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Enterocytes in Food Hypersensitivity Reactions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092713. [PMID: 34573679 PMCID: PMC8466009 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hypersensitivity to food, affecting both animals and humans, is increasing. Until a decade ago, it was thought that enterocytes, the most abundant constituent of the intestinal surface mucosa layer, served only to absorb digested food and prevent foreign and non-digested substances from passing below the intestinal layer. Growing evidence supports the involvement of enterocytes in immunological responses. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the new roles of enterocytes in food hypersensitivity conducted in animal models in order to better understand complicated immune pathological conditions. In addition, resources for further work in this area are suggested, along with a literature overview of the specific roles of enterocytes in maintaining oral tolerance. Lastly, it will be beneficial to investigate the various animal models involved in food hypersensitivity to reach the needed momentum necessary for the complete and profound understanding of the mechanisms of the ever-growing number of food allergies in animal and human populations. Abstract Food hypersensitivity reactions are adverse reactions to harmless dietary substances, whose causes are hidden within derangements of the complex immune machinery of humans and mammals. Until recently, enterocytes were considered as solely absorptive cells providing a physical barrier for unwanted lumen constituents. This review focuses on the enterocytes, which are the hub for innate and adaptive immune reactions. Furthermore, the ambiguous nature of enterocytes is also reflected in the fact that enterocytes can be considered as antigen-presenting cells since they constitutively express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Taken together, it becomes clear that enterocytes have an immense role in maintaining oral tolerance to foreign antigens. In general, the immune system and its mechanisms underlying food hypersensitivity are still unknown and the involvement of components belonging to other anatomical systems, such as enterocytes, in these mechanisms make their elucidation even more difficult. The findings from studies with animal models provide us with valuable information about allergic mechanisms in the animal world, while on the other hand, these models are used to extrapolate results to the pathological conditions occurring in humans. There is a constant need for studies that deal with this topic and can overcome the glitches related to ethics in working with animals.
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Achour J, Guinot M, Guillon B, Kapel R, Galet O, Adel‐Patient K, Hazebrouck S, Bernard H. Sensitization Potency of Sunflower Seed Protein in a Mouse Model: Identification of 2S-Albumins More Allergenic Than SFA-8. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100369. [PMID: 34331387 PMCID: PMC9285957 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Food allergy to sunflower seed (SFS) protein is not frequent and only non-specific lipid transfert protein (nsLTP) Hel a 3 is officially recognized as a food allergen. Out of the eleven seed storage 2S-albumins (SESA) detected in SFS, only SFA-8 allergenicity has been investigated so far. The study aimed then to evaluate SFS protein allergenicity and particularly, to compare the sensitization potency of SESA in a mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS The most abundant SESA and nsLTP were isolated from SFS through a combination of chromatographic methods. Purified proteins were then used to measure specific IgG1 and IgE responses in BALB/c mice orally sensitized to different SFS protein isolates. The study, thus, confirmed the allergenicity of SFA-8 and Hel a 3 but mice were also highly sensitized to other SESA such as SESA2-1 or SESA20-2. Furthermore, competitive inhibition of IgE-binding revealed that SFA-8 IgE-reactivity was due to cross-reactivity with other SESA. 11S-globulins were weakly immunogenic and were rapidly degraded in an in vitro model of gastroduodenal digestion. In contrast, Hel a 3, SESA2-1 and SFA-8 were more resistant to proteolysis and gastroduodenal digestion did not affect their IgE-reactivity. CONCLUSIONS SESA2-1 or SESA20-2 were more potent allergens than SFA-8 in this mouse model. Allergenicity of SESA must be now confirmed in SFS-allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihana Achour
- CEAINRAEDépartement Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS)/Service de Pharmacologie et d'ImmunoanalyseUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Marine Guinot
- CEAINRAEDépartement Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS)/Service de Pharmacologie et d'ImmunoanalyseUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Blanche Guillon
- CEAINRAEDépartement Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS)/Service de Pharmacologie et d'ImmunoanalyseUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Romain Kapel
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des ProcédésCNRSLRGPUniversité de LorraineNancyFrance
| | | | - Karine Adel‐Patient
- CEAINRAEDépartement Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS)/Service de Pharmacologie et d'ImmunoanalyseUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Stéphane Hazebrouck
- CEAINRAEDépartement Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS)/Service de Pharmacologie et d'ImmunoanalyseUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Hervé Bernard
- CEAINRAEDépartement Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS)/Service de Pharmacologie et d'ImmunoanalyseUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
