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Marrodan M, Farez MF, Balbuena Aguirre ME, Correale J. Obesity and the risk of Multiple Sclerosis. The role of Leptin. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 8:406-424. [PMID: 33369280 PMCID: PMC7886048 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of leptin on different T-cell populations, in order to gain more insight into the link between leptin and obesity. METHODS Three hundred and nine RRMS patients and 322 controls participated in a cross-sectional survey, to confirm whether excess weight/obesity in adolescence or early adulthood increased the risk of MS. Serum leptin levels were determined by ELISA. MBP83-102 , and MOG63-87 peptide-specific T cells lines were expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Leptin receptor expression was measured by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Bcl-2, p-STAT3, pERK1/2, and p27kip1 expression were assayed using ELISA, and apoptosis induction was determined by Annexin V detection. Cytokines were assessed by ELISPOT and ELISA, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) by flow cytometry. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis, showed excess weight at age 15, and obesity at 20 years of age increased MS risk (OR = 2.16, P = 0.01 and OR = 3.9, P = 0.01). Leptin levels correlated with BMI in both groups. The addition of Leptin increased autoreactive T-cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis induction, and promoted proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Obese patients produced more proinflammatory cytokines compared to overweight/normal/underweight subjects. Inverse correlation was found between leptin levels and circulating Treg cells (r = -0.97, P < 0.0001). Leptin inhibited Treg proliferation. Effects of leptin on CD4+ CD25- effector T cells were mediated by increased STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and down modulation of the cell cycle inhibitor P27kip1 . In contrast, leptin effects on Tregs resulted from decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and upregulation of p27kip1 . INTERPRETATION Leptin promotes autoreactive T-cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, but inhibits Treg-cell proliferation.
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Rohrs JA, Siegler EL, Wang P, Finley SD. ERK Activation in CAR T Cells Is Amplified by CD28-Mediated Increase in CD3ζ Phosphorylation. iScience 2020; 23:101023. [PMID: 32325413 PMCID: PMC7178546 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are engineered receptors that mediate T cell activation. CARs are comprised of activating and co-stimulatory intracellular signaling domains derived from endogenous T cells that initiate signaling required for T cell activation, including ERK activation through the MAPK pathway. Understanding the mechanisms by which co-stimulatory domains influence signaling can help guide the design of next-generation CARs. Therefore, we constructed an experimentally validated computational model of anti-CD19 CARs in T cells bearing the CD3ζ domain alone or in combination with CD28. We performed a systematic analysis to explore the different mechanisms of CD28 co-stimulation on the ERK response time. Comparing these model simulations with experimental data indicates that CD28 primarily influences ERK activation by enhancing the phosphorylation kinetics of CD3ζ. Overall, we present a mechanistic mathematical modeling framework that can be used to gain insights into the mechanism of CAR T cell activation and produce new testable hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Inderberg EM, Mensali N, Oksvold MP, Fallang LE, Fåne A, Skorstad G, Stenvik GE, Progida C, Bakke O, Kvalheim G, Myklebust JH, Wälchli S. Human c-SRC kinase (CSK) overexpression makes T cells dummy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:525-536. [PMID: 29248956 PMCID: PMC11028372 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells represents a powerful method to redirect the immune system against tumours. However, although TCR recognition is restricted to a specific peptide-MHC (pMHC) complex, increasing numbers of reports have shown cross-reactivity and off-target effects with severe consequences for the patients. This demands further development of strategies to validate TCR safety prior to clinical use. We reasoned that the desired TCR signalling depends on correct pMHC recognition on the outside and a restricted clustering on the inside of the cell. Since the majority of the adverse events are due to TCR recognition of the wrong target, we tested if blocking the signalling would affect the binding. By over-expressing the c-SRC kinase (CSK), a negative regulator of LCK, in redirected T cells, we showed that peripheral blood T cells inhibited anti-CD3/anti-CD28-induced phosphorylation of ERK, whereas TCR proximal signalling was not affected. Similarly, overexpression of CSK together with a therapeutic TCR prevented pMHC-induced ERK phosphorylation. Downstream effector functions were also almost completely blocked, including pMHC-induced IL-2 release, degranulation and, most importantly, target cell killing. The lack of effector functions contrasted with the unaffected TCR expression, pMHC recognition, and membrane exchange activity (trogocytosis). Therefore, co-expression of CSK with a therapeutic TCR did not compromise target recognition and binding, but rendered T cells incapable of executing their effector functions. Consequently, we named these redirected T cells "dummy T cells" and propose to use them for safety validation of new TCRs prior to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marit Inderberg
