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Wang K, Chen X, Jin C, Mo J, Jiang H, Yi B, Chen X. A novel immune-related genes prognosis biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:675-693. [PMID: 33260154 PMCID: PMC7834986 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is closely associated with the immune microenvironment. To identify the effective population before administering treatment, the establishment of prognostic immune biomarkers is crucial for early HCC diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS A total of 335 IRGs identified from 788 overlapping IRGs were associated with the survival of HCC. A prognostic immunoscore model was identified. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves and time-dependent ROC analysis revealed a powerful prognostic performance of immunoscore signature via multi validation. Besides, the immunoscore signature exhibited a better predictive power compared to other prognostic signatures. Gene set enrichment analysis showed multiple signaling differences between the high and low immunoscore group. Furthermore, immunoscore was significantly associated with multiple immune cells and immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS We identified the immunoscore as a robust marker for predicting HCC patient survival. METHODS Three sets of immune-related genes (IRGs) were integrated to identify the overlapping IRGs. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed to obtain the survival-related IRGs. Further, the prognostic immunoscore model was constructed via LASSO-penalized Cox regression analysis. Then the prognostic performance of immunoscore was evaluated. In addition, ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms were applied to explore the relationship between immunoscore and tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Anesthesia Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Chong Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jinggang Mo
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Cardio-Vascular Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
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2
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Wang Z, Vaughan TY, Zhu W, Chen Y, Fu G, Medrzycki M, Nishio H, Bunting ST, Hankey-Giblin PA, Nusrat A, Parkos CA, Wang D, Wen R, Bunting KD. Gab2 and Gab3 Redundantly Suppress Colitis by Modulating Macrophage and CD8 + T-Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:486. [PMID: 30936879 PMCID: PMC6431666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a multi-factorial chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract prognostically linked to CD8+ T-cells, but little is known about their mechanism of activation during initiation of colitis. Here, Grb2-associated binding 2/3 adaptor protein double knockout mice (Gab2/3−/−) were generated. Gab2/3−/− mice, but not single knockout mice, developed spontaneous colitis. To analyze the cellular mechanism, reciprocal bone marrow (BM) transplantation demonstrated a Gab2/3−/− hematopoietic disease-initiating process. Adoptive transfer showed individual roles for macrophages and T-cells in promoting colitis development in vivo. In spontaneous disease, intestinal intraepithelial CD8+ but much fewer CD4+, T-cells from Gab2/3−/− mice with rectal prolapse were more proliferative. To analyze the molecular mechanism, reduced PI3-kinase/Akt/mTORC1 was observed in macrophages and T-cells, with interleukin (IL)-2 stimulated T-cells showing increased pSTAT5. These results illustrate the importance of Gab2/3 collectively in signaling responses required to control macrophage and CD8+ T-cell activation and suppress chronic colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Wang
- Division of Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tamisha Y Vaughan
- Division of Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Wandi Zhu
- Division of Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yuhong Chen
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Guoping Fu
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Magdalena Medrzycki
- Division of Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hikaru Nishio
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Silvia T Bunting
- Department of Pathology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pamela A Hankey-Giblin
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Demin Wang
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Renren Wen
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kevin D Bunting
- Division of Hem/Onc/BMT, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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3
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Fu H, Ward EJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Mechanisms of T cell organotropism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3009-33. [PMID: 27038487 PMCID: PMC4951510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Jayne Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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4
