval of the therapeutic cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2 in the 1990s, the development of novel immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), oncolytic virus therapy, and modulators of the tumor microenvironment have given way to a new era in melanoma treatment. Monoclonal antibodies directed at programmed cell death protein 1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligand (PDL-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) have provided robust activation of the adaptive immune system, restoring immune surveillance leading to host tumor recognition and destruction. Multiple other immunomodulatory therapeutics are under investigation to overcome resistance to ICI therapy, including the toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) and 7/8 (TLR-7/8) agonists, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists, and fecal microbiota transplantation. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of melanoma and provide an update on novel therapies currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Knight
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lilit Karapetyan
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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19
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Vringer E, Tait SWG. Mitochondria and cell death-associated inflammation. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:304-312. [PMID: 36447047 PMCID: PMC9950460 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have recently emerged as key drivers of inflammation associated with cell death. Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the pivotal commitment point to cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. Permeabilised mitochondria trigger inflammation, in part, through the release of mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Caspases, while dispensable for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory pathways after MOMP. Some of these mitochondrial-activated inflammatory pathways can be traced back to the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria. For instance, mtDNA and bacterial DNA are highly similar thereby activating similar cell autonomous immune signalling pathways. The bacterial origin of mitochondria suggests that inflammatory pathways found in cytosol-invading bacteria may be relevant to mitochondrial-driven inflammation after MOMP. In this review, we discuss how mitochondria can initiate inflammation during cell death highlighting parallels with bacterial activation of inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial inflammation during cell death and how these processes may potentially be harnessed therapeutically, for instance to improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmee Vringer
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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20
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Burel SA, Machemer T, Baker BF, Kwoh TJ, Paz S, Younis H, Henry SP. Early-Stage Identification and Avoidance of Antisense Oligonucleotides Causing Species-Specific Inflammatory Responses in Human Volunteer Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2022; 32:457-472. [PMID: 35976085 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2022.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-based assay was developed to identify antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) with the potential to activate a cellular innate immune response outside of an acceptable level. The development of this assay was initiated when ISIS 353512 targeting the messenger ribonucleic acid for human C-reactive protein (CRP) was tested in a phase I clinical trial, in which healthy human volunteers unexpectedly experienced increases in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CRP. This level of immune stimulation was not anticipated following rodent and nonhuman primate safety studies in which no evidence of exaggerated proinflammatory effects were observed. The IL-6 increase induced by ISIS 353512 was caused by activation of B cells. The IL-6 induction was inhibited by chloroquine pretreatment of PBMCs and the nature of ASOs suggested that the response is mediated by a Toll-like receptor (TLR), in all likelihood TLR9. While assessing the inter PBMC donor variability, two classes of human PBMC responders to ISIS 353512 were identified (discriminator and nondiscriminators). The discriminator donor PBMCs were shown to produce low level of IL-6 after 24 h in culture, in the absence of ASO treatment. The PBMC assay using discriminator donors was shown to be reproducible, allowing to assess reliably the immune potential of ASOs by comparison to known benchmark ASO controls that were previously shown to be either safe or inflammatory in clinical trials. Clinical Trial registration numbers: NCT00048321 NCT00330330 NCT00519727.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd Machemer
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - T Jesse Kwoh
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Suzanne Paz
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Husam Younis
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Scott P Henry
- IONIS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
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21
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Wang Y, Chen-Mayfield TJ, Li Z, Younis MH, Cai W, Hu Q. Harnessing DNA for immunotherapy: Cancer, infectious diseases, and beyond. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2112273. [PMID: 36304724 PMCID: PMC9595111 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of immunotherapy, low response rates, poor therapeutic outcomes and severe side effects still limit their implementation, making the augmentation of immunotherapy an important goal for current research. DNA, which has principally been recognized for its functions of encoding genetic information, has recently attracted research interest due to its emerging role in immune modulation. Inspired by the intrinsic DNA-sensing signaling that triggers the host defense in response to foreign DNA, DNA or nucleic acid-based immune stimulators have been used in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Besides that, DNA vaccines allow the synthesis of target proteins in host cells, subsequently inducing recognition of these antigens to provoke immune responses. On this basis, researchers have designed numerous vehicles for DNA and nucleic acid delivery to regulate immune systems. Additionally, DNA nanostructures have also been implemented as vaccine delivery systems to elicit strong immune responses against pathogens and diseased cells. This review will introduce the mechanism of harnessing DNA-mediated immunity for the prevention and treatment of diseases, summarize recent progress, and envisage their future applications and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Ting-Jing Chen-Mayfield
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Zhaoting Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Muhsin H. Younis
- Department of Radiology and Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Weibo Cai
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Department of Radiology and Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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22
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Liu C, Yang M, Li L, Luo S, Yang J, Li C, Liu H, Sun L. A Glimpse of Inflammation and Anti-Inflammation Therapy in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:909569. [PMID: 35874522 PMCID: PMC9298824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.909569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and a major cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The pathogenesis of DKD is very complex and not completely understood. Recently, accumulated evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies has demonstrated that inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis and the development of DKD. It has been well known that a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and related signaling pathways are involved in the procession of DKD. Additionally, some anti-hyperglycemic agents and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) that are effective in alleviating the progression of DKD have anti-inflammatory properties, which might have beneficial effects on delaying the progression of DKD. However, there is currently a lack of systematic overviews. In this review, we focus on the novel pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in the development of DKD, including the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (TLRs/MyD88) signaling pathway, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways, inflammasome activation, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release as well as hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1) signaling pathway. We also discuss the related anti-inflammation mechanisms of metformin, finerenone, sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and traditional Chinese medicines (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongbin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South Unibersity, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South Unibersity, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South Unibersity, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
| | - Shilu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South Unibersity, Changsha, China
| | - Jinfei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South Unibersity, Changsha, China
| | - Chenrui Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South Unibersity, Changsha, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases & Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South Unibersity, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, China
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23
