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Xiu CD, Ying LX, Chun HY, Fu LJ. Advances in CD247. Scand J Immunol 2022; 96:e13170. [PMID: 35388926 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD247, which is also known as CD3ζ, CD3H, CD3Q, CD3Z, IMD25, T3Z, and TCRZ, encodes CD3ζ protein, which is expressed primarily in natural killer (NK) and T cells. Since the discovery of the ζ peptide in 1986, it has been continuously investigated. In this paper, we review the composition, molecular mechanisms and regulatory factors of CD247 expression in T cells; and review the autoimmune diseases, tumors and inflammatory diseases associated with CD247, providing a detailed and comprehensive reference for further research on the mechanism of CD247 and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen De Xiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Xian Ying
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hu Ying Chun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Jia Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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2
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Ren P, Lu L, Cai S, Chen J, Lin W, Han F. Alternative Splicing: A New Cause and Potential Therapeutic Target in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713540. [PMID: 34484216 PMCID: PMC8416054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a complex coordinated transcriptional regulatory mechanism. It affects nearly 95% of all protein-coding genes and occurs in nearly all human organs. Aberrant alternative splicing can lead to various neurological diseases and cancers and is responsible for aging, infection, inflammation, immune and metabolic disorders, and so on. Though aberrant alternative splicing events and their regulatory mechanisms are widely recognized, the association between autoimmune disease and alternative splicing has not been extensively examined. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by the loss of tolerance of the immune system towards self-antigens and organ-specific or systemic inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. In the present review, we summarized the most recent reports on splicing events that occur in the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and attempted to clarify the role that splicing events play in regulating autoimmune disease progression. We also identified the changes that occur in splicing factor expression. The foregoing information might improve our understanding of autoimmune diseases and help develop new diagnostic and therapeutic tools for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Ren
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luying Lu
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Taizhou, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Lin
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Han
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Nephropathy, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Nephropathy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Katsuyama T, Tsokos GC, Moulton VR. Aberrant T Cell Signaling and Subsets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 29868033 PMCID: PMC5967272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ debilitating autoimmune disease, which mainly afflicts women in the reproductive years. A complex interaction of genetics, environmental factors and hormones result in the breakdown of immune tolerance to "self" leading to damage and destruction of multiple organs, such as the skin, joints, kidneys, heart and brain. Both innate and adaptive immune systems are critically involved in the misguided immune response against self-antigens. Dendritic cells, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells are important in initiating antigen presentation and propagating inflammation at lymphoid and peripheral tissue sites. Autoantibodies produced by B lymphocytes and immune complex deposition in vital organs contribute to tissue damage. T lymphocytes are increasingly being recognized as key contributors to disease pathogenesis. CD4 T follicular helper cells enable autoantibody production, inflammatory Th17 subsets promote inflammation, while defects in regulatory T cells lead to unchecked immune responses. A better understanding of the molecular defects including signaling events and gene regulation underlying the dysfunctional T cells in SLE is necessary to pave the path for better management, therapy, and perhaps prevention of this complex disease. In this review, we focus on the aberrations in T cell signaling in SLE and highlight therapeutic advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vaishali R. Moulton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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4
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Hong KM, Kim HK, Park SY, Poojan S, Kim MK, Sung J, Tsao BP, Grossman JM, Rullo OJ, Woo JMP, McCurdy DK, Rider LG, Miller FW, Song YW. CD3Z hypermethylation is associated with severe clinical manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus and reduces CD3ζ-chain expression in T cells. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:467-476. [PMID: 27940592 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The importance of hypomethylation in SLE is well recognized; however, the significance of hypermethylation has not been well characterized. We screened hypermethylated marks in SLE and investigated their possible implications. Methods DNA methylation marks were screened in SLE whole-blood DNA by microarray, and two marks ( CD3Z and VHL hypermethylations) were confirmed by a methylation single-base extension method in two independent ethnic cohorts consisting of 207 SLE patients and 151 controls. The correlation with clinical manifestations and the genetic influence on those epigenetic marks were analysed. Results Two epigenetic marks, CD3Z and VHL hypermethylation, were significantly correlated with SLE: CD3Z hypermethylation (odds ratio = 7.76; P = 1.71 × 10 -13 ) and VHL hypermethylation (odds ratio = 3.77; P = 3.20 × 10 -8 ), and the increased CD3Z methylation was correlated with downregulation of the CD3ζ-chain in SLE T cells. In addition, less genetic influence on CD3Z methylation relative to VHL methylation was found in analyses of longitudinal and twin samples. Furthermore, a higher CD3Z methylation level was significantly correlated with a higher SLE disease activity index and more severe clinical manifestations, such as proteinuria, haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, whereas VHL hypermethylation was not. Conclusion CD3Z hypermethylation is an SLE risk factor that can be modified by environmental factors and is associated with more severe SLE clinical manifestations, which are related to deranged T cell function by downregulating the CD3ζ-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shiv Poojan