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Mensali
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten P Oksvold
- Section for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anne Fåne
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gjertrud Skorstad
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - June H Myklebust
- Section for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sébastien Wälchli
- Section for Cellular Therapy, Department for Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, PO Box 4953, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Section for Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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4
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Josefsson SE, Huse K, Kolstad A, Beiske K, Pende D, Steen CB, Inderberg EM, Lingjærde OC, Østenstad B, Smeland EB, Levy R, Irish JM, Myklebust JH. T Cells Expressing Checkpoint Receptor TIGIT Are Enriched in Follicular Lymphoma Tumors and Characterized by Reversible Suppression of T-cell Receptor Signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:870-881. [PMID: 29217528 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: T cells infiltrating follicular lymphoma (FL) tumors are considered dysfunctional, yet the optimal target for immune checkpoint blockade is unknown. Characterizing coinhibitory receptor expression patterns and signaling responses in FL T-cell subsets might reveal new therapeutic targets.Experimental Design: Surface expression of 9 coinhibitory receptors governing T-cell function was characterized in T-cell subsets from FL lymph node tumors and from healthy donor tonsils and peripheral blood samples, using high-dimensional flow cytometry. The results were integrated with T-cell receptor (TCR)-induced signaling and cytokine production. Expression of T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) ligands was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results: TIGIT was a frequently expressed coinhibitory receptor in FL, expressed by the majority of CD8 T effector memory cells, which commonly coexpressed exhaustion markers such as PD-1 and CD244. CD8 FL T cells demonstrated highly reduced TCR-induced phosphorylation (p) of ERK and reduced production of IFNγ, while TCR proximal signaling (p-CD3ζ, p-SLP76) was not affected. The TIGIT ligands CD112 and CD155 were expressed by follicular dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment. Dysfunctional TCR signaling correlated with TIGIT expression in FL CD8 T cells and could be fully restored upon in vitro culture. The costimulatory receptor CD226 was downregulated in TIGIT+ compared with TIGIT- CD8 FL T cells, further skewing the balance toward immunosuppression.Conclusions: TIGIT blockade is a relevant strategy for improved immunotherapy in FL. A deeper understanding of the interplay between coinhibitory receptors and key T-cell signaling events can further assist in engineering immunotherapeutic regimens to improve clinical outcomes of cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 24(4); 870-81. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Josefsson
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kanutte Huse
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Kolstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus Beiske
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniela Pende
- Immunology Laboratory, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Chloé B Steen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ole Christian Lingjærde
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Computer Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Østenstad
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend B Smeland
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jonathan M Irish
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - June H Myklebust
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Rzepecka J, Siebeke I, Coltherd JC, Kean DE, Steiger CN, Al-Riyami L, McSharry C, Harnett MM, Harnett W. The helminth product, ES-62, protects against airway inflammation by resetting the Th cell phenotype. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:211-23. [PMID: 23291461 PMCID: PMC3584281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated inhibition of ovalbumin-induced allergic airway hyper-responsiveness in the mouse using ES-62, a phosphorylcholine-containing glycoprotein secreted by the filarial nematode, Acanthocheilonema viteae. This inhibition correlated with ES-62-induced mast cell desensitisation, although the degree to which this reflected direct targeting of mast cells remained unclear as suppression of the Th2 phenotype of the inflammatory response, as measured by eosinophilia and IL-4 levels in the lungs, was also observed. We now show that inhibition of the lung Th2 phenotype is reflected in ex vivo analyses of draining lymph node recall cultures and accompanied by a decrease in the serum levels of total and ovalbumin-specific IgE. Moreover, ES-62 also suppresses the lung infiltration by neutrophils that is associated with severe asthma and is generally refractory to conventional anti-inflammatory therapies, including steroids. Protection against Th2-associated airway inflammation does not reflect