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Liu B, Jin Y, Yang J, Han Y, Shan H, Qiu M, Zhao X, Liu A, Jin Y, Yin Y. Extracellular vesicles from lung tissue drive bone marrow neutrophil recruitment in inflammation. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12223. [PMID: 35595717 PMCID: PMC9122834 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are single-membrane vesicles that play an essential role in long-range intercellular communications. EV investigation has been explored largely through cell-culture systems, but it remains unclear how physiological EVs exert homeostatic or pathological functions in vivo. Here, we report that lung EVs promote chemotaxis of neutrophils in bone marrow through delivery of double stranded DNA (dsDNA). We have identified and characterized EVs containing dsDNA collected from both human and murine lung tissues using newly developed approaches. Our analysis of EV proteomics together with single-cell RNA sequencing data reveals that type II alveolar epithelial cells are the main source of the lung EVs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the lung EVs accumulate in bone marrow and enhance neutrophil recruitment under inflammation conditions. Moreover, lung EV-DNA stimulates neutrophils to release the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 via DNA-TLR9 signalling. Our findings establish a molecular basis of lung EVs in enhancement of host immune response to bacterial infection and provide new insights into understanding of vesicle-mediated systematic communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumour Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumour Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumour Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Han
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumour Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Shan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mantang Qiu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumour Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Anhang Liu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumour Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumour Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumour Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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24
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Mohamed FEZ, Jalan R, Minogue S, Andreola F, Habtesion A, Hall A, Winstanley A, Damink SO, Malagó M, Davies N, Luong TV, Dhillon A, Mookerjee R, Dhar D, Al-Jehani RM. Inhibition of TLR7 and TLR9 Reduces Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Proliferation and Tumor Development. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1806-1821. [PMID: 33939146 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in innate immunity and modulation of TLR signaling has been demonstrated to profoundly affect proliferation and growth in different types of cancer. However, the role of TLRs in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. AIMS We set out to determine if TLRs play any role in ICCs which could potentially make them useful treatment targets. METHODS Tissue microarrays containing samples from 9 human ICCs and normal livers were examined immunohistochemically for TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 expression. Proliferation of human ICC cell line HuCCT1 was measured by MTS assay following treatment with CpG-ODN (TLR9 agonist), imiquimod (TLR7 agonist), chloroquine (TLR7 and TLR9 inhibitor) and IRS-954 (TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist). The in vivo effects of CQ and IRS-954 on tumor development were also examined in a NOD-SCID mouse xenograft model of human ICC. RESULTS TLR4 was expressed in all normal human bile duct epithelium but absent in the majority (60%) of ICCs. TLR7 and TLR9 were expressed in 80% of human ICCs. However, TLR7 was absent in all cases of normal human bile duct epithelium and only one was TLR9 positive. HuCCT1 cell proliferation in vitro significantly increased following IMQ or CpG-ODN treatment (P < 0.03 and P < 0.002, respectively) but decreased with CQ (P < 0.02). In the mouse xenograft model there was significant reduction in size of tumors from CQ and IRS-954 treated mice compared to untreated controls. CONCLUSION TLR7 and TLR9 should be further explored for their potential as actionable targets in the treatment of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma El Zahraa Mohamed
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,Pathology Department, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Shane Minogue
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Fausto Andreola
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Abeba Habtesion
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Hall
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alison Winstanley
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Steven Olde Damink
- Academic Department of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Massimo Malagó
- Academic Department of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nathan Davies
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tu Vinh Luong
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amar Dhillon
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rajeshwar Mookerjee
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Dipok Dhar
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rajai Munir Al-Jehani
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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25
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Ghosh CC, Heatherton KR, Connell KPO, Alexander IS, Greer DA, LaPorte J, Guha P, Cox BF, Katz SC. Regional infusion of a class C TLR9 agonist enhances liver tumor microenvironment reprogramming and MDSC reduction to improve responsiveness to systemic checkpoint inhibition. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1854-1865. [PMID: 35697801 PMCID: PMC9750861 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand in response to malignancy and suppress responsiveness to immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs). Within the liver, MDSCs have unique immunosuppressive features. While TLR9 agonists have shown promising activities in enhancing CPI responsiveness in superficial tumors amenable to direct needle injection, clinical success for liver tumors with TLR9 agonists has been limited by delivery challenges. Here, we report that regional intravascular infusion of ODN2395 into mice with liver metastasis (LM) partially eliminated liver MDSCs and reprogrammed residual MDSC. TLR9 agonist regional infusion also induced an increase in the M1/M2 macrophage ratio. Enhanced TLR9 signaling was demonstrated by an increased activation of in NFκB (pP65) and production of IL6 compared with systemic infusion. Further, PBMC-derived human MDSCs express TLR9, and treatment with class C TLR9 agonists (ODN2395 and SD101) reduced the expansion of MDSC population. TLR9 stimulation induced MDSC apoptosis and increased the M1/M2 macrophage ratio. Regional TLR9 agonist infusion along with systemic anti-PD-1 therapy improved control of LM. With effective delivery, TLR9 agonists have the potential to favorably reprogram the liver TME through reduction of MDSCs and favorable macrophage polarization, which may improve responsiveness to systemic CPI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra C. Ghosh
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA ,TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA
| | - Kara R. Heatherton
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA
| | - Kyle P. O’ Connell
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA
| | - Ian S. Alexander
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA ,TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Deborah A. Greer
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA
| | - Jason LaPorte
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA ,TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA
| | - Prajna Guha
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA ,TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA ,grid.239424.a0000 0001 2183 6745Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Bryan F. Cox
- TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA
| | - Steven C. Katz
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA ,TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA ,grid.239424.a0000 0001 2183 6745Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA USA ,grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Department of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI USA
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26
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Cao X, Cordova AF, Li L. Therapeutic Interventions Targeting Innate Immune Receptors: A Balancing Act. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3414-3458. [PMID: 34870969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is an organism's first line of defense against an onslaught of internal and external threats. The downstream adaptive immune system has been a popular target for therapeutic intervention, while there is a relative paucity of therapeutics targeting the innate immune system. However, the innate immune system plays a critical role in many human diseases, such as microbial infection, cancer, and autoimmunity, highlighting the need for ongoing therapeutic research. In this review, we discuss the major innate immune pathways and detail the molecular strategies underpinning successful therapeutics targeting each pathway as well as previous and ongoing efforts. We will also discuss any recent discoveries that could inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies. As our understanding of the innate immune system continues to develop, we envision that therapies harnessing the power of the innate immune system will become the mainstay of treatment for a wide variety of human diseases.
