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CD40-CD154: A perspective from type 2 immunity. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101528. [PMID: 34810089 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD154 (CD40 ligand) is central in immunology, participating in CD4+ T cell priming by dendritic cells (DC), CD4+ T cell help to B cells and classical macrophage activation by CD4+ T cells. However, its role in the Th2 side of immunology including helminth infection remains incompletely understood. Contrary to viral and bacterial stimuli, helminth products usually do not cause CD40 up-regulation in DC, and exogenous CD40 ligation drives Th2-biased systems towards Th1. On the other hand, CD40 and CD154 are necessary for induction of most Th2 responses. We attempt to reconcile these observations, mainly by proposing that (i) CD40 up-regulation in DC in Th2 systems is mostly induced by alarmins, (ii) the Th2 to Th1 shift induced by exogenous CD40 ligation is related to the capacity of such ligation to enhance IL-12 production by myeloid cells, and (iii) signals elicited by endogenous CD154 available in Th2 contexts and by exogenous CD40 ligation are probably different. We stress that CD40-CD154 is important beyond cognate cellular interactions. In such a context, we argue that the proliferation response of B-cells to IL-4 plus CD154 reflects a Th2-specific mechanism for polyclonal B-cell amplification and IgE production at infection sites. Finally, we argue that CD154 is a general immune activation signal across immune polarization including Th2, and propose that competition for CD154 at tissue sites may provide negative feedback on response induction at each site.
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Prendergast CT, Sanin DE, Mountford AP. CD4 T-cell hyporesponsiveness induced by schistosome larvae is not dependent upon eosinophils but may involve connective tissue mast cells. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:81-92. [PMID: 26679416 PMCID: PMC4744672 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In areas endemic for schistosomiasis, people can often be in contact with contaminated water resulting in repeated exposures to infective Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Using a murine model, repeated infections result in IL‐10‐dependent CD4+ T‐cell hyporesponsiveness in the skin‐draining lymph nodes (sdLN), which could be caused by an abundance of eosinophils and connective tissue mast cells at the skin infection site. Here, we show that whilst the absence of eosinophils did not have a significant effect on cytokine production, MHC‐II+ cells were more numerous in the dermal cell exudate population. Nevertheless, the absence of dermal eosinophils did not lead to an increase in the responsiveness of CD4+ T cells in the sdLN, revealing that eosinophils in repeatedly exposed skin did not impact on the development of CD4+ T‐cell hyporesponsiveness. On the other hand, the absence of connective tissue mast cells led to a reduction in dermal IL‐10 and to an increase in the number of MHC‐II+ cells infiltrating the skin. There was also a small but significant alleviation of hyporesponsiveness in the sdLN, suggesting that mast cells may have a role in regulating immune responses after repeated exposures of the skin to S. mansoni cercariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Prendergast
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - D E Sanin
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - A P Mountford
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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Abdel Aziz N, Tallima H, Hafez EA, El Ridi R. Papain-Based Vaccination Modulates Schistosoma mansoni Infection-Induced Cytokine Signals. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:128-38. [PMID: 26603950 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunization of outbred rodents with cysteine peptidases-based vaccine elicited type 2-biased immune responses associated with consistent and reproducible protection against challenge Schistosoma mansoni. We herein start to elucidate the molecular basis of C57BL/6 mouse resistance to S. mansoni following treatment with the cysteine peptidase, papain. We evaluated the early cytokine signals delivered by epidermal, dermal, and draining lymph node cells of naïve, and S. mansoni -infected mice treated 1 day earlier with 0 or 50 μg papain, or immunized twice with papain only (10 μg/mouse), papain-free recombinant S. mansoni glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and 2-Cys peroxiredoxin peptide (10 and 15 μg/mouse, respectively = antigen Mix), or papain-adjuvanted antigen Mix. Schistosoma mansoni infection induced epidermal and lymph node cells to release type 1, type 2 and type 17 cytokines, known to counteract each other. Expectedly, humoral immune responses were negligible until patency. Papain pretreatment or papain-based vaccination diminished or shut off S. mansoni infection early induction of type 1, type 17 and type 2 cytokines except for thymic stromal lymphopoietin and programmed the immune system towards a polarized type 2 immune milieu, associated with highly significant (P < 0.005 - <0.0001) resistance to S. mansoni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Abdel Aziz
- Chemistry Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H Tallima
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E A Hafez
- Chemistry Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - R El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness after repeated exposure to Schistosoma mansoni larvae is dependent upon interleukin-10. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1418-30. [PMID: 25624353 PMCID: PMC4363412 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02831-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect that multiple percutaneous exposures to Schistosoma larvae has on the development of early CD4+ lymphocyte reactivity is unclear, yet it is important in the context of humans living in areas where schistosomiasis is endemic. In a murine model of multiple infections, we show that exposure of mice to repeated doses (4×) of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, compared to a single dose (1×), results in CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness within the skin-draining lymph nodes (sdLN), manifested as reduced CD4+ cell proliferation and cytokine production. FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells were present in similar numbers in the sdLN of 4× and 1× mice and thus are unlikely to have a role in effecting hyporesponsiveness. Moreover, anergy of the CD4+ cell population from 4× mice was slight, as proliferation was only partly circumvented through the in vitro addition of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2), and the in vivo blockade of the regulatory molecule PD1 had a minimal effect on restoring responsiveness. In contrast, IL-10 was observed to be critical in mediating hyporesponsiveness, as CD4+ cells from the sdLN of 4× mice deficient for IL-10 were readily able to proliferate, unlike those from 4× wild-type cohorts. CD4+ cells from the sdLN of 4× mice exhibited higher levels of apoptosis and cell death, but in the absence of IL-10, there was significantly less cell death. Combined, our data show that IL-10 is a key factor in the development of CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness after repeated parasite exposure involving CD4+ cell apoptosis.