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Hu S, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Jin D, Zhang X, Gu S, Jia H, Chen X, Zhang Z, Jin Q, Ke Y, Liu H. Growth factor receptor bound protein 2-associated binder 2, a scaffolding adaptor protein, negatively regulates host immunity against tuberculosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:575-85. [PMID: 24805943 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0329oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity is indispensable for host protection against tuberculosis (TB). Growth factor receptor bound protein 2-associated binder (Gab) 2, a scaffolding adaptor protein, negatively regulates signaling pathways critical for T cell-mediated immunity. We sought to investigate the clinical significance and immunological role of Gab2 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We evaluated Gab2 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in human patients with pulmonary TB and determined the correlation of the mRNA expression pattern with antigen-specific IFN-γ secretion. Subsequently, we carried out M. tuberculosis infection in Gab2-deficient and wild-type control mice to explore the immunological role of Gab2 by examining bacterial load, histological changes, cytokine secretion, and gene expression of immune-associated transcription factors. mRNA levels of Gab2 and its correlated family member, Gab1, were markedly decreased in untreated patients with pulmonary TB compared with healthy control subjects. Importantly, this decreased Gab2 expression to normal levels after bacterial load in the patient's sputum became undetectable under the standard anti-TB treatment, which negatively correlated with the level of M. tuberculosis antigen-specific IFN-γ secretion. In the M. tuberculosis infection mouse model, infected Gab2-deficient mice exhibited decreased bacterial load and milder lung pathological damage compared with infected wild-type mice, accompanied by decreased production of IL-2, IL-6, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor proinflammatory cytokines, and an increased T-cell-specific T-box transcription factor/GATA binding protein 3 expression ratio. Overall, our study indicates that down-regulation of Gab2 relates to a protective function during M. tuberculosis infection, revealing a potential negative regulatory role for Gab2 in immunity to TB.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Bacterial Load
- Case-Control Studies
- Disease Models, Animal
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/pathogenicity
- Phosphoproteins/deficiency
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- TCF Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizong Hu
- 1 Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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5
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T cell trafficking and metabolism: novel mechanisms and targets for immunomodulation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:452-7. [PMID: 22436327 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated migratory events by naïve and memory T cells are key to effective immunity. Naïve T cells predominantly recirculate through secondary lymphoid tissue until antigen encounter, while primed T cells efficiently localize to antigen-rich lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue. Tissue-selective targeting by primed T cells is achieved by a combination of inflammatory signals and tissue-selective homing receptors acquired by T cells during activation and differentiation. A large number of molecular mediators and interactions promoting memory T cell migration to non-lymphoid sites of inflammation have been identified. Recently, additional antigen-driven mechanisms have been proposed, which orchestrate the targeted delivery of memory T cells to antigen-rich tissue. Importantly, recent studies have revealed that the T cell metabolic status influences their differentiation and homing patterns. We here summarize these key observations and discuss their relevance for the manipulation of immune anatomy in therapeutic settings.
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6
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Muscolini M, Sajeva A, Caristi S, Tuosto L. A novel association between filamin A and NF-κB inducing kinase couples CD28 to inhibitor of NF-κB kinase α and NF-κB activation. Immunol Lett 2011; 136:203-12. [PMID: 21277899 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD28 costimulatory molecule plays a critical role in the activation of NF-κB. Indeed, while stimulation of T cells with either professional APCs or anti-TCR plus anti-CD28 antibodies efficiently activates NF-κB, TCR alone fails to do that. Moreover, CD28 stimulation by B7 in the absence of TCR may activate IκB kinase α (IKKα) and a non-canonical NF-κB2-like pathway, in human primary CD4(+) T cells. Despite its functional relevance in NF-κB activation, the molecules connecting autonomous CD28-mediated signals to IKKα and NF-κB activation remain still unknown. In searching for specific upstream activators linking CD28 to the IKKα/NF-κB cascade, we identify a novel constitutive association between filamin A (FLNa) and the NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK), in both Jurkat and human primary T cells. Following CD28 engagement by B7, in the absence of TCR, FLNa-associated NIK is activated and induces IKKα kinase activity. Both proline (P(208)YAP(211)P(212)) and tyrosine residues (Y(206)QPY(209)APP) within the C-terminal proline-rich motif of CD28 are involved in the recruitment of FLNa/NIK complexes to the membrane as well as in the activation of NIK and IKKα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Muscolini
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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7