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Ornella J Rullo
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jennifer M P Woo
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Deborah K McCurdy
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lisa G Rider
- Department of Health and Human Services, Environmental Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frederick W Miller
- Department of Health and Human Services, Environmental Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yeong-Wook Song
- Department of Internal Medicine.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Banchereau R, Cepika AM, Banchereau J, Pascual V. Understanding Human Autoimmunity and Autoinflammation Through Transcriptomics. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:337-370. [PMID: 28142321 PMCID: PMC5937945 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomics, the high-throughput characterization of RNAs, has been instrumental in defining pathogenic signatures in human autoimmunity and autoinflammation. It enabled the identification of new therapeutic targets in IFN-, IL-1- and IL-17-mediated diseases. Applied to immunomonitoring, transcriptomics is starting to unravel diagnostic and prognostic signatures that stratify patients, track molecular changes associated with disease activity, define personalized treatment strategies, and generally inform clinical practice. Herein, we review the use of transcriptomics to define mechanistic, diagnostic, and predictive signatures in human autoimmunity and autoinflammation. We discuss some of the analytical approaches applied to extract biological knowledge from high-dimensional data sets. Finally, we touch upon emerging applications of transcriptomics to study eQTLs, B and T cell repertoire diversity, and isoform usage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacques Banchereau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030;
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas 75204; , ,
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6
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Human congenital T-cell receptor disorders. LYMPHOSIGN JOURNAL-THE JOURNAL OF INHERITED IMMUNE DISORDERS 2015. [DOI: 10.14785/lpsn-2014-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficiencies of most T-cell receptor (TCR) components (TCRID) have been reported in almost 40 patients worldwide who have also, at times, shown signs of autoimmunity. We updated their clinical, immunological, and molecular features with an emphasis on practical diagnosis, as the range of the disorder grows in complexity with new partial defects. Cellular and animal models are also reviewed and in some cases reveal their limitations for predicting TCRID immunopathology.
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7
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Naskar S, Deb SM, Kumar S, Niranjan SK, Sharma D, Sakaram D, Sharma A. Molecular characterisation of T cell receptor-zeta subunit (CD247) gene in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.822800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Takeuchi T, Suzuki K. CD247 variants and single-nucleotide polymorphisms observed in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52:1551-5. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Nagai K, Arito M, Takakuwa Y, Ooka S, Sato T, Kurokawa MS, Okamoto K, Uchida T, Suematsu N, Kato T. Altered posttranslational modification on U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 68k in systemic autoimmune diseases detected by 2D Western blot. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2028-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Nagai
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Miyamae; Kawasaki; Kanagawa; Japan
| | - Mitsumi Arito
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Miyamae; Kawasaki; Kanagawa; Japan
| | - Yukiko Takakuwa
- Division of Rheumatology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine; St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae; Kawasaki; Kanagawa; Japan
| | - Seido Ooka
- Division of Rheumatology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine; St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Miyamae; Kawasaki; Kanagawa; Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sato
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Miyamae; Kawasaki; Kanagawa; Japan
| | - Manae S. Kurokawa
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Miyamae; Kawasaki; Kanagawa; Japan
| | - Kazuki Okamoto
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Miyamae; Kawasaki; Kanagawa; Japan
| | - Teisuke Uchida
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Miyamae; Kawasaki; Kanagawa; Japan
| | - Naoya Suematsu
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Miyamae; Kawasaki; Kanagawa; Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kato
- Clinical Proteomics and Molecular Medicine; St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine; Miyamae; Kawasaki; Kanagawa; Japan
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10
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Reduced expression of TCR zeta is involved in the abnormal production of cytokines by peripheral T cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20936133 PMCID: PMC2947188 DOI: 10.1155/2010/509021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that dysfunction of T cells underlies the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We revealed that SLE T cells produced an abnormally excessive amount of IFN-γin vitro upon stimulation through TCR, and the expression level of TCR zeta was significantly reduced. The production of IFN-γ by SLE T cells was negatively correlated with the expression level of TCR zeta. This correlation was abolished when the cells were stimulated with TPA and ionomycin, which bypass TCR and introduce signals directly into the cells, but the production of IFN-γ by SLE T cells remained abnormally elevated. Taken together, these data suggest that regulatory mechanisms not only for the expression of TCR zeta but also for the production of IFN-γ were impaired in SLE T cells. These impairments may be responsible for the aberrant responses of SLE T cells and partly involved in the development of SLE.