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27
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Gao F, Liu J, Lu M, Liu Z, Wang M, Ke X, Yi M, Cao J. Nile tilapia Toll-like receptor 7 subfamily: Intracellular TLRs that recruit MyD88 as an adaptor and activate the NF-κB pathway in the immune response. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104173. [PMID: 34144119 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) subfamily members are important pattern recognition receptors that participate in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In the present study, three TLR family members, OnTLR7, OnTLR8 and OnTLR9, were identified in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. TLR7-, TLR8-and TLR9-deduced proteins have typical structural characteristics of TLRs, including Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and transmembrane region (TM). OnTLR7, OnTLR8 and OnTLR9 were broadly expressed in all of the tissues tested, with the highest expression levels in the brain (TLR7) and spleen (TLR8 and TLR9). Moreover, the expression levels of OnTLR7, OnTLR8 and OnTLR9 were significantly increased in most tested tissues after Streptococcus agalactiae infection in vivo. After LPS stimulation, OnTLR7 and OnTLR9 mRNA expression levels were downregulated in the intestine and upregulated in the liver, spleen and kidney; however, OnTLR8 mRNA expression levels were upregulated in the kidney only after LPS stimulation for 5 d. After Poly I:C stimulation, OnTLR7 and OnTLR9 mRNA expression levels were upregulated in the intestine, liver, spleen and kidney, and the highest expression was found in the liver, while OnTLR8 mRNA expression levels were upregulated in the intestine, liver and kidney and downregulated in the spleen. Subcellular localization of OnTLR7, OnTLR8, and OnTLR9 in 293T cells showed that OnTLR9 was distributed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus while OnTLR8 and OnTLR7 were distributed mainly in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of OnTLR7, OnTLR8 and OnTLR9 in 293T cells had no significant effect on the activity of NF-κB, but they could significantly enhance MyD88-mediated NF-κB activity after cotransfection with MyD88. Pulldown assays showed that OnTLR7, OnTLR8, and OnTLR9 could interact with OnMyD88. Taken together, these results indicate that TLR7 subfamily genes play a role in the immune response to pathogen invasion of Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Gao
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Maixin Lu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
| | - Miao Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Ke
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Yi
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
| | - Jianmeng Cao
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou, 510380, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
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28
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Itagaki K, Riça I, Konecna B, Kim HI, Park J, Kaczmarek E, Hauser CJ. Role of Mitochondria-Derived Danger Signals Released After Injury in Systemic Inflammation and Sepsis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1273-1290. [PMID: 33847158 PMCID: PMC8905257 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Sepsis is a major public health concern, with high mortality and morbidity, especially among patients undergoing trauma. It is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) occurring in response to infection. Although classically associated with pathogens, many patients with SIRS do not have infection. The variability of the disease course cannot be fully explained by our current understanding of its pathogenesis. Thus, other factors are likely to play key roles in the development and progression of SIRS/sepsis. Recent Advances: Circulating levels of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) seem to correlate with SIRS/sepsis morbidity and mortality. Of the known DAMPs, those of mitochondrial (mt) origin have been of particular interest, since their DNA (mtDNA) and formyl peptides (mtFPs) resemble bacterial DNA and peptides, and hence, when released, may be recognized as "danger signals." Critical Issues: mtDAMPs released after tissue injury trigger immune responses similar to those induced by pathogens. Thus, they can result in systemic inflammation and organ damage, similar to that observed in SIRS/sepsis. We will discuss recent findings on the roles of mtDAMPs, particularly regarding the less recognized mtFPs, in the activation of inflammatory responses and development of SIRS/sepsis. Future Directions: There are no established methods to predict the course of SIRS/sepsis, but clinical studies reveal that plasma levels of mtDAMPs may correlate with the outcome of the disease. We propose that non-pathogen-initiated, mtDAMPs-induced SIRS/sepsis events need further studies aimed at early clinical recognition and better treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Itagaki
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ingred Riça
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbora Konecna
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hyo In Kim
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elzbieta Kaczmarek
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carl J Hauser
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Baculovirus Vectors Induce the Production of Interferons in Swine: Their Potential in the Development of Antiviral Strategies. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110278. [PMID: 34822651 PMCID: PMC8617851 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The huge variety of viruses affecting swine represents a global threat. Since vaccines against highly contagious viruses last several days to induce protective immune responses, antiviral strategies for rapid control of outbreak situations are needed. The baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), an insect virus, has been demonstrated to be an effective vaccine vector for mammals. Besides the ability to display or transduce heterologous antigens, it also induces strong innate immune responses and provides IFN-mediated protection against lethal challenges with viruses like foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in mice. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of AcMNPV to induce IFN production and elicit antiviral activity in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Our results demonstrated that AcMNPV induced an IFN-α-mediated antiviral activity in PBMCs in vitro. Moreover, the inoculation of AcMNPV in piglets led to the production of type I and II IFNs in sera from inoculated animals and antiviral activities against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and FMDV measured by in vitro assays. Finally, it was demonstrated that the pseudotyping of AcMNPV with VSV-G protein, but not the enrichment of the AcMNPV genome with specific immunostimulatory CpG motifs for the porcine TLR9, improved the ability to induce IFN-α production in PBMCs in vitro. Together, these results suggest that AcMNPV is a promising tool for the induction of IFNs in antiviral strategies, with the potential to be biotechnologically improved.