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Józefowski S, Biedroń R, Sróttek M, Chadzińska M, Marcinkiewicz J. The class A scavenger receptor SR-A/CD204 and the class B scavenger receptor CD36 regulate immune functions of macrophages differently. Innate Immun 2013; 20:826-47. [PMID: 24257313 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913510960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SR-A/CD204 and CD36 are major receptors responsible for oxidized lipoproteins uptake by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Both receptors also share the role as receptors for different pathogens, but studies on their signaling have been hampered by the lack of selective ligands. We report that, upon specific ligation by Ab, SR-A does not induce cytokine production, but mediates inhibition of LPS-stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-12/23p40, enhancement of IL-10 release, and has no effect on TNF-α and RANTES production in murine macrophages. In contrast, anti-CD36 Ab alone stimulated production of all these cytokines, with IL-10 production being exceptionally high. Effects of anti-CD36 Ab, except of IL-10 production, were mediated by CD14 and TLR2, whereas those of SR-A ligation by heterotrimeric Gi/o proteins and by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases. Surprisingly, we found that LPS uptake by macrophages was mediated in part by CD36 cooperating with CD14, whereas SR-A was not involved in this process. Finely, during in vitro Ag presentation to naïve CD4(+) lymphocytes, pre-incubation of macrophages with anti-CD36 Ab enhanced IFN-γ production in the co-culture, but exerted the opposite effect under conditions enabling IL-10 accumulation. In contrast, anti-SR-A Ab was ineffective alone, but reversed the Th1-polarizing effect of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan Józefowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafał Biedroń
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sróttek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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The Mannose Receptor (CD206) is an important pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in the detection of the infective stage of the helminth Schistosoma mansoni and modulates IFNγ production. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:1335-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Cook PC, Aynsley SA, Turner JD, Jenkins GR, Van Rooijen N, Leeto M, Brombacher F, Mountford AP. Multiple helminth infection of the skin causes lymphocyte hypo-responsiveness mediated by Th2 conditioning of dermal myeloid cells. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001323. [PMID: 21445234 PMCID: PMC3060168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the mammalian host by schistosome larvae occurs via the skin, although
nothing is known about the development of immune responses to multiple exposures of
schistosome larvae, and/or their excretory/secretory (E/S) products. Here, we show
that multiple (4x) exposures, prior to the onset of egg laying by adult worms,
modulate the skin immune response and induce CD4+ cell
hypo-responsiveness in the draining lymph node, and even modulate the formation of
hepatic egg-induced granulomas. Compared to mice exposed to a single infection (1x),
dermal cells from multiply infected mice (4x), were less able to support lymph node
cell proliferation. Analysis of dermal cells showed that the most abundant in 4x mice
were eosinophils (F4/80+MHC-II−), but they did not
impact the ability of antigen presenting cells (APC) to support lymphocyte
proliferation to parasite antigen in vitro. However, two other cell
populations from the dermal site of infection appear to have a critical role. The
first comprises arginase-1+, Ym-1+ alternatively
activated macrophage-like cells, and the second are functionally compromised
MHC-IIhi cells. Through the administration of exogenous IL-12 to
multiply infected mice, we show that these suppressive myeloid cell phenotypes form
as a consequence of events in the skin, most notably an enrichment of IL-4 and IL-13,
likely resulting from an influx of RELMα-expressing eosinophils. We further
illustrate that the development of these suppressive dermal cells is dependent upon
IL-4Rα signalling. The development of immune hypo-responsiveness to schistosome
larvae and their effect on the subsequent response to the immunopathogenic egg is
important in appreciating how immune responses to helminth infections are modulated
by repeated exposure to the infective early stages of development. Schistosomiasis is a major helminth disease that infects more than 200 million people
in the tropics. Free-swimming aquatic cercariae infect through the skin after contact
with contaminated water, and in endemic areas this can occur frequently. However,
nothing is known about how multiple exposures affects innate immunity in the skin,
and/or whether it impacts the acquired immune response. Consequently, we have
developed an infection model in the mouse to examine the immune response to multiple
infections prior to the production of eggs. We show that multiple exposures to
schistosome larvae cause lymphocyte hypo-responsiveness, partly mediated by
macrophages and dendritic cells from the skin which have a
‘down-regulated’ phenotype and are not able to act as efficient antigen
presenting cells (APCs). These regulated APCs are conditioned amongst high levels of
the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 which follow an influx of abundant eosinophils. In the
absence of the regulatory APCs, and in the absence of the common receptor chain for
IL-4 and IL-13 (i.e. IL-4Rα), lymphocyte proliferation is
restored. These findings are important in understanding how dermal immune responses
are modulated so that we can devise new strategies for vaccine delivery, or the
treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Cook
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department