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11
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Evsyukova I, Somarelli JA, Gregory SG, Garcia-Blanco MA. Alternative splicing in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. RNA Biol 2010; 7:462-73. [PMID: 20639696 DOI: 10.4161/rna.7.4.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a general mechanism for regulating gene expression that affects the RNA products of more than 90% of human genes. Not surprisingly, alternative splicing is observed among gene products of metazoan immune systems, which have evolved to efficiently recognize pathogens and discriminate between "self" and "non-self", and thus need to be both diverse and flexible. In this review we focus on the specific interface between alternative splicing and autoimmune diseases, which result from a malfunctioning of the immune system and are characterized by the inappropriate reaction to self-antigens. Despite the widespread recognition of alternative splicing as one of the major regulators of gene expression, the connections between alternative splicing and autoimmunity have not been apparent. We summarize recent findings connecting splicing and autoimmune disease, and attempt to find common patterns of splicing regulation that may advance our understanding of autoimmune diseases and open new avenues for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Evsyukova
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
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12
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease characterized by inappropriate response to self-antigens. Genetic, environmental and hormonal factors are believed to contribute to the development of the disease. We think of SLE pathogenesis as occurring in three phases of variable duration. A series of regulatory failures during the ontogeny of the immune system lead to the emergence of auto-reactive clones and the production of auto-antibodies (phase I). As the immune response to self-antigens broadens, the auto-antibody repertoire is enriched (phase II) and clinical manifestations eventually ensue (phase III). The final result is tissue damage that if not treated will lead to the functional failure of such important organs as the kidney and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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ZHANG X, LI Y, CHEN S, YANG L, CHEN S, WU X, ZHANG T, ZHONG J, ZHU K. The feature of clonal expansion of TCR Vβ repertoire, thymic recent output function and TCRζ chain expression in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Int J Lab Hematol 2009; 31:639-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2008.01091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Interleukin 2 and systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Kyttaris VC, Krishnan S, Tsokos GC. Systems biology in systemic lupus erythematosus: Integrating genes, biology and immune function. Autoimmunity 2009; 39:705-9. [PMID: 17178567 DOI: 10.1080/08916930601061363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overactive B cells, abnormally activated T cells and inappropriate handling of cellular debris by the innate immune system are central in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Genetic studies in SLE patients have unraveled allelic variations in genes encoding key molecules that control inter- and intra-cellular signaling and play a role in the abnormal handling of apoptotic material. Despite recent breakthroughs though, it is still unclear how exactly genes and environment interact to produce the characteristic immune dysregulation in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Warchoł T, Piotrowski P, Lianeri M, Cieślak D, Wudarski M, Hrycaj P, Lacki JK, Jagodziński PP. The CD3Z 844 T>A polymorphism within the 3'-UTR of CD3Z confers increased risk of incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 74:68-72. [PMID: 19422667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a family-based association analysis showed that the haplotype carrying a low expression of the variant CD3Z 844 T>A (rs1052231) polymorphism located in the 3'-untranslated region of CD3Z predisposes to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) incidence. We analyzed the prevalence of the CD3Z 844 T>A polymorphism in SLE patients (n = 152) and controls (n = 304) in Poland. We observed that women with the CD3Z AA and CD3Z AT genotypes exhibited a 1.845-fold increased risk of SLE [95% confidence intervals (95% CI) = 1.222-2.787, P = 0.0038]. However, we did not find an increased risk for the homozygous CD3Z AA genotype (odds ratio = 1.204, 95% CI = 0.2838-5.108, P = 1.0000). This observation confers that genetic factors causing a decreased level of CD3-zeta in T cells may predispose to SLE incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Warchoł
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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17