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Lasola JJM, Cottingham AL, Scotland BL, Truong N, Hong CC, Shapiro P, Pearson RM. Immunomodulatory Nanoparticles Mitigate Macrophage Inflammation via Inhibition of PAMP Interactions and Lactate-Mediated Functional Reprogramming of NF-κB and p38 MAPK. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1841. [PMID: 34834256 PMCID: PMC8618039 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key homeostatic process involved in the body's response to a multitude of disease states including infection, autoimmune disorders, cancer, and other chronic conditions. When the initiating event is poorly controlled, severe inflammation and globally dysregulated immune responses can occur. To address the lack of therapies that efficaciously address the multiple aspects of the dysregulated immune response, we developed cargo-less immunomodulatory nanoparticles (iNPs) comprised of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with either poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or poly(ethylene-alt-maleic acid) (PEMA) as stabilizing surfactants and investigated the mechanisms by which they exert their inherent anti-inflammatory effects. We identified that iNPs leverage a multimodal mechanism of action by physically interfering with the interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦs). Additionally, we showed that iNPs mitigate proinflammatory cytokine secretions induced by LPS via a time- and composition-dependent abrogation of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation. Lastly, inhibition studies were performed to establish the role of a pH-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR68, on contributing to the activity of iNPs. These data provide evidence for the multimodal mechanism of action of iNPs and establish their potential use as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of severe inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackline Joy Martín Lasola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Andrea L. Cottingham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.L.C.); (B.L.S.); (N.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Brianna L. Scotland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.L.C.); (B.L.S.); (N.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Nhu Truong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.L.C.); (B.L.S.); (N.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Charles C. Hong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Paul Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.L.C.); (B.L.S.); (N.T.); (P.S.)
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ryan M. Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.L.C.); (B.L.S.); (N.T.); (P.S.)
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Atalis A, Dixon JB, Roy K. Soluble and Microparticle-Based Delivery of TLR4 and TLR9 Agonists Differentially Modulate 3D Chemotaxis of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001899. [PMID: 33928762 PMCID: PMC9211062 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are commonly administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, and local immune cells, notably dendritic cells (DCs), play a significant role in transporting vaccine antigens and adjuvants to draining lymph nodes. Here, it is compared how soluble and biomaterial-mediated delivery of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-targeted adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA, TLR4 ligand) and 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' DNA (CpG DNA, TLR9 ligand), modulate 3D chemotaxis of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) toward lymphatic chemokine gradients. Within microfluidic devices containing 3D collagen-based matrices to mimic tissue conditions, soluble MPLA increases BMDC chemotaxis toward gradients of CCL19 and CCL21, while soluble CpG has no effect. Delivering CpG on poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microparticles (MPs) enhances BMDC chemotaxis compared to MPLA-encapsulated MPs, and when co-delivered, MPLA and CpG do not synergistically enhance BMDC migration. It is concluded that supplementing granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor-derived BMDC culture with interleukin-4 is necessary to induce CCR7 expression and chemotaxis of BMDCs. Different cell subsets in BMDC culture upregulate CCR7 in response to soluble versus biomaterial-loaded MPLA and CpG, and CCR7 expression does not consistently correlate with functional migration. The results show both adjuvant type and delivery method influence chemotaxis of DCs, and these findings uncover new directions for the rational design of vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Atalis
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing (MC3M), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Mitochondrial DNA-Mediated Inflammation in Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9985603. [PMID: 34306320 PMCID: PMC8263241 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9985603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The integrity and function of mitochondria are essential for normal kidney physiology. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been widely a concern in recent years because its abnormalities may result in disruption of aerobic respiration, cellular dysfunction, and even cell death. Particularly, aberrant mtDNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is associated with the development of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, and urinary mtDNA-CN shows the potential to be a promising indicator for clinical diagnosis and evaluation of kidney function. Several lines of evidence suggest that mtDNA may also trigger innate immunity, leading to kidney inflammation and fibrosis. In mechanism, mtDNA can be released into the cytoplasm under cell stress and recognized by multiple DNA-sensing mechanisms, including Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), cytosolic cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling, and inflammasome activation, which then mediate downstream inflammatory cascades. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of these mtDNA-sensing pathways mediating inflammatory responses and their role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury, nondiabetic chronic kidney disease, and diabetic kidney disease. In addition, we highlight targeting of mtDNA-mediated inflammatory pathways as a novel therapeutic target for these kidney diseases.