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Zhang TT, Li H, Cheung SM, Costantini JL, Hou S, Al-Alwan M, Marshall AJ. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-regulated adapters in lymphocyte activation. Immunol Rev 2010; 232:255-72. [PMID: 19909369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) has emerged as a central component of lymphocyte activation via immunoreceptors, costimulatory receptors, cytokine receptors, and chemokine receptors. The discovery of phosphoinositide-binding pleckstrin homology (PH) domains has substantially increased understanding of how PI3Ks activate cellular responses. Accumulating evidence indicates that PH-domain containing adapter molecules provide important links between PI3K and lymphocyte function. Here, we review data on PI3K-regulated adapter proteins of the Grb-associated binder (GAB), Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein (SKAP), and B-lymphocyte adapter molecule of 32 kDa (Bam32)/ dual-adapter for phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositides (DAPP)/TAPP families, with a focus on the latter group. Current data support the model that recruitment of these adapters to the plasma membrane of activated lymphocytes is driven by the phosphoinositides phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-tris-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate, generated through the action of PI3Ks and under the regulatory control of lipid phosphatases Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase (SHIP), phosphatase and tensin homolog, and inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase. At the plasma membrane, these adapters serve to assemble distinct protein complexes. Bam32/DAPP1 and SKAPs function to promote activation of monomeric guanosine triphosphatases, including Rac and Rap, and promote integrin activation, lymphocyte adhesion to matrix proteins, and cell:cell interactions between B and T lymphocytes. GABs can provide feedforward amplification or feedback inhibition of PI3K signaling. Current work is further defining the molecular interactions driven by these molecules and identifying the functions of TAPP adapters, which also appear to be involved in lymphocyte adhesion and are specific effectors downstream of the SHIP product phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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8
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Parry RV, Harris SJ, Ward SG. Fine tuning T lymphocytes: A role for the lipid phosphatase SHIP-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:592-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Weatherly K, Braun MY. Organ transplantation: modulation of T-cell activation pathways initiated by cell surface receptors to suppress graft rejection. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 677:419-30. [PMID: 20941624 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-869-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-cell activation depends upon two types of signals: a T-cell-receptor-mediated antigen-specific signal and several non-antigen-specific ones provided by the engagement of costimulatory and/or inhibitory T-cell surface molecules. In clinical transplantation, T-cell costimulatory/inhibitory molecules are involved in determining cytokine production, vascular endothelial cell damage, and induction of transplant rejection. Several of the latest new immunotherapeutic strategies being currently developed to control graft rejection aim at inhibiting alloreactive T-cell function by regulating activating and costimulatory/inhibitory signals to T cells. This article describes the recent development and potential application of these therapies in experimental and pre-clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Weatherly
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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10
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Yokosuka T, Saito T. Dynamic regulation of T-cell costimulation through TCR-CD28 microclusters. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:27-40. [PMID: 19426213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY T-cell activation requires contact between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to bring T-cell receptors (TCRs) and major histocompatibility complex peptide (MHCp) together to the same complex. These complexes rearrange to form a concentric circular structure, the immunological synapse (IS). After the discovery of the IS, dynamic imaging technologies have revealed the details of the IS and provided important insights for T-cell activation. We have redefined a minimal unit of T-cell activation, the 'TCR microcluster', which recognizes MHCp, triggers an assembly of assorted molecules downstream of the TCR, and induces effective signaling from TCRs. The relationship between TCR signaling and costimulatory signaling was analyzed in terms of the TCR microcluster. CD28, the most valuable costimulatory receptor, forms TCR-CD28 microclusters in cooperation with TCRs, associates with protein kinase C theta, and effectively induces initial T-cell activation. After mature IS formation, CD28 microclusters accumulate at a particular subregion of the IS, where they continuously assemble with the kinases and not TCRs, and generate sustained T-cell signaling. We propose here a 'TCR-CD28 microcluster' model in which TCR and costimulatory microclusters are spatiotemporally formed at the IS and exhibit fine-tuning of T-cell responses by assembling with specific players downstream of the TCR and CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yokosuka
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy, Immunology, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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Podojil JR, Miller SD. Molecular mechanisms of T-cell receptor and costimulatory molecule ligation/blockade in autoimmune disease therapy. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:337-55. [PMID: 19426232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Pro-inflammatory CD4(+) T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, are hypothesized to be initiated and maintained by activated antigen-presenting cells presenting self antigen to self-reactive interferon-gamma and interleukin-17-producing CD4(+) T-helper (Th) type 1/Th17 cells. To date, the majority of Food and Drug Administration-approved therapies for autoimmune disease primarily focus on the global inhibition of immune inflammatory activity. The goal of ongoing research in this field is to develop both therapies that inhibit/eliminate activated autoreactive cells as well as antigen-specific treatments, which allow for the directed blockade of the deleterious effects of self-reactive immune cell function. According to the two-signal hypothesis, activation of a naive antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell requires both stimulation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) (signal 1) and stimulation of costimulatory molecules (signal 2). There also exists a balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune cell activity, which is regulated by the type and strength of the activating signal as well as the local cytokine milieu in which the naive CD4(+) T cell is activated. To this end, the majority of ongoing research is focused on the delivery of suboptimal TCR stimulation in the absence of costimulatory molecule stimulation, or potential blockade of stimulatory accessory molecules. Therefore, the signaling pathways involved in the induction of CD4(+) T-cell anergy, as apposed to activation, are topics of intense interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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12
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Caron C, Spring K, Laramée M, Chabot C, Cloutier M, Gu H, Royal I. Non-redundant roles of the Gab1 and Gab2 scaffolding adapters in VEGF-mediated signalling, migration, and survival of endothelial cells. Cell Signal 2009; 21:943-53. [PMID: 19233262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gab1 was previously described as a positive modulator of Akt, Src, ERK1/2, endothelial cell migration, and capillary formation in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, its involvement in endothelial cell survival, as well as the potential contribution of the other family member Gab2 to signalling and biological responses remained unknown. Here, we show that Gab2 is tyrosine phosphorylated in a Grb2-dependent manner downstream of activated VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2), and that it associates with signalling proteins including PI3K and SHP2, but apparently not with the receptor. Similarly to Gab1, over-expression of Gab2 induces endothelial cell migration in response to VEGF, whereas its depletion using siRNAs results in its reduction. Importantly, depletion of both Gab1 and Gab2 leads to an even greater inhibition of VEGF-induced cell migration. However, contrary to what has been reported for Gab1, the silencing of Gab2 results in increased Src, Akt and ERK1/2 activation, slightly reduced p38 phosphorylation, and up-regulation of Gab1 protein levels. Accordingly, re-expression of Gab2 in Gab2-/- fibroblasts leads to opposite results, suggesting that the modulation of both Gab2 and Gab1 expression in these conditions might contribute to the impaired signalling observed. Consistent with their opposite roles on Akt, the depletion of Gab1, but not of Gab2, results in reduced FOXO1 phosphorylation and VEGF-mediated endothelial cell survival. Mutation of VEGFR2 Y801 and Y1214, which abrogates the phosphorylation of Gab1, also correlates with inhibition of Akt. Altogether, these results underscore the non-redundant and essential roles of Gab1 and Gab2 in endothelial cells, and suggest major contributions of these proteins during in vivo angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Caron
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 1560 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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13
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Podojil JR, Turley DM, Miller SD. Therapeutic blockade of T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction and costimulation in autoimmune disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 640:234-51. [PMID: 19065796 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09789-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases are initiated and maintained by the presentation of self-antigen by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to self-reactive CD4+ T-cells. According to the two-signal hypothesis, activation of a naive antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell requires stimulation of both the T-cell antigen receptor (signal 1) and costimulatory molecules such as CD28 (signal 2). To date, the majority of therapies for autoimmune diseases approved by the Food and Drug Administration primarily focus on the global inhibition of immune inflammatory activity. The goal of ongoing research in this field is to develop antigen-specific treatments which block the deleterious effects of self-reactive immune cell function while maintaining the ability of the immune system to clear nonself antigens. To this end, the signaling pathways involved in the induction of CD4+ T-cell anergy, as apposed to activation, are a topic of intense interest. This chapter discusses components of the CD4+ T-cell activation pathway that may serve as therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry 6-718, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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14
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Harris SJ, Parry RV, Westwick J, Ward SG. Phosphoinositide lipid phosphatases: natural regulators of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2465-9. [PMID: 18073217 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r700044200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway has been implicated in a range of T lymphocyte cellular functions, particularly growth, proliferation, cytokine secretion, and survival. Dysregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent signaling and function in leukocytes, including B and T lymphocytes, has been implicated in many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. As befits a pivotal signaling cascade, several mechanisms exist to ensure that the pathway is tightly regulated. This minireview focuses on two lipid phosphatases, viz. the 3'-phosphatase PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) and SHIP (Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase). We discuss their role in regulating T lymphocyte signaling as well their potential as future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Harris