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Kulkarni DP, Wadia PP, Pradhan TN, Pathak AK, Chiplunkar SV. Mechanisms involved in the down-regulation of TCR zeta chain in tumor versus peripheral blood of oral cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1605-13. [PMID: 19107944 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysfunction is the hallmark of patients with oral cancer. Down-regulation of T cell receptor (TCR) zeta chain expression was observed in T cells from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. In peripheral blood, the decrease in TCR zeta chain showed an inverse correlation with the tumor stage as demonstrated by western blotting, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The mechanism of TCR zeta chain degradation in the peripheral blood involves ubiquitination and subsequent targeting of TCR zeta for degradation in the lysosome. Decreased expression of PKC theta and the subsequent decrease of TCR zeta chain transcription factor Elf-1 and its binding to DNA may contribute to the decreased/or absent TCR zeta chain transcripts in the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Oral cancer patients exhibiting TCR zeta chain defect also showed impaired lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine profile and intracellular calcium release upon stimulation with anti CD3 mAb. Our data shows that posttranslational degradation is primarily responsible for decreased TCR zeta chain expression in the peripheral blood, while a transcriptional defect is observed in the tumor compartment. The down-regulation of TCR zeta chain culminates into impaired lymphocyte responses in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakshayini P Kulkarni
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Immunology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
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18
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Li Y. Alterations in the expression pattern of TCR zeta chain in T cells from patients with hematological diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 13:267-75. [PMID: 18854088 DOI: 10.1179/102453308x343482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The TCR zeta chain, a component of the T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex, plays a significant role in the assembly of the receptor complex and in connecting antigen recognition to the intracellular signal transduction apparatus. Recently, studies have demonstrated altered expression and function of this signal transduction molecule in T cells from patients with hematological diseases. In this review, current knowledge concerning the biological feature and function of TCR zeta protein, splice variant and mutation of TCR zeta chain gene and alteration of expression pattern in hematological diseases and the related mechanism are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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19
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Moulton VR, Kyttaris VC, Juang YT, Chowdhury B, Tsokos GC. The RNA-stabilizing protein HuR regulates the expression of zeta chain of the human T cell receptor-associated CD3 complex. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20037-44. [PMID: 18505733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710434200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell dysfunction is crucial to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); however, the molecular mechanisms involved in the deficient expression of the T cell receptor-associated CD3zeta chain in SLE are not clear. SLE T cells express abnormally increased levels of an alternatively spliced isoform of CD3zeta that lacks a 562-bp region in its 3'-untranslated region (UTR). We showed previously that two adenosine/uridine-rich elements (ARE) in this splice-deleted region of CD3zeta transcript are critical for the mRNA stability and protein expression of CD3zeta. In this study we show for the first time that the mRNA-stabilizing protein HuR binds to these two ARE bearing regions of CD3zeta 3'-UTR. Knockdown of HuR resulted in decreased expression of the CD3zeta chain, whereas overexpression led to the increase of CD3zeta chain levels. Additionally, overexpression of HuR in human T cells resulted in increased mRNA stability of CD3zeta. Our results identify the 3'-UTR of CD3zeta as a novel target for the mRNA-stabilizing protein HuR. Thus, the absence of two critical AREs in the alternatively spliced CD3zeta 3'-UTR found in SLE T cells may result in decreased HuR binding, representing a possible molecular mechanism contributing to the reduced stability and expression of CD3zeta in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali R Moulton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Gorman CL, Russell AI, Zhang Z, Cunninghame Graham D, Cope AP, Vyse TJ. Polymorphisms in the CD3Z gene influence TCRzeta expression in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and healthy controls. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1060-70. [PMID: 18178846 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TCRzeta (CD247) functions as an amplification module in the TCR signaling cascade and is essential for assembly and surface expression of the TCR/CD3 complex. The TCRzeta-chain is down-regulated in many chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is unclear whether reduced TCRzeta expression is a cause or a consequence of chronic inflammatory responses. We have addressed this question by adopting a combined genetic and functional approach. We analyzed TCRzeta protein expression using a FACS-based expression index and documented considerable, but longitudinally stable, variation in TCRzeta expression in healthy individuals. The variation in TCRzeta expression was associated with polymorphisms in the CD3Z 3'-untranslated region (UTR) in SLE patients and healthy controls. Detailed mapping of the 3'-UTR revealed that the minor alleles of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in strong disequilibrium (rs1052230 and rs1052231) were the causal variants associated with low TCRzeta expression (p=0.015). Using allelic imbalance analysis, the minor alleles of these 3'-UTR SNPs were associated with one-third of the level of mRNA compared with the major allele. A family-based association analysis showed that the haplotype carrying the low-expression variants predisposes to SLE (p=0.033). This suggests that a genetically determined reduction in TCRzeta expression has functional consequences manifested by systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Gorman
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, UK.
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Tsuzaka K, Itami Y, Kumazawa C, Suzuki M, Setoyama Y, Yoshimoto K, Suzuki K, Abe T, Takeuchi T. Conservative sequences in 3'UTR of TCRzeta mRNA regulate TCRzeta in SLE T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 367:311-7. [PMID: 18177736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that T-cell receptor zeta (zeta) mRNA with a 562-bp deleted alternatively spliced 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) observed in T cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can lead to a reduction in zeta and TCR/CD3 (J. Immunol., 2003 & 2005). To determine the region in zeta mRNA 3'UTR for the regulation of zeta, zeta mRNA with 3'UTR truncations ligated into pDON-AI was used to infect murine T-cell hybridoma MA5.8 cells, which do not contain zeta. As a Western blot analysis demonstrated the importance of the regions from +871 to +950, containing conservative sequence 1 (CS1), and +1070 to +1136, containing CS2, for the production of zeta, we constructed MA5.8 mutants carrying zeta mRNA 3'UTR with deletions of these regions (DeltaCS1 and DeltaCS2 mutants). Western blot and FACS analyses showed significant reduction in the cell surface zeta and TCR/CD3 in both these mutants, and IL-2 production was decreased, compared with MA5.8 cells transfected with wild-type zeta mRNA. Furthermore, real-time PCR demonstrated the instability of zeta mRNA with 3'UTR deletions in these MA5.8 mutants. In conclusion, CS1 and CS2 may be responsible for the regulation of zeta and TCR/CD3 through the stability of zeta mRNA in SLE T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensei Tsuzaka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
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22
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Crispín JC, Tsokos GC. Novel molecular targets in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 7:256-61. [PMID: 18190888 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) display a number of biochemical abnormalities which include altered expression of key signaling molecules, heightened calcium responses, and skewed expression of transcription factors. These defects are involved in the altered behavior of SLE T cells and are probably central in the disease pathogenesis. The aim of this communication is to review the defects that have been consistently documented in SLE T cells, highlighting molecules and pathways that represent therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Crispín
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM-244, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Crispín JC, Kyttaris V, Juang YT, Tsokos GC. Systemic lupus erythematosus: new molecular targets. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66 Suppl 3:iii65-9. [PMID: 17934100 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.078493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus exhibit a notable array of defects that probably contribute to the origin and development of the disease. Such abnormalities include an abnormal response to stimulation, aberrant expression of molecules that play key roles in intracellular signalling pathways, altered transcription factor activation and binding, and skewed gene expression. The combination of these alterations leads the cell to the expression of a particular phenotype that intense research has gradually uncovered over the last years. The aim of this article is to review the findings that have allowed us to better understand the behaviour of the lupus T cell and highlight the molecules that represent potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Crispín