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33
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Song B, Liu D, Greco TM, Cristea IM. Post-translational modification control of viral DNA sensors and innate immune signaling. Adv Virus Res 2021; 109:163-199. [PMID: 33934827 PMCID: PMC8489191 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate innate immune system confers host cells with mechanisms to protect against both evolutionarily ancient pathogens and newly emerging pathogenic strains. Innate immunity relies on the host cell's ability to distinguish between self and pathogen-derived molecules. To achieve this, the innate immune system uses germline encoded receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize various molecular signatures, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, glycans and glycolipids. Among these molecules, the recognition of pathogenic, mislocalized, or damaged DNA by cellular protein receptors, commonly called DNA sensors, represents a major surveillance pathway for initiating immune signaling. The ability of cells to temporally regulate DNA sensor activation and subsequent signal termination is critical for effective immune signaling. These same mechanisms are also co-opted by pathogens to promote their replication. Therefore, there is significant interest in understanding DNA sensor regulatory networks during microbial infections and autoimmune disease. One emerging aspect of DNA sensor regulation is through post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, ADP-ribosylation, SUMOylation, methylation, deamidation, glutamylation. In this chapter, we discuss how PTMs have been shown to positively or negatively impact DNA sensor functions via diverse mechanisms, including direct regulation of enzymatic activity, protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, protein translocations and protein turnover. In addition, we highlight the ability of virus-induced PTMs to promote immune evasion. We also discuss the recent evidence linking PTMs on DNA sensors with human diseases and more broadly, highlight promising directions for future research on PTM-mediated regulation of DNA sensor-dependent immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokai Song
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States.
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34
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Kelly SH, Cossette BJ, Varadhan AK, Wu Y, Collier JH. Titrating Polyarginine into Nanofibers Enhances Cyclic-Dinucleotide Adjuvanticity in Vitro and after Sublingual Immunization. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:1876-1888. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean H. Kelly
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Cossette
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ajay K. Varadhan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yaoying Wu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Joel H. Collier
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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35
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Zhou J, Deng GM. The role of bacterial DNA containing CpG motifs in diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:991-998. [PMID: 33527516 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1220-748rrrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs can activate immune cells to release proinflammatory cytokines. Here, the role of bacterial DNA containing CpG motifs in diseases with a focus on arthritis is discussed. Our studies demonstrate that the intraarticular injection of bacterial DNA and oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) induced arthritis. The induction of arthritis involves the role of macrophages over other cells such as neutrophils, NK cells, and lymphocytes. TNF-α and TNFRI play an important role in the development of arthritis. NF-κB also plays a critical regulatory role in arthritis. Systemic anti-inflammatory treatment, along with antibiotic therapy, has beneficial effects on the course and the outcome of bacterial arthritis. Thus, future treatment strategies for bacterial arthritis should include attempts to minimizing bacterial growth while blocking the proinflammatory effects of the bacterial DNA. Significant therapeutic efficiency has also been shown by CpG ODN-mediated Th1 immune activation in mouse models of cancer, infectious disease, and allergy/asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Min Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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36
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Mielcarska MB, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Toka FN. Cell Surface Expression of Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors-A Necessity or a Superfluous Duplication? Front Immunol 2021; 11:620972. [PMID: 33597952 PMCID: PMC7882679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely and precise delivery of the endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to the ligand recognition site is a critical event in mounting an effective antimicrobial immune response, however, the same TLRs should maintain the delicate balance of avoiding recognition of self-nucleic acids. Such sensing is widely known to start from endosomal compartments, but recently enough evidence has accumulated supporting the idea that TLR-mediated signaling pathways originating in the cell membrane may be engaged in various cells due to differential expression and distribution of the endosomal TLRs. Therefore, the presence of endosomal TLRs on the cell surface could benefit the host responses in certain cell types and/or organs. Although not fully understood why, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 may occur both in the cell membrane and intracellularly, and it seems that activation of the immune response can be initiated concurrently from these two sites in the cell. Furthermore, various forms of endosomal TLRs may be transported to the cell membrane, indicating that this may be a normal process orchestrated by cysteine proteases-cathepsins. Among the endosomal TLRs, TLR3 belongs to the evolutionary distinct group and engages a different protein adapter in the signaling cascade. The differently glycosylated forms of TLR3 are transported by UNC93B1 to the cell membrane, unlike TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. The aim of this review is to reconcile various views on the cell surface positioning of endosomal TLRs and add perspective to the implication of such receptor localization on their function, with special attention to TLR3. Cell membrane-localized TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 may contribute to endosomal TLR-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways. Dissecting this signaling axis may serve to better understand mechanisms influencing endosomal TLR-mediated inflammation, thus determine whether it is a necessity for immune response or simply a circumstantial superfluous duplication, with other consequences on immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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37