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Jambari NN, Liddell S, Martinez-Pomares L, Alcocer MJC. Effect of O-linked glycosylation on the antigenicity, cellular uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells of recombinant Ber e 1. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249876. [PMID: 33914740 PMCID: PMC8084162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ber e 1, a major Brazil nut allergen, has been successfully produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris expression system as homogenous recombinant Ber e 1 (rBer e 1) with similar physicochemical properties and identical immunoreactivity to its native counterpart, nBer e 1. However, O-linked glycans was detected on the P.pastoris-derived rBer e 1, which is not naturally present in nBer e 1, and may contribute to the allergic sensitisation. In this study, we addressed the glycosylation differences between P. pastoris-derived recombinant Ber e 1 and its native counterparts. We also determined whether this fungal glycosylation could affect the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the rBer e 1 by using dendritic cells (DC) as an immune cell model due to their role in modulating the immune response. We identified that the glycosylation occurs at Ser96, Ser101 and Ser110 on the large chain and Ser19 on the small polypeptide chain of rBer e 1 only. The glycosylation on rBer e 1 was shown to elicit varying degree of antigenicity by binding to different combination of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) at different frequencies compared to nBer e 1 when tested using human DC-T cell assay. However, both forms of Ber e 1 are weak immunogens based from their low response indexes (RI). Glycans present on rBer e 1 were shown to increase the efficiency of the protein recognition and internalization by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmDC) via C-type lectin receptors, particularly the mannose receptor (MR), compared to the non-glycosylated nBer e 1 and SFA8, a weak allergenic 2S albumin protein from sunflower seed. Binding of glycosylated rBer e 1 to MR alone was found to not induce the production of IL-10 that modulates bmDC to polarise Th2 cell response by suppressing IL-12 production and DC maturation. Our findings suggest that the O-linked glycosylation by P. pastoris has a small but measurable effect on the in vitro antigenicity of the rBer e 1 compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart, nBer e 1, and thus may influence its applications in diagnostics and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzul N. Jambari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity (FOSFI), Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Susan Liddell
- Division of Animal Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa Martinez-Pomares
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos J. C. Alcocer
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Wang R, Ghumra A, Cochrane S, Fairclough L, Broughton R, Michaelson LV, Beaudoin F, Alcocer MJC. Defining lipids and T cell receptors involved in the intrinsic allergenicity of nut proteins. Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:54. [PMID: 33292600 PMCID: PMC7687982 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ashfaq Ghumra
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stella Cochrane
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, MK44 1LQ, Sharnbrook, UK.
| | - Lucy Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Richard Broughton
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamstead Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Frederic Beaudoin
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamstead Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Marcos J C Alcocer
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Wang R, Pscheid R, Ghumra A, Kan LYL, Cochrane S, Fairclough L, Alcocer MJC. Towards a surrogate system to express human lipid binding TCRs. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:1095-1104. [PMID: 31346817 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we reported that natural nut lipids were necessary for sensitization and that natural killer T cells (NKTs) must play a critical role in the development of food allergic responses. A major bottleneck in further understanding the interaction of nut lipids with the cells of the human immune system is the lack of well-characterized lipid responsive human cell lines. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we engineered human T cell receptor (TCR) sequences TRAV10 and TRBV25 responsive to α-GalCer into a stable murine iNKT hybridoma and surrogate human T cell lines. RESULTS The murine hybridoma system has shown to be problematic. To overcome this limitation, the expression of human TCR α/β sequences has been achieved driven by a bidirectional promoter on a plasmids or a lentivirus system, employing stable DC cell lines as lipid presenting cells, and a stable T cell line as a surrogate system. Further, a commercial human Jurkat T cell line containing an inducible secreted luciferase reporter construct was shown to be functional and can be used for a transient expression of human TCRs in a lipid screening program. The transfection efficiencies were improved using the lentivirus polycistronic constructs containing the P2A sequence in a TCR αβ/γδ null cell line (Jurkat 76). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the mis-pairing of the endogenous α/β TCR during ER folding in the presence of the new human TCR sequences could be impairing the functionality of the TCR lipid receptors. The surrogate systems presented here are important first steps in the establishment of human cell-specific lipid responsive libraries for the study of natural lipid substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ronja Pscheid
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ashfaq Ghumra
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ling Yu Lea Kan
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stella Cochrane
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Lucy Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Marcos J C Alcocer