induction of regulatory T cell responses (there is no increased IL-10 or Foxp3 expression) but rather a switch in polarisation towards increased Tbet expression and IFNγ production. This ES-62-driven switch in the Th1/Th2 balance is accompanied by decreased IL-17 responses, a finding in line with reports that IFNγ and IL-17 are counter-regulatory. Consistent with ES-62 mediating its effects via IFNγ-mediated suppression of pathogenic Th2/Th17 responses, we found that neutralising anti-IFNγ antibodies blocked protection against airway inflammation in terms of pro-inflammatory cell infiltration, particularly by neutrophils, and lung pathology. Collectively, these studies indicate that ES-62, or more likely small molecule analogues, could have therapeutic potential in asthma, in particular for those subtypes of patients (e.g. smokers, steroid-resistant) who are refractory to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rzepecka
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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Lee SR, Rutan JA, Monteith AJ, Jones SZ, Kang SA, Krum KN, Kilmon MA, Roques JR, Wagner NJ, Clarke SH, Vilen BJ. Receptor cross-talk spatially restricts p-ERK during TLR4 stimulation of autoreactive B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3859-68. [PMID: 22984080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To maintain tolerance, autoreactive B cells must regulate signal transduction from the BCR and TLRs. We recently identified that dendritic cells and macrophages regulate autoreactive cells during TLR4 activation by releasing IL-6 and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L). These cytokines selectively repress Ab secretion from autoreactive, but not antigenically naive, B cells. How IL-6 and sCD40L repress autoantibody production is unknown. In this work, we show that IL-6 and sCD40L are required for low-affinity/avidity autoreactive B cells to maintain tolerance through a mechanism involving receptor cross-talk between the BCR, TLR4, and the IL-6R or CD40. We show that acute signaling through IL-6R or CD40 integrates with chronic BCR-mediated ERK activation to restrict p-ERK from the nucleus and represses TLR4-induced Blimp-1 and XBP-1 expression. Tolerance is disrupted in 2-12H/MRL/lpr mice where IL-6 and sCD40L fail to spatially restrict p-ERK and fail to repress TLR4-induced Ig secretion. In the case of CD40, acute signaling in B cells from 2-12H/MRL/lpr mice is intact, but the chronic activation of p-ERK emanating from the BCR is attenuated. Re-establishing chronically active ERK through retroviral expression of constitutively active MEK1 restores tolerance upon sCD40L, but not IL-6, stimulation, indicating that regulation by IL-6 requires another signaling effector. These data define the molecular basis for the regulation of low-affinity autoreactive B cells during TLR4 stimulation; they explain how autoreactive but not naive B cells are repressed by IL-6 and sCD40L; and they identify B cell defects in lupus-prone mice that lead to TLR4-induced autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ryul Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Takahashi H, Ruiz P, Ricordi C, Delacruz V, Miki A, Mita A, Misawa R, Barker S, Burke GW, Tzakis AG, Ichii H. Quantitative in situ analysis of FoxP3+ T regulatory cells on transplant tissue using laser scanning cytometry. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:113-25. [PMID: 21929847 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x586747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that immune cells infiltrating into a transplanted organ play a critical role for destructive inflammatory or regulatory immune reactions. Quantitative in situ analysis (i.e., in tissue sections) of immune cells remains challenging due to a lack of objective methodology. Laser scanning cytometry (LSC) is an imaging-based methodology that performs quantitative measurements on fluorescently and/ or chromatically stained tissue or cellular specimens at a single-cell level. In this study, we have developed a novel objective method for analysis of immune cells, including Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs), on formalin-fixed /paraffin-embedded (FFPE) transplant biopsy sections using iCys® Research Imaging Cytometer. The development of multiple immunofluorescent staining was established using FFPE human tonsil sample. The CD4/CD8 ratio and the population of Tregs among CD4(+) cells were analyzed using iCys and compared with the results from conventional flow cytometry analysis (FCM). Our multiple immunofluorescent staining techniques allow obtaining clear staining on FFPE sections. The CD4/CD8 ratio analyzed by iCys was concordant with those obtained by FCM. This method was also applicable for liver, small intestine, kidney, pancreas, and heart transplant biopsy sections and provide an objective quantification of Tregs within the grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Takahashi