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Genovese I, Vezzani B, Danese A, Modesti L, Vitto VAM, Corazzi V, Pelucchi S, Pinton P, Giorgi C. Mitochondria as the decision makers for cancer cell fate: from signaling pathways to therapeutic strategies. Cell Calcium 2020; 92:102308. [PMID: 33096320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As pivotal players in cellular metabolism, mitochondria have a double-faceted role in the final decision of cell fate. This is true for all cell types, but it is even more important and intriguing in the cancer setting. Mitochondria regulate cell fate in many diverse ways: through metabolism, by producing ATP and other metabolites deemed vital or detrimental for cancer cells; through the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, especially by the joint participation of the endoplasmic reticulum in a membranous tethering system for Ca2+ signaling called mitochondria-ER associated membranes (MAMs); and by regulating signaling pathways involved in the survival of cancer cells such as mitophagy. Recent studies have shown that mitochondria can also play a role in the regulation of inflammatory pathways in cancer cells, for example, through the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) involved in the activation of the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway. In this review, we aim to explore the role of mitochondria as decision makers in fostering cancer cell death or survival depending on the tumor cell stage and describe novel anticancer therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Genovese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bianca Vezzani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Danese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Modesti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Angela Maria Vitto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Virginia Corazzi
- ENT & Audiology Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Pelucchi
- ENT & Audiology Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Karapetyan L, Luke JJ, Davar D. Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists in Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10039-10060. [PMID: 33116588 PMCID: PMC7553670 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly located intracellularly in immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen-presenting cells (APC). The primary ligands for TLR9 receptors are unmethylated cytidine phosphate guanosine (CpG) oligodinucleotides (ODN). TLR9 agonists induce inflammatory processes that result in the enhanced uptake and killing of microorganisms and cancer cells as well as the generation of adaptive immune responses. Preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists suggested efficacy both as monotherapy and in combination with several agents, which led to clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. In these studies, intravenous, intratumoral, and subcutaneous routes of administration have been tested; with anti-tumor responses in both treated and untreated metastatic sites. TLR9 agonist monotherapy is safe, although efficacy is minimal in advanced cancer patients; conversely, combinations appear to be more promising. Several ongoing phase I and II clinical trials are evaluating TLR9 agonists in combination with a variety of agents including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy agents. In this review article, we describe the distribution, structure and signaling of TLR9; discuss the results of preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists; and review ongoing clinical trials of TLR9 agonists singly and in combination in patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Karapetyan
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diwakar Davar
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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39
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Justina VD, Giachini FR, Sullivan JC, Webb RC. Toll-Like Receptors Contribute to Sex Differences in Blood Pressure Regulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 76:255-266. [PMID: 32902942 PMCID: PMC7751064 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate immune system, and recently, they have been shown to be involved in the regulation of blood pressure. The incidence of hypertension is higher in men, and it increases in postmenopausal women. In fact, premenopausal women are protected from cardiovascular disease compared with age-matched men, and it is well established that this protective effect is lost with menopause. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this protection in women are unknown. Whether or not it could be related to differential activation of the innate immune system remains to be elucidated. This review focuses on (1) the differences between men and women in TLR activation and (2) whether TLR activation may influence the regulation of blood pressure in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dela Justina
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R. Giachini
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences and Health, Universidad Federal De Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garcas, Brazil
| | - Jennifer C. Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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Trinh TA, Hoang TX, Kim JY. All-trans retinoic acid increases NF-κB activity in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells upon unmethylated CpG challenge by enhancing cell surface TLR9 expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 473:167-177. [PMID: 32638255 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An active metabolite of vitamin A, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), is known to exert immunomodulatory functions. This study investigates the possible immune potentiating effect of ATRA on NF-κB activity in human monocytic THP-1 cells after exposure to unmethylated CpG DNA ODN2006. We observed that challenge with ODN2006 significantly enhanced the NF-κB activity of PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells. ATRA synergistically enhanced NF-κB activity of cells, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The enhanced NF-κB activity of PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells after ODN2006 challenge was dependent on the RAR/RXR pathway. To determine the mechanism involved in increasing in the NF-κB activity of stimulated THP-1 cells, we examined the effects of PMA and ATRA on the expression of TLR9 (a receptor of ODN2006) in THP-1 cells. PMA treatment significantly enhanced both the intracellular and cell surface expression of TLR9, while ATRA alone showed no effect. However, ATRA synergistically enhanced the cell surface TLR9 expression of PMA-differentiated cells. To determine whether the ATRA-enhanced NF-κB activity is due to the enhanced cell surface TLR9 expression, we examined NF-κB activity after treatment with anti-TLR9 blocking antibody. Results revealed that the anti-TLR9 antibody treatment almost completely reverses the ATRA-enhanced NF-κB activity, suggesting that ATRA enhances NF-κB activity through upregulation of the cell surface TLR9 expression in PMA-differentiated and unmethylated CpG challenged THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam-Anh Trinh
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Kyeonggi-Do, 461-701, Korea
| | - Thi Xoan Hoang
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Kyeonggi-Do, 461-701, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Kyeonggi-Do, 461-701, Korea.