of Biology, The University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A. Aynsley
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department
of Biology, The University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph D. Turner
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department
of Biology, The University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin R. Jenkins
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department
of Biology, The University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrjie
Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mosiuoa Leeto
- Division of Infectious Immunology, University of
Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Infectious Immunology, University of
Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adrian P. Mountford
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department
of Biology, The University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD154 regulates many aspects of cellular and humoral immunity. The CD40-CD154 pathway is important for resistance against a variety of parasites. Studies done with these pathogens have provided important insight into the various mechanisms by which this pathway enhances host protection, mechanisms by which pathogens subvert CD40 signaling, conditions in which the CD40-CD154 pathway promotes disease and on modulation of this pathway for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Hewitson JP, Hamblin PA, Mountford AP. In the absence of CD154, administration of interleukin-12 restores Th1 responses but not protective immunity to Schistosoma mansoni. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3539-47. [PMID: 17485453 PMCID: PMC1932915 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00252-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interplay during the development of protective immunity to the radiation-attenuated (RA) schistosome vaccine has been extensively characterized over recent years, yet the role of costimulatory molecules in the development of cell-mediated immunity is much less well understood. Here we demonstrate the importance of CD40/CD154 in vaccine-induced immunity, as CD154(-/-) mice exposed to RA schistosomes develop no protection to challenge infection. We showed that vaccinated CD154(-/-) mice have defective Th1-associated immune responses in the skin-draining lymph nodes and the lungs, with reduced or absent levels of interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40), gamma interferon, and nitric oxide, but elevated levels of lung IL-4 and IL-5. The expression of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) on antigen-presenting cells recovered from the lungs of vaccinated CD154(-/-) mice was also severely compromised. The administration of anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (MAb) to CD154(-/-) mice did not reconstitute sustained Th1 responses in the lymph nodes or the lungs, nor did the MAb restore anti-parasite immunoglobulin G production or protective immunity. On the other hand, the administration of recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12) to CD154(-/-) mice shortly after vaccination caused elevated and sustained levels of Th1-associated cytokines, rescued MHC-II expression by lung CD11c(+) cells, and restored the appearance of inflammatory effector foci in the lungs. However, the treatment of CD154(-/-) mice with rIL-12 did not restore protection. We conclude that protective immunity to the RA schistosome vaccine is CD154 dependent but is independent of IL-12-orchestrated cellular immune mechanisms in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hewitson
- Department of Biology (Area 5), University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Kumkate S, Jenkins GR, Paveley RA, Hogg KG, Mountford AP. CD207+ Langerhans cells constitute a minor population of skin-derived antigen-presenting cells in the draining lymph node following exposure to Schistosoma mansoni. Int J Parasitol 2006; 37:209-20. [PMID: 17157855 PMCID: PMC1847335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infectious cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni gain entry to the mammalian host through the skin where they induce a transient inflammatory influx of mononuclear cells. Some of these cells have antigen-presenting cell function (MHCII+) and have been reported to migrate to the skin-draining lymph nodes (sdLN) where they have the potential to prime CD4+ cells of the acquired immune response. Here, in mice exposed to vaccinating radiation-attenuated schistosome larvae, which induce high levels of protective immunity to challenge infection, we describe the parasite-induced migration of Langerhans cells (LCs) from the epidermal site of immunisation to the sdLN using a specific monoclonal antibody that recognises langerin (CD207). CD207+ cells with dendritic morphology were abundant in the epidermis at all times and their migration into the dermis was detected soon after vaccination. All CD207+ LCs were MHCII+ but not all MHCII+ cells in the skin were CD207+. LCs migrated from the dermis in enhanced numbers after vaccination, as detected in dermal exudate populations recovered after in vitro culture of skin biopsies. Elevated numbers of CD207+ LCs were also detected in the sdLN from 24 h to 4 days after vaccination. However, compared with other dermal-derived antigen-presenting cells that were CD207−MHCII+ or CD207−CD11c+, the relative numbers of CD207+ cells in the dermal exudate population and in the sdLN were very small. Furthermore, the migration of CD207+ cells after exposure to ‘protective’ radiation-attenuated, compared with ‘non-protective’ normal cercariae, was similar in terms of numbers and kinetics. Together, these studies suggest that CD207+ LCs are only a minor component of the antigen-presenting cell population that migrates from the epidermis and they are unlikely to be important in the priming of protective CD4+ cells in the sdLN.
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