- Miami Transplant Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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McGrath MA, Morton AM, Harnett MM. Laser scanning cytometry: capturing the immune system in situ. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 102:231-60. [PMID: 21704841 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374912-3.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, it has not been possible to image and functionally correlate the key molecular and cellular events underpinning immunity and tolerance in the intact immune system. Certainly, the field has been revolutionized by the advent of tetramers to identify physiologically relevant specificities of T cells, and the introduction of models in which transgenic T-cell receptor and/or B-cell receptor-bearing lymphocytes are adoptively transferred into normal mice and can then be identified by clonotype-specific antibodies using flow cytometry in vitro, or immunohistochemistry ex vivo. However, these approaches do not allow for quantitative analysis of the precise anatomical, phenotypic, signaling, and functional parameters required for dissecting the development of immune responses in health and disease in vivo. Traditionally, assessment of signal transduction pathways has required biochemical or molecular biological analysis of isolated and highly purified subsets of immune system cells. Inevitably, this creates potential artifacts and does not allow identification of the key signaling events for individual cells present in their microenvironment in situ. These difficulties have now been overcome by new methodologies in cell signaling analysis that are sufficiently sensitive to detect signaling events occurring in individual cells in situ and the development of technologies such as laser scanning cytometry that provide the tools to analyze physiologically relevant interactions between molecules and cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system within their natural environmental niche in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi A McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Doherty M, Osborne DG, Browning DL, Parker DC, Wetzel SA. Anergic CD4+ T cells form mature immunological synapses with enhanced accumulation of c-Cbl and Cbl-b. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3598-608. [PMID: 20207996 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell recognition of MHC:peptide complexes in the context of a costimulatory signal results in the large-scale redistribution of molecules at the T cell-APC interface to form the immunological synapse. The immunological synapse is the location of sustained TCR signaling and delivery of a subset of effector functions. T cells activated in the absence of costimulation are rendered anergic and are hyporesponsive when presented with Ag in the presence of optimal costimulation. Several previous studies have looked at aspects of immunological synapses formed by anergic T cells, but it remains unclear whether there are differences in the formation or composition of anergic immunological synapses. In this study, we energized primary murine CD4(+) T cells by incubation of costimulation-deficient, transfected fibroblast APCs. Using a combination of TCR, MHC:peptide, and ICAM-1 staining, we found that anergic T cells make mature immunological synapses with characteristic central and peripheral supramolecular activation cluster domains that were indistinguishable from control synapses. There were small increases in total phosphotyrosine at the anergic synapse along with significant decreases in phosphorylated ERK 1/2 accumulation. Most striking, there was specific accumulation of c-Cbl and Cbl-b to the anergic synapses. Cbl-b, previously shown to be essential in anergy induction, was found in both the central and the peripheral supramolecular activation clusters of the anergic synapse. This Cbl-b (and c-Cbl) accumulation at the anergic synapse may play an important role in anergy maintenance, induction, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Doherty
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Kasten KR, Goetzman HS, Reid MR, Rasper AM, Adediran SG, Robinson CT, Cave CM, Solomkin JS, Lentsch AB, Johannigman JA, Caldwell CC. Divergent adaptive and innate immunological responses are observed in humans following blunt trauma. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:4. [PMID: 20100328 PMCID: PMC2823662 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response to trauma has traditionally been modeled to consist of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) followed by the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS). We investigated these responses in a homogenous cohort of male, severe blunt trauma patients admitted to a University Hospital surgical intensive care unit (SICU). After obtaining consent, peripheral blood was drawn up to 96 hours following injury. The enumeration and functionality of both myeloid and lymphocyte cell populations were determined. RESULTS Neutrophil numbers were observed to be elevated in trauma patients as compared to healthy controls. Further, neutrophils isolated from trauma patients had increased raft formation and phospho-Akt. Consistent with this, the neutrophils had increased oxidative burst compared to healthy controls. In direct contrast, blood from trauma patients contained decreased naïve T cell numbers. Upon activation with a T cell specific mitogen, trauma patient T cells produced less IFN-gamma as compared to those from healthy controls. Consistent with these results, upon activation, trauma patient T cells were observed to have decreased T cell receptor mediated signaling. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that following trauma, there are concurrent and divergent immunological responses. These consist of a hyper-inflammatory response by the innate arm of the immune system concurrent with a hypo-inflammatory response by the adaptive arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Kasten