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41
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Banerjee M, Huang Y, Joshi S, Popa GJ, Mendenhall MD, Wang QJ, Garvy BA, Myint T, Whiteheart SW. Platelets Endocytose Viral Particles and Are Activated via TLR (Toll-Like Receptor) Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1635-1650. [PMID: 32434410 PMCID: PMC7316618 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thrombocytopenia is associated with many viral infections suggesting virions interact with and affect platelets. Consistently, viral particles are seen inside platelets, and platelet activation markers are detected in viremic patients. In this article, we sought mechanistic insights into these virion/platelet interactions by examining how platelets endocytose, traffic, and are activated by a model virion. Approach and Results: Using fluorescently tagged HIV-1 pseudovirions, 3-dimensional structured illumination microscopy, and transgenic mouse models, we probed the interactions between platelets and virions. Mouse platelets used known endocytic machinery, that is, dynamin, VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)-3, and Arf6 (ADP-ribosylation factor 6), to take up and traffic HIV-1 pseudovirions. Endocytosed HIV-1 pseudovirions trafficked through early (Rab4+) and late endosomes (Rab7+), and then to an LC3+ (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3) compartment. Incubation with virions induced IRAK4 (interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4), Akt (protein kinase B), and IKK (IκB kinase) activation, granule secretion, and platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation. This activation required TLRs (Toll-like receptors) and MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88) but was less extensive and slower than activation with thrombin. In vivo, HIV-1 pseudovirions injection led to virion uptake and platelet activation, as measured by IKK activation, platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation, and mild thrombocytopenia. All were decreased in VAMP-3-/- and, megakaryocyte/platelet-specific, Arf6-/- mice. Similar platelet activation profiles (increased platelet-leukocyte aggregates, plasma platelet factor 4, and phospho-IκBα) were detected in newly diagnosed and antiretroviral therapy-controlled HIV-1+ patients. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data provide mechanistic insights into the cell biology of how platelets endocytose and process virions. We propose a mechanism by which platelets sample the circulation and respond to potential pathogens that they take up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Banerjee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yunjie Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Smita Joshi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Lexington VA Health Care System, Lexington, KY
| | - Gabriel J. Popa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Michael D. Mendenhall
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Qing Jun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Beth A. Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Thein Myint
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bluegrass Care Clinic, Kentucky Clinic, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sidney W. Whiteheart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Lexington VA Health Care System, Lexington, KY
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42
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Nanoparticle delivery of immunostimulatory oligonucleotides enhances response to checkpoint inhibitor therapeutics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13428-13436. [PMID: 32493746 PMCID: PMC7306768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001569117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of a wide array of cancers, but their utility remains limited to a subset of patients with favorable disease phenotypes. We show that the generation of peptide-based nanocomplexes carrying immunostimulatory oligonucleotides dramatically increases the potency of certain of these compounds to stimulate toll-like receptor signaling. The administration of immunostimulatory nanocomplexes carrying CpG oligonucleotides generates antitumor effects and enhances the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor antibody therapy in mouse models of cancer, and the nanocomplex formulation enables drastic reductions in the dose required to generate therapeutic effects. The recent advent of immune checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) antibodies has revolutionized many aspects of cancer therapy, but the efficacy of these breakthrough therapeutics remains limited, as many patients fail to respond for reasons that still largely evade understanding. An array of studies in human patients and animal models has demonstrated that local signaling can generate strongly immunosuppressive microenvironments within tumors, and emerging evidence suggests that delivery of immunostimulatory molecules into tumors can have therapeutic effects. Nanoparticle formulations of these cargoes offer a promising way to maximize their delivery and to enhance the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors. We developed a modular nanoparticle system capable of encapsulating an array of immunostimulatory oligonucleotides that, in some cases, greatly increase their potency to activate inflammatory signaling within immune cells in vitro. We hypothesized that these immunostimulatory nanoparticles could suppress tumor growth by activating similar signaling in vivo, and thereby also improve responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody therapies. We found that our engineered nanoparticles carrying a CpG DNA ligand of TLR9 can suppress tumor growth in several animal models of various cancers, resulting in an abscopal effect on distant tumors, and improving responsiveness to anti-CTLA4 treatment with combinatorial effects after intratumoral administration. Moreover, by incorporating tumor-homing peptides, immunostimulatory nucleotide-bearing nanoparticles facilitate antitumor efficacy after systemic intravenous (i.v.) administration.
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43
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Riley JS, Tait SW. Mitochondrial DNA in inflammation and immunity. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49799. [PMID: 32202065 PMCID: PMC7132203 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that orchestrate a vast range of biological processes, from energy production and metabolism to cell death and inflammation. Despite this seemingly symbiotic relationship, mitochondria harbour within them a potent agonist of innate immunity: their own genome. Release of mitochondrial DNA into the cytoplasm and out into the extracellular milieu activates a plethora of different pattern recognition receptors and innate immune responses, including cGAS‐STING, TLR9 and inflammasome formation leading to, among others, robust type I interferon responses. In this Review, we discuss how mtDNA can be released from the mitochondria, the various inflammatory pathways triggered by mtDNA release and its myriad biological consequences for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Riley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen Wg Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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44
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Tohme M, Maisonneuve L, Achour K, Dussiot M, Maschalidi S, Manoury B. TLR7 trafficking and signaling in B cells is regulated by the MHCII-associated invariant chain. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.236711. [PMID: 32079661 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an endosomal receptor that recognizes single-stranded RNA from viruses. Its trafficking and activation is regulated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone UNC93B1 and lysosomal proteases. UNC93B1 also modulates major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) antigen presentation, and deficiency in MHCII protein diminishes TLR9 signaling. These results indicate a link between proteins that regulate both innate and adaptive responses. Here, we report that TLR7 resides in lysosomes and interacts with the MHCII-chaperone molecule, the invariant chain (Ii) or CD74, in B cells. In the absence of CD74, TLR7 displays both ER and lysosomal localization, leading to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, stimulation with TLR7 but not TLR9, is inefficient in boosting antigen presentation in Ii-deficient cells. In contrast, in B cells lacking TLR7 or mutated for UNC93B1, which are able to trigger TLR7 activation, antigen presentation is enhanced. This suggests that TLR7 signaling in B cells is controlled by the Ii chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Tohme
- Nkarta Therapeutics, South San Fransisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lucie Maisonneuve
- Institut Necker Enfant Malade, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, 75015 Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de médecine, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Karim Achour
- Institut de recherche Servier, 3 rue de la république, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Michaël Dussiot
- Institut Imagine, INSERM U1163, CNRS ERL 8254, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sophia Maschalidi
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, UGent-VIB Research Building FSVM, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfant Malade, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, 75015 Paris, France .,Université de Paris, Faculté de médecine, 75015 Paris, France
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45
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Mitochondrial DNA: A Key Regulator of Anti-Microbial Innate Immunity. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010086. [PMID: 31940818 PMCID: PMC7017290 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few years, mitochondrial DNA has attained much attention as a modulator of immune responses. Due to common evolutionary origin, mitochondrial DNA shares various characteristic features with DNA of bacteria, as it consists of a remarkable number of unmethylated DNA as 2′-deoxyribose cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) islands. Due to this particular feature, mitochondrial DNA seems to be recognized as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern by the innate immune system. Under the normal physiological situation, mitochondrial DNA is enclosed in the double membrane structure of mitochondria. However, upon pathological conditions, it is usually released into the cytoplasm. Growing evidence suggests that this cytosolic mitochondrial DNA induces various innate immune signaling pathways involving NLRP3, toll-like receptor 9, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling, which participate in triggering downstream cascade and stimulating to produce effector molecules. Mitochondrial DNA is responsible for inflammatory diseases after stress and cellular damage. In addition, it is also involved in the anti-viral and anti-bacterial innate immunity. Thus, instead of entire mitochondrial importance in cellular metabolism and energy production, mitochondrial DNA seems to be essential in triggering innate anti-microbial immunity. Here, we describe existing knowledge on the involvement of mitochondrial DNA in the anti-microbial immunity by modulating the various immune signaling pathways.