- Inflammatory Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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15
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Guo X, Rosa AJM, Chen DG, Wang X. Molecular mechanisms of primary and secondary mucosal immunity using avian infectious bronchitis virus as a model system. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 121:332-43. [PMID: 17983666 PMCID: PMC7112697 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although mucosal immune responses are critical for protection of hosts from clinical illness and even mortality caused by mucosal pathogens, the molecular mechanism of mucosal immunity, which is independent of systemic immunity, remains elusive. To explore the mechanistic basis of mucosal protective immunity, gene transcriptional profiling in mucosal tissues was evaluated after the primary and secondary immunization of animals with an attenuated avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a prototype of Coronavirus and a well-characterized mucosal pathogen. Results showed that a number of innate immune factors including toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic-acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-1), type I interferons (IFNs), complements, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) were activated locally after the primary immunization. This was accompanied or immediately followed by a potent Th1 adaptive immunity as evidenced by the activation of T-cell signaling molecules, surface markers, and effector molecules. A strong humoral immune response as supported by the significantly up-regulated immunoglobulin (Ig) gamma chain was observed in the absence of innate, Th1 adaptive immunity, or IgA up-regulation after the secondary immunization, indicating that the local memory response is dominated by IgG. Overall, the results provided the first detailed kinetics on the molecular basis underlying the development of primary and secondary mucosal immunity. The key molecular signatures identified may provide new opportunities for improved prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshui Guo
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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16
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Parry RV, Riley JL, Ward SG. Signalling to suit function: tailoring phosphoinositide 3-kinase during T-cell activation. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:161-8. [PMID: 17336157 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of the CD28 family of co-receptors are crucial determinants of the outcome of T-cell activation. These receptors interact with ligands in the B7 family and either costimulate or co-inhibit signals through antigen-specific receptors. The T-cell-costimulatory molecules CD28 and inducible costimulator recruit and activate class 1A phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Interestingly, the co-inhibitory molecules cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and B and T lymphocyte attenuator also interact with class 1A PI3K. However, all co-inhibitory receptors share an ability to oppose activation of the key PI3K effector protein kinase B (also known as Akt). Recent evidence suggests that distinct mechanisms exist to limit Akt activation by different co-inhibitory receptors. This article examines how differential positive or negative regulation of the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway by CD28 family receptors enables functional differences between the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard V Parry
- Inflammatory Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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17
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Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency, a frequent condition in human population especially in aged persons, induces oxidative stress and subsequently activates/inhibits oxidant-sensitive transcription factors that can affect cell function, proliferation and survival leading to disease. Zn deficiency-triggered oxidative stress could affect cell signalling, including transcription factors containing Zn finger motifs and other oxidant-sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). AP-1 can be activated in Zn deficiency that can occur secondary to an increase in cellular H(2)O(2), followed by activation of MAPKs p38 and JNK. Similarly, the cytosolic steps of the NF-kappaB cascade are activated by oxidants in Zn deficiency. However, an impaired nuclear transport of the active transcription factor leads to a low expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes that could be involved in multiple steps of Zn deficiency associated pathology. We present here evidence that, following experimental depletion of Zn, both NF-kappaB and AP-1 signallings are altered in primary T cells isolated from young and elderly healthy individuals under CD3/CD28 costimulation. A supplementation of Zn restored both NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in CD3/CD28 costimulated T cells from young, but not from elderly, healthy individuals, indicating that the Zn deficiency is only one component of a more complex mechanism involved in immunosenescence. In this review we summarize our present knowledge on NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation and underline the role of Zn in this process, especially in the context of Zn deficiency observed in aged persons leading to immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, IFR 133, EA 3186, Franche-Comte University, F-25030, Besancon, France.