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, HIM-244, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Neumann D, Tschernig T, Boraschi D. Development of biologicals for the therapy of lupus erythematosus. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:1001-11. [PMID: 18034656 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.6.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease with largely unknown etiopathogenesis and no known cure. However, key steps in its pathophysiology have been recognized and targeted by specific therapeutic techniques. Human patients and murine models of lupus erythematosus manifest a wide range of immunological abnormalities. Therapeutic antibodies, which affect the activation of potentially autoreactive B cells, have been developed and are being tested in clinical trials. Preclinical studies have provided proof of concept for the feasibility and efficacy of gene therapy in human lupus erythematosus. In this article, we briefly review the clinical characteristics and immunological abnormalities of lupus erythematosus and summarize recent studies on the use of therapeutic antibodies and gene therapy for the management of human lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Neumann
- Hannover Medical School, Department for Pharmacology OE5320, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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25
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Chowdhury B, Krishnan S, Tsokos CG, Robertson JW, Fisher CU, Nambiar MP, Tsokos GC. Stability and translation of TCR zeta mRNA are regulated by the adenosine-uridine-rich elements in splice-deleted 3' untranslated region of zeta-chain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8248-57. [PMID: 17114503 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.8248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T cells display reduced expression of TCR zeta protein. Recently, we reported that in SLE T cells, the residual TCR zeta protein is predominantly derived from an alternatively spliced form that undergoes splice deletion of 562 nt (from 672 to 1233 bases) within the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of TCR zeta mRNA. The stability and translation of the alternatively spliced form of TCR zeta mRNA are low compared with that of the wild-type TCR zeta mRNA. We report that two adenosine-uridine-rich sequence elements (AREs), defined by the splice-deleted 3' UTR region, but not an ARE located upstream are responsible for securing TCR zeta mRNA stability and translation. The stabilizing effect of the splice-deleted region-defined AREs extended to the luciferase mRNA and was not cell type-specific. The findings demonstrate distinct sequences within the splice-deleted region 672 to 1233 of the 3' UTR, which regulate the transcription, mRNA stability, and translation of TCR zeta mRNA. The absence of these sequences represents a molecular mechanism that contributes to altered TCR zeta-chain expression in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabadeb Chowdhury
- Department of Cellular Injury, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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26
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Tsuzaka K, Nozaki K, Kumazawa C, Shiraishi K, Setoyama Y, Yoshimoto K, Abe T, Takeuchi T. TCRzeta mRNA splice variant forms observed in the peripheral blood T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:185-93. [PMID: 16953440 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Tyrosine phosphorylation and protein expression of the T-cell receptor zeta chain (zeta) have been reported to be significantly decreased in SLE T cells. In addition, zeta mRNA with alternatively spliced 3' untranslated region (zetamRNA/as-3'UTR) is detected predominantly in SLE T cells, and aberrant zeta mRNA accompanied by the mutations in the open reading frame including zeta mRNA lacking exon7 (zetamRNA/exon7-) is observed in SLE T cells. These zeta mRNA splice variant forms exhibit a reduction in the expression of TCR/CD3 complex and zeta protein on their cell surface due to the instability of zeta mRNA splice variant forms as well as the reduction in interleukin (IL)-2 production after stimulating with anti-CD3 antibody. Data from cDNA microarray showed that 36 genes encoding cytokines and chemokines, including IL-2, IL-15, IL-18, and TGF-beta2, were down-regulated in the MA5.8 cells transfected with the zeta mRNA splice variant forms. Another 16 genes were up-regulated and included genes associated with membranous proteins and cell damage granules, including the genes encoding poliovirus-receptor-related 2, syndecan-1, and granzyme A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensei Tsuzaka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8550, Japan.