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Lozano-Ojalvo D, López-Fandiño R. Immunomodulating peptides for food allergy prevention and treatment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1629-1649. [PMID: 28102702 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1275519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the most promising strategies currently assayed against IgE-mediated allergic diseases stands the possibility of using immunomodulating peptides to induce oral tolerance toward offending food allergens or even to prevent allergic sensitization. This review focuses on the beneficial effects of food derived immunomodulating peptides on food allergy, which can be directly exerted in the intestinal tract or once being absorbed through the intestinal epithelial barrier to interact with immune cells. Food peptides influence intestinal homeostasis by maintaining and reinforcing barrier function or affecting intestinal cell-signalling to nearby immune cells and mucus secretion. In addition, they can stimulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune system while supressing inflammatory responses. Peptides represent an attractive alternative to whole allergens to enhance the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy treatments. The conclusions drawn from curative and preventive experiments in murine models are promising, although there is a need for more pre-clinical studies to further explore the immunomodulating strategy and its mechanisms and for a deeper knowledge of the peptide sequence and structural requirements that determine the immunoregulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- a Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- a Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Berin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
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Food processing and allergenicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:223-240. [PMID: 25778347 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Food processing can have many beneficial effects. However, processing may also alter the allergenic properties of food proteins. A wide variety of processing methods is available and their use depends largely on the food to be processed. In this review the impact of processing (heat and non-heat treatment) on the allergenic potential of proteins, and on the antigenic (IgG-binding) and allergenic (IgE-binding) properties of proteins has been considered. A variety of allergenic foods (peanuts, tree nuts, cows' milk, hens' eggs, soy, wheat and mustard) have been reviewed. The overall conclusion drawn is that processing does not completely abolish the allergenic potential of allergens. Currently, only fermentation and hydrolysis may have potential to reduce allergenicity to such an extent that symptoms will not be elicited, while other methods might be promising but need more data. Literature on the effect of processing on allergenic potential and the ability to induce sensitisation is scarce. This is an important issue since processing may impact on the ability of proteins to cause the acquisition of allergic sensitisation, and the subject should be a focus of future research. Also, there remains a need to develop robust and integrated methods for the risk assessment of food allergenicity.
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Smole U, Radauer C, Lengger N, Svoboda M, Rigby N, Bublin M, Gaier S, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Jensen-Jarolim E, Mechtcheriakova D, Breiteneder H. The major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 induces different responses in dendritic cells of birch pollen allergic and healthy individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117904. [PMID: 25635684 PMCID: PMC4311984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells play a fundamental role in shaping the immune response to allergens. The events that lead to allergic sensitization or tolerance induction during the interaction of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 and dendritic cells are not very well studied. Here, we analyzed the uptake of Bet v 1 and the cross-reactive celery allergen Api g 1 by immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (iMoDCs) of allergic and normal donors. In addition, we characterized the allergen-triggered intracellular signaling and transcriptional events. Uptake kinetics, competitive binding, and internalization pathways of labeled allergens by iMoDCs were visualized by live-cell imaging. Surface-bound IgE was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Allergen- and IgE-induced gene expression of early growth response genes and Th1 and Th2 related cytokines and chemokines were analyzed by real-time PCR. Phosporylation of signaling kinases was analyzed by Western blot. Internalization of Bet v 1 by iMoDCs of both donor groups, likely by receptor-mediated caveolar endocytosis, followed similar kinetics. Bet v 1 outcompeted Api g 1 in cell surface binding and uptake. MoDCs of allergic and healthy donors displayed surface-bound IgE and showed a pronounced upregulation of Th2 cytokine- and NFκB-dependent genes upon non-specific Fcε receptor cross-linking. In contrast to these IgE-mediated responses, Bet v 1-stimulation increased transcript levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 but not of NFκB-related genes in MoDCs of BP allergic donors. Cells of healthy donors were either unresponsive or showed elevated mRNA levels of Th1-promoting chemokines. Moreover, Bet v 1 was able to induce Erk1/2 and p38 MAPK activation in BP allergics but only a slight p38 activation in normal donors. In conclusion, our data indicate that Bet v 1 favors the activation of a Th2 program only in DCs of BP allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Smole
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christian Radauer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Lengger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Svoboda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Neil Rigby