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0558, USA
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Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin disrupts TCR signaling in CD1d-restricted NKT cells leading to functional anergy. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000588. [PMID: 19779559 PMCID: PMC2742733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous CD1d-binding glycolipid (alpha-Galactosylceramide, alpha-GC) stimulates TCR signaling and activation of type-1 natural killer-like T (NKT) cells. Activated NKT cells play a central role in the regulation of adaptive and protective immune responses against pathogens and tumors. In the present study, we tested the effect of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (LT) on NKT cells both in vivo and in vitro. LT is a binary toxin known to suppress host immune responses during anthrax disease and intoxicates cells by protective antigen (PA)-mediated intracellular delivery of lethal factor (LF), a potent metalloprotease. We observed that NKT cells expressed anthrax toxin receptors (CMG-2 and TEM-8) and bound more PA than other immune cell types. A sub-lethal dose of LT administered in vivo in C57BL/6 mice decreased expression of the activation receptor NKG2D by NKT cells but not by NK cells. The in vivo administration of LT led to decreased TCR-induced cytokine secretion but did not affect TCR expression. Further analysis revealed LT-dependent inhibition of TCR-stimulated MAP kinase signaling in NKT cells attributable to LT cleavage of the MAP kinase kinase MEK-2. We propose that Bacillus anthracis-derived LT causes a novel form of functional anergy in NKT cells and therefore has potential for contributing to immune evasion by the pathogen.
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Shults K, Flye L, Green L, Daly T, Manro JR, Lahn M. Patient-derived acute myeloid leukemia (AML) bone marrow cells display distinct intracellular kinase phosphorylation patterns. Cancer Manag Res 2009; 1:49-59. [PMID: 21188123 PMCID: PMC3004659 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s5611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiparametric analyses of phospho-protein activation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) offers a quantitative measure to monitor the activity of novel intracellular kinase (IK) inhibitors. As recent clinical investigation with FMS-like tyrosine-3 inhibitors demonstrated, targeting IK with selective inhibitors can have a modest clinical benefit. Because multiple IKs are active in patients with AML, multikinase inhibitors may provide the necessary inhibition profile to achieve a more sustained clinical benefit. We here describe a method of assessing the activation of several IKs by flow cytometry. In 40 different samples of patients with AML we observed hyper-activated phospho-proteins at baseline, which is modestly increased by adding stem cell factor to AML cells. Finally, AML cells had a significantly different phospho-protein profile compared with cells of the lymphocyte gate. In conclusion, our method offers a way to determine the activation status of multiple kinases in AML and hence is a reliable assay to evaluate the pharmacodynamic activity of novel multikinase inhibitors.
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Norambuena A, Metz C, Vicuña L, Silva A, Pardo E, Oyanadel C, Massardo L, González A, Soza A. Galectin-8 induces apoptosis in Jurkat T cells by phosphatidic acid-mediated ERK1/2 activation supported by protein kinase A down-regulation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12670-9. [PMID: 19276072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808949200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins have been implicated in T cell homeostasis playing complementary pro-apoptotic roles. Here we show that galectin-8 (Gal-8) is a potent pro-apoptotic agent in Jurkat T cells inducing a complex phospholipase D/phosphatidic acid signaling pathway that has not been reported for any galectin before. Gal-8 increases phosphatidic signaling, which enhances the activity of both ERK1/2 and type 4 phosphodiesterases (PDE4), with a subsequent decrease in basal protein kinase A activity. Strikingly, rolipram inhibition of PDE4 decreases ERK1/2 activity. Thus Gal-8-induced PDE4 activation releases a negative influence of cAMP/protein kinase A on ERK1/2. The resulting strong ERK1/2 activation leads to expression of the death factor Fas ligand and caspase-mediated apoptosis. Several conditions that decrease ERK1/2 activity also decrease apoptosis, such as anti-Fas ligand blocking antibodies. In addition, experiments with freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, previously stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, show that Gal-8 is pro-apoptotic on activated T cells, most likely on a subpopulation of them. Anti-Gal-8 autoantibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus block the apoptotic effect of Gal-8. These results implicate Gal-8 as a novel T cell suppressive factor, which can be counterbalanced by function-blocking autoantibodies in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Norambuena