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46
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Gruber EJ, Leifer CA. Molecular regulation of TLR signaling in health and disease: mechano-regulation of macrophages and TLR signaling. Innate Immun 2020; 26:15-25. [PMID: 31955624 PMCID: PMC6974875 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919838322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells encounter tissues with vastly different biochemical and physical characteristics. Much of the research emphasis has focused on the role of cytokines and chemokines in regulating immune cell function, but the role of the physical microenvironment has received considerably less attention. The tissue mechanics, or stiffness, of healthy tissues varies dramatically from soft adipose tissue and brain to stiff cartilage and bone. Tissue mechanics also change due to fibrosis and with diseases such as atherosclerosis or cancer. The process by which cells sense and respond to their physical microenvironment is called mechanotransduction. Here we review mechanotransduction in immunologically important diseases and how physical characteristics of tissues regulate immune cell function, with a specific emphasis on mechanoregulation of macrophages and TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- From the Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH (C.G.M.)
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.G.)
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, GA (R.C.W.)
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48
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Badami S, Thanislass J, Barathiraja S, Anitha T, Upadhyaya I, Kumar Mukhopadhyay H. Identification of single nucleotide variations in the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) gene and its association to mastitis susceptibility in dairy cattle. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1502233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharanabasav Badami
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, Kurumbapet, India
| | - Jacob Thanislass
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, Kurumbapet, India
| | - Singaram Barathiraja
- Contract Faculty, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, Kurumbapet, India
| | - Tamilmani Anitha
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, Kurumbapet, India
| | - Indu Upadhyaya
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Hirak Kumar Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Puducherry, Kurumbapet, India
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49
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Zhan FB, Tan K, Song X, Yu J, Wang WM. Isolation and expression of four Megalobrama amblycephala toll-like receptor genes in response to a bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:1028-1040. [PMID: 31430559 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a category of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and participate in the immune responses. We identified tlr5a, tlr5b, tlr9 and tlr21 from the genome of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). All four tlrs were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues. After an immune bacterial challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, their expressionwas up-regulated in lymphoid organs and tissues. Recombinant eukaryotic plasmid pEGFP-N1 was transfected into the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) EPC (epithelioma papulosum cyprini) cells for the purpose of subcellular localization. pcDNA3.1(+) recombinant eukaryotic plasmid was used to investigate the effects of overexpression of tlrs on the expression of downstream interferon-associated immune factors. The four Tlrs were distributed in the cytoplasm of transfected cells and appeared as filamentous or reticular. The expression of irf3, irf7, isg15, mx1, pkr and viperin at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h post-transfection in transfected EPC cells was quantified by qPCR. Overexpression of tlrs upregulated the expression of viperin, isg15, irf3, irf7, mx1 and pkr (in that order of magnitude). We also cloned the following promoters of irfs: Irf1-p, irf2-p, irf6-p, irf7-p, irf8-p and irf9-p. Results of the dual luciferase reporter assay suggested that tlr5a, tlr5b and tlr9 enhanced the activities of irf7-p, while tlr5b enhanced the activities of irf1-p and irf7-p. This suggests that they all play a role in the innate immunity. The experiments also indicated that TLRs activate irf3 or irf7 signaling to induce IFN secretion and subsequent upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes. These results indicate that tlrs and irfs play an important immune role in response to A. hydrophila infection in blunt snout bream, and pave the way for further studies of immune mechanisms mediated by TLRs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Bin Zhan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kianann Tan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoran Song
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiongying Yu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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50
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Murakami S, Morimoto N, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Molecular characterization and expression of the teleost cytosolic DNA sensor genes cGAS, LSm14A, DHX9, and DHX36 in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 99:103402. [PMID: 31141705 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous cytosolic DNA sensors (CDSs), which are very important for recognizing cytosolic dsDNA derived from intracellular viruses and bacteria, exist in mammals. However, teleost CDSs are poorly understood. In this study, four CDSs, including the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), Sm-like protein 14 homolog A (LSm14A), DEAH-box helicase (DHX) 9, and DHX36 genes were identified in Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, and their expression patterns were elucidated. The expression of these genes was upregulated in the intestines and kidney of CpG-ODN-stimulated medaka. The cGAS and LSm14A genes were significantly induced in the intestines, kidney, and spleen of formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda-treated medaka; the DHX9 and DHX36 genes were not. cGAS gene expression was induced only in the intestines of live E. tarda-treated medaka. These results suggest that the transcription of four CDS genes of medaka responds to dsDNA stimulation, and cGAS is probably more important for the immune response against E. tarda infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Murakami
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Natsuki Morimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
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