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18
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Loskog A, Giandomenico V, Rossig C, Pule M, Dotti G, Brenner MK. Addition of the CD28 signaling domain to chimeric T-cell receptors enhances chimeric T-cell resistance to T regulatory cells. Leukemia 2006; 20:1819-28. [PMID: 16932339 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells can be engineered to target tumor cells by transduction of tumor-specific chimeric receptors, consisting of an extracellular antigen-binding domain and an intracellular signaling domain. However, the peripheral blood of cancer patients frequently contains an increased number of T regulatory cells, which appear to inhibit immune reactivity. We have investigated the effects of T regulatory cells on chimeric T cells specific for the B-cell antigen CD19, as B-cell malignancies are attractive targets for chimeric T-cell therapy. When a CD19 single-chain Fv antibody was coupled to the CD3 zeta (zeta) chain, there was sharply reduced activity on exposure to T regulatory cells, measured by CD19+ target-induced proliferation and cytotoxicity. By contrast, expression in T cells of a chimeric receptor consisting of the intracellular portion of the CD28 molecule fused to the zeta-chain and CD19 single-chain Fv not only produced a higher proliferative response and an increased nuclear factor kappaB activation but also sustained these activities in the presence of T regulatory cells. These effects are seen whether the chimeric T cells are derived from normal donors or from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, indicating the potential for clinical application in B cell malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/chemistry
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Mutant Chimeric Proteins/chemistry
- Mutant Chimeric Proteins/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/physiology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- A Loskog
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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19
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Chemnitz JM, Lanfranco AR, Braunstein I, Riley JL. B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator-Mediated Signal Transduction Provides a Potent Inhibitory Signal to Primary Human CD4 T Cells That Can Be Initiated by Multiple Phosphotyrosine Motifs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6603-14. [PMID: 16709818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is a recently identified member of the CD28 family of cell receptors. Initial reports demonstrated that mice deficient in BTLA expression were more susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, indicating that BTLA was likely to function as a negative regulator of T cell activation. However, cross-linking of BTLA only resulted in a 2-fold reduction of IL-2 production, questioning the potency with which BTLA engagement blocks T cell activation. We established a model in which BTLA signaling could be studied in primary human CD4 T cells. We observed that cross-linking of a chimeric receptor consisting of the murine CD28 extracellular domain and human BTLA cytoplasmic tail potently inhibits IL-2 production and completely suppresses T cell expansion. Mutation of any BTLA tyrosine motifs had no effect on the ability of BTLA to block T cell activation. Only mutation of all four tyrosines rendered the BTLA cytoplasmic tail nonfunctional. We performed structure-function studies to determine which factors recruited to the BTLA cytoplasmic tail correlated with BTLA function. Using pervanadate as a means to phosphorylate the BTLA cytoplasmic tail, we observed both Src homology protein (SHP)-1 and SHP-2 recruitment. However, upon receptor engagement, we observed only SHP-1 recruitment, and mutations that abrogated SHP-1 recruitment did not impair BTLA function. These studies question whether SHP-1 or SHP-2 have any role in BTLA function and caution against the use of pervanadate as means to initiate signal transduction cascades in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Chemnitz
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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