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Fluorescence-based assays as tools for understanding immunologic processes. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 102:84-90. [PMID: 19205291 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Garside P, Brewer JM. Real-time imaging of the cellular interactions underlying tolerance, priming, and responses to infection. Immunol Rev 2008; 221:130-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Morton AM, McManus B, Garside P, Mowat AM, Harnett MM. Inverse Rap1 and Phospho-ERK Expression Discriminate the Maintenance Phase of Tolerance and Priming of Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:8026-34. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bandyopadhyay G, De A, Laudanski K, Li F, Lentz C, Bankey P, Miller-Graziano C. Negative signaling contributes to T-cell anergy in trauma patients. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:794-801. [PMID: 17255857 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000256847.61085.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maintenance of postinjury T-lymphocyte immune paralysis or anergy could result from failure to activate costimulatory receptors during T-cell receptor activation and/or from chronic stimulation of a competing set of elevated corepressor receptors. Our objective was to assess whether elevated posttrauma T-lymphocyte surface expression of corepressor receptors was associated with immunodepressed lymphocyte responses and corresponded to increased inhibitory and decreased activating signal transduction molecules. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING University trauma intensive care unit and research laboratory. PATIENTS Sixty-one severe thermal and mechanical trauma patients. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Isolated trauma patients' and controls' peripheral blood T cells were assayed for negative and positive costimulation receptor expression. These receptor expression levels were compared (flow cytometry) between the two groups and correlated to T-cell levels of inhibitory and activating signal transduction molecules and proliferation capacity. Patients' proliferation hyporesponsive (anergic) T cells had increased expression of novel inhibitory receptors (corepressors) PD-1 (p < .05) and CD47 (p < .05) vs. patients' T-cell proliferation competent or controls' T cells. Patients' T-cell CD152 (CTLA-4) expression was also elevated vs. controls. Only patients' anergic T cells had simultaneously increased levels of the inhibitory signal transduction proteins, c-Cbl, a ubiquitin-ligase (p < .01) and SHP-1, a phosphatase (p < .01), concomitant to depressed phosphorylation of the activating signal kinases Erk, Zap70, and CD3Euro. T-cell receptor complex phosphorylation and activation of the interleukin-2 pivotal transcriptional complex protein CREB were also simultaneously depressed as c-Cbl and SHP-1 were elevated. CONCLUSIONS Up-regulated corepressor receptor expression is novelly shown to characterize trauma patients' anergic T cells and correlate with predominance of inhibitory overactivating signal transduction molecules during T-cell stimulation. This could contribute to postinjury immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Rochester, NY, USA
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Yamamoto T, Hattori M, Yoshida T. Induction of T-cell activation or anergy determined by the combination of intensity and duration of T-cell receptor stimulation, and sequential induction in an individual cell. Immunology 2007; 121:383-91. [PMID: 17376194 PMCID: PMC2265954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that anergic T cells have important roles in peripheral tolerance, although the precise mechanism for inducing anergy is still unclear. We analysed the kinetics of anergy induction at an individual cell level by flow cytometry. We first successfully obtained T helper type 1 (Th1) cells that had been made uniform with the level of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production induced by antigen stimulation. We then used these Th1 cells to evaluate the degree of anergy for each Th1 cell treated with an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody according to the level of IFN-gamma secretion. Our results demonstrate that anergic stimulation could induce both activation and anergy, depending on the duration and intensity of stimulation at the level of an individual cell. Each Th1 cell was first activated and then gradually became anergic depending on the duration of stimulation. The duration of the stimulus required for inducing anergy became shorter as the intensity of stimulation became stronger. We also show that the calcineurin signal controlled the induction of activation or anergy depending on the activity. This study contributes to better understanding of the precise mechanism for inducing T-cell anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Batten P, Sarathchandra P, Antoniw JW, Tay SS, Lowdell MW, Taylor PM, Yacoub MH. Human mesenchymal stem cells induce T cell anergy and downregulate T cell allo-responses via the TH2 pathway: relevance to tissue engineering human heart valves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2263-73. [PMID: 16968166 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To generate an ''off the shelf'' tissue-engineered heart valve, the cells would need to be of allogeneic origin. Here, we report the possibility of using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a suitable allogeneic cell source for tissue-engineered heart valves. Proliferative responses of primary and primed CD4+ T cells to allogeneic MSCs were examined. A protein microarray system was used to detect