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Gaier
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Messerli Research Institute of the Medical University of Vienna, Veterinary University of Vienna and University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana Mechtcheriakova
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (HB); (DM)
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (HB); (DM)
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Kulis M, Gorentla B, Burks AW, Zhong XP. Type B CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induce Th1 responses to peanut antigens: modulation of sensitization and utility in a truncated immunotherapy regimen in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:906-15. [PMID: 23386314 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Peanut allergy stems from a Th2-biased immune response to peanut allergens leading to IgE production and allergic reactions upon ingestion. METHODS AND RESULTS A model of peanut allergy in C3H/HeJ mice was used to assess whether type A, B, or C CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) molecules would be effective in: (i) a prophylactic approach to prevent peanut allergy when administered simultaneously with a Th2-skewing adjuvant, and (ii) a therapeutic model to allow for shortened immunotherapy. Type B ODNs were extremely effective in inhibiting anaphylaxis in the sensitization protocol as evidenced by differences in symptom scores, body temperature, and mouse mast cell protease 1 release compared to sham treatment. In the therapeutic model, co-administration of type B ODN plus peanut proteins was highly effective in reducing anaphylactic reactions in mice with established peanut allergy. The therapeutic effect was accompanied by an increase in IFN-γ and peanut-IgG2a, without a significant decrease in peanut IgE or IL-4 responses. CONCLUSION CpG ODNs, especially type B, were highly effective in inducing Th1 responses in mice undergoing induction of peanut allergy, as well as in mice undergoing therapy for established peanut allergy. Interestingly, the IgE response was not significantly altered, suggesting that IgG antibodies may be enough to prevent peanut-induced anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Kulis
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27599, USA.
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Mirotti L, Florsheim E, Rundqvist L, Larsson G, Spinozzi F, Leite-de-Moraes M, Russo M, Alcocer M. Lipids are required for the development of Brazil nut allergy: the role of mouse and human iNKT cells. Allergy 2013; 68:74-83. [PMID: 23137012 DOI: 10.1111/all.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipids are required for mice sensitization to Ber e 1, Brazil nut major allergen. Here, we characterized different lipid fractions extracted from Brazil nuts and the lipid-binding ability of Ber e 1. Further, we determined their in vivo ability to induce Ber-specific anaphylactic antibodies and the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in this process. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and iNKT cell-deficient mice were sensitized with Ber e 1 and specific lipid fractions, and anaphylactic antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). The lipid-binding characteristic of Ber e 1 (Ber) was established by using fluorescent probes and (15) N-labeled NMR. In vitro production of IL-4 was determined in Ber/lipid C-stimulated mouse iNKT cells and human T-cell lines containing NKTs primed with CD1d+C1R transfectants by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Only one specific lipid fraction (lipid C), containing neutral and common phospholipids, induced Ber anaphylactic antibodies in mice. Ber e 1 has a lipid-binding site, and our results indicated an interaction between Ber e 1 and lipid C. iNKT-deficient mice produced lower levels of anaphylactic antibodies than WT mice. In vitro, Ber/lipid C-stimulated murine iNKT cells produced IL-4 but not IFN-gamma. Human T-cell lines derived from nut-allergic patients produced IL-4 to Ber/lipid C in a CD1d- and dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Lipid fraction C from Brazil nut presents an essential adjuvant activity to Ber e 1 sensitization, and iNKT cells play a critical role in the development of Brazil nut-allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Mirotti
- Departamento de Imunologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
| | - E. Florsheim
- Departamento de Imunologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
| | - L. Rundqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - G. Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - F. Spinozzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Allergy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia; Italy
| | - M. Leite-de-Moraes
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Faculté de Médecine René Descartes; Paris V, Hôpital Necker; Paris; France
| | - M. Russo
- Departamento de Imunologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
| | - M. Alcocer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; School of Biosciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham; UK