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27
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Gorman C, Vyse T, Cope A. What does the immunogenetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis teach us about the immunobiology of the disease? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2006; 2:717-25. [PMID: 20477627 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.5.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease in which, although the exact etiology is unknown, the contribution from genetic factors is approximately 60%. major histocompatibility complex alleles make the largest contribution to this genetic effect. The remainder is probably made up of an, as yet undefined, number of genes ( approximately 50-200) with low disease penetrance. Recent advances in genetic technology are now enabling us to start to identify some of these more moderate risk-conferring candidate genes. Evidence from functional studies of such genes is beginning to provide insight into the exact nature of the pathways and processes involved in disease susceptibility and expression. In this review, we will discuss how a growing number of genetic polymorphisms might underpin the immunological and molecular anomalies characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis. Specifically, we will focus on one particular pathway, T-cell activation, with an emphasis on the genetic polymorphism that influences antigen presentation and recognition in antigen-presenting cells, as well as those genes that influence the thresholds of antigen-receptor signaling in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gorman
- Imperial College London, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, UK
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28
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Katsiari CG, Tsokos GC. Systemic lupus erythematosus: From disease pathogenesis to therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Seko Y, Cole S, Kasprzak W, Shapiro BA, Ragheb JA. The role of cytokine mRNA stability in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2006; 5:299-305. [PMID: 16782553 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-17 play an important role in the pathogenesis of cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Cytokine gene expression is tightly regulated at the post-transcriptional level. Cytokine mRNA decay is dependent not only upon cis-elements in the RNA but also upon trans-acting factors such as the RNA binding proteins TTP, HuR, AUF-1, Nucleolin and YB-1. Physiologic signals, for instance signaling through the CD28 receptor on T cells, can modulate the half-life of a select subset of cytokine mRNAs, such as IL-2. Distinct cis- and trans-acting elements in human and mouse IL-2 mRNA may account for the different pattern of CD28-mediated mRNA stabilization in these two species. TTP-deficient mice or mice with a deletion of the TNF-alpha mRNA ARE element develop a complex inflammatory syndrome that is associated with a prolonged TNF-alpha mRNA half-life and elevated levels of circulating TNF-alpha. This syndrome can be prevented by treatment with TNF-alpha blocking antibodies. Evidence from mice with altered cytokine mRNA stability, along with human data, suggests that imbalance between the stability and decay of inflammatory cytokine mRNAs could represent a basic mechanism leading to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Seko
- Laboratory of Immunology, The National Eye Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10N112, 10 Center Dr. MSC-1857, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Tsuzaka K, Nozaki K, Kumazawa C, Shiraishi K, Setoyama Y, Yoshimoto K, Suzuki K, Abe T, Takeuchi T. DNA microarray gene expression profile of T cells with the splice variants of TCRzeta mRNA observed in systemic lupus erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:949-56. [PMID: 16393980 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that the TCRzeta mRNA with alternatively spliced 3' UTR (zeta mRNA/as-3'-untranslated region (UTR)) and zeta mRNA lacking exon 7 (zeta mRNA/exon 7-) observed in systemic lupus erythematosus patient T cells can lead to down-regulation of both zeta and TCR/CD3 complexes. To determine whether these T cells expressing decreased zeta exhibit differential transcription patterns, we transfected retrovirus vectors containing wild-type zeta cDNA, zeta cDNA/as-3' UTR, and zeta cDNA/exon 7- into murine T cell hybridoma MA5.8 cells which lack zeta expression to construct the MA5.8 mutants WT, AS3' UTR, and EX7-, respectively. FACS analyses demonstrated reduced cell surface expression of zeta and TCR/CD3 complexes on the AS3' UTR mutant and the EX7- mutant in comparison to that on the WT mutant. Total RNA was collected after stimulating the MA5.8 mutants with anti-CD3 Ab. Reverse-transcribed cDNA was applied to the mouse cDNA microarray containing 8691 genes, and the results were confirmed by real-time PCR. The results showed that 36 genes encoding cytokines and chemokines, including IL-2, IL-15, IL-18, and TGF-beta2, were down-regulated in both the AS3' UTR mutant and the EX7- mutant. Another 16 genes were up-regulated in both, and included genes associated with membranous proteins and cell damage granules, including the genes encoding poliovirus receptor-related 2, syndecan-1, and granzyme A. Increased protein expression of these genes was confirmed by Western blot and FACS analyses. Identification of these responsive genes in T cells in which the zeta and TCR/CD3 complexes were down-regulated may help to better understand the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensei Tsuzaka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan.
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