soluble factors from supernatants collected from the T cell assays. MSCs are poor stimulators of primary and primed CD4+ T cell proliferation, despite provision of B7-1 trans-co-stimulation. MSCs not only directly inhibited primary and primed T cell responses to allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but 24-h pre-culture of T cells with MSCs suppressed subsequent T cell proliferative responses to allogeneic PBMCs in a contact-dependent manner. Analysis of supernatants revealed a distinctly different cytokine profile after co-culture of T cells with MSCs than with PBMCs or endothelial cells. Pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokines interleukin (IL)-1alpha and beta, interferon (IFN)gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha were downregulated, whereas, anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokines IL-3, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 and the Th2 chemokine I-309, a chemoattractant for regulatory T cells, were upregulated. Further analysis revealed that after co-culture with MSCs, the T cells exhibited a regulatory phenotype (CD4+ CD25(lo) CD69(lo) FoxP3+). MSCs downregulate T cell responses through direct contact and secretion of anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines, which may involve the recruitment of regulatory T cells. This implies that allogeneic MSCs could be a suitable cell source for tissue engineering a heart valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa Batten
- Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London at Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
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Rush CM, Mitchell TJ, Burke B, Garside P. Dissecting the components of the humoral immune response elicited by DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2006; 24:776-84. [PMID: 16198029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although DNA vaccines appear to be efficient at inducing strong cellular immune responses, a number of questions remain regarding their ability to induce humoral immunity. The essential components for generating an antibody response include B and T cell recognition of antigen, subsequent activation, clonal expansion of each lymphocyte type and migration of T cells into B cell follicles to provide help, all leading to germinal centre formation and antibody production. We have employed a double adoptive transfer system based on ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD4+ DO11.10 T cells and hen egg lysozyme (HEL)-specific MD4 B cells to assess all of these parameters in the context of DNA vaccination in vivo. We find that vaccination with DNA constructs expressing an OVA-HEL gene fusion (encoding contiguous T and B cell epitopes) can induce T cell activation, clonal expansion and migration into B cell follicles accompanied by B cell activation, blastogenesis, expansion and antibody production. These findings show that DNA vaccination can induce all of the components required for humoral immunity and also provide a system for in depth analysis of factors that influence the development of antibody responses. Such strategies may facilitate the rational design of vaccines capable of inducing effective humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Rush
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G116NT, UK.
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Abstract
The dynamic interaction of cells of the immune system with other cells, antigens and secreted factors determines the nature of an immune response. The response of individual cells is governed by the sequence of intracellular signalling events triggered following the association of cell surface molecules during cell-cell contact or the detection of soluble molecules of host or pathogen origin. In this review we will first outline the general principles of intracellular signal transduction. We will then describe the signalling pathways triggered following the recognition of antigen, as well as the detection of cytokines, and discuss how the signalling pathways activated regulate the effector response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Goodridge
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
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Grierson AM, Mitchell P, Adams CL, Mowat AM, Brewer JM, Harnett MM, Garside P. Direct quantitation of T cell signaling by laser scanning cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2005; 301:140-53. [PMID: 15990109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Current flow cytometric technology allows quantitative assessment of surface and intracellularly expressed molecules on isolated cells. However, the need to disrupt tissues prevents correlation of phenotypic expression with anatomical location. In contrast, immunohistochemistry in conjunction with conventional or confocal microscopy allows localisation of staining, but little in the way of quantitation. The laser scanning cytometer (LSC) allows a combination of both approaches, as it can apply quantitative flow cytometric laser technology to intact tissue. The purpose of this protocol is to describe in vitro and ex vivo methods for quantifying cell signaling molecule expression and activation within antigen-specific T cells by laser scanning cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Grierson
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G11 6NT, UK.
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