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Alcocer M, Rundqvist L, Larsson G. Ber e 1 protein: the versatile major allergen from Brazil nut seeds. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 34:597-610. [PMID: 22187079 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due mainly to its extremely high content of sulphur amino acids, Ber e 1 protein, the major allergen from Brazil nut, has attracted much scientific and press attention. Ber e 1 was the main target protein in early biotechnology transgenic work, in early processing studies of plant storage proteins, in plant vacuolar targeting studies and as the main protein in early nutritional supplementation experiments. Ber e 1 was also one of the first food allergens to be unintentionally transferred from one plant to another and was involved in the first reported case of systemic allergic reaction caused by a food allergen transferred in semen. In this review, many of the Ber e 1 unique biotechnological and structural functions are discussed with a particular emphasis on its use as model protein for studies of intrinsic allergenicity of food proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Alcocer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Berin MC. Mechanisms of allergic sensitization to foods: bypassing immune tolerance pathways. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2011; 32:1-10. [PMID: 22244229 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The default response of the mucosal immune system to antigens derived from food is one of active immune tolerance carried out by regulatory T cells and induced by dendritic cells residing in the intestinal mucosa. This tolerance response must be inhibited or bypassed to generate allergic sensitization in experimental food allergy and this has been achieved by 3 main approaches: genetic modifications, experimental adjuvants, and bypassing oral tolerance by administering the antigen through alternative routes. This article discusses the implications of these approaches for understanding the mechanisms of sensitization to food allergens in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Berin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1198, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Smole U, Wagner S, Balazs N, Radauer C, Bublin M, Allmaier G, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Breiteneder H. Bet v 1 and its homologous food allergen Api g 1 stimulate dendritic cells from birch pollen-allergic individuals to induce different Th-cell polarization. Allergy 2010; 65:1388-96. [PMID: 20557297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bet v 1 is the most relevant sensitizing protein for birch pollen (BP)-allergic individuals. Its homologues from plant foods are mainly involved in allergic reactions caused by IgE cross reactivity. We aimed to evaluate the polarizing effect of dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with Bet v 1, Mal d 1, Api g 1 or Dau c 1 on Th-cell responses. METHODS Immature DCs were generated from peripheral blood monocytes of BP-allergic and healthy donors by culture with GM-CSF and IL-4 and subsequently pulsed with allergens in combination with maturation factors. Cell surface markers were analysed by FACS. Mature DCs were co-cultured with autologous Th cells and T-cell proliferation and cytokine profiles were determined. RESULTS In co-culture, mature allergen-pulsed DCs induced autologous Th cells of BP-allergic donors to proliferate significantly more than those of healthy individuals. Exposure of DCs from BP-allergic donors to Bet v 1 resulted in a robust Th2 skewing with significantly higher quantities of IL-5 and elevated IL-13 compared to maturation factors. In contrast, Api g 1-primed DCs from BP allergics significantly enhanced the production of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and significantly down-regulated IL-13 compared to maturation factors. In healthy donors, no significant cytokine production could be detected. CONCLUSION Bet v 1 in contrast to homologous food allergens seems to possess distinct molecular features that enable it to condition DCs from BP-allergic donors to induce allergen-specific T-cell proliferation and Th2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Smole
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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Smole U, Balazs N, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Radauer C, Hafner C, Wallner M, Ferreira F, Grössinger R, de Jong EC, Wagner S, Breiteneder H. Differential T-cell responses and allergen uptake after exposure of dendritic cells to the birch pollen allergens Bet v 1.0101, Bet v 1.0401 and Bet v 1.1001. Immunobiology 2009; 215:903-9. [PMID: 20005001 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 is present in pollen as a mixture of at least 14 isoforms that share high sequence and structural identities. These isoforms possess either a high or a low IgE-binding capacity which defines them as allergenic or hypoallergenic. Recently, we could demonstrate that only the allergenic isoform Bet v 1.0101 was able to induce an IgE response in birch pollen allergic individuals. The hypoallergenic isoforms Bet v 1.0401 and Bet v 1.1001 were unable to induce IgE synthesis. T-helper cell responses against allergens are characterised by increased levels of Th2 cytokines. Therefore, we examined extent and polarisation of the Th cell response and the kinetics of the allergen uptake after exposure of dendritic cells (DCs) to these isoforms. Monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) from birch pollen allergic and non-atopic individuals stimulated with Bet v 1.0101, Bet v 1.0401 or Bet v 1.1001 in combination with the maturation factors TNF-α and IL-1β resulted in a mature DC phenotype as measured by costimulatory molecule up-regulation. Only Bet v 1.0101-stimulated MDDCs from allergic subjects enhanced proliferation of autologous Th cells and the expression of the Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. Immature MDDCs of allergic individuals internalised equivalent amounts of the allergenic Bet v 1.0101 and the hypoallergenic Bet v 1.0401. In contrast, the uptake of the hypoallergenic Bet v 1.0401 by immature MDDCs of non-atopic individuals was significantly higher. These results provide evidence that DCs discriminate between allergens and highly related hypoallergens. This process may have an impact on the early phase of sensitisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Smole
- Department of Pathophysiology, Centre for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Blázquez AB, Berin MC. Gastrointestinal Dendritic Cells Promote Th2 Skewing via OX40L. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